Download The Coming of the Civil War

The Union in Crisis
Chapter 10
How did the nation’s expansion
lead to the Civil War?
Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western
Expansion
• Section 1
• How did Congress try to resolve the dispute
between North and South over slavery?
• Vocabulary:
Wilmot Proviso
secede
Free-Soil Party
Compromise of 1850
popular sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act
Two Nations
• North and South were divided by slavery
• North believed slavery was wrong based on religion
• South believed that whites and African Americans
were not equal and attacked uncaring northern
industrialists who took no personal responsibility for
their workers
• Wilmot Proviso seeks to limit slavery in the
territories gained in the Mexican-American War.
Passed by the House of Representatives, but
rejected by the Senate
Northern Views of Slavery
• Laws in the North severely limited the rights
of free African Americans
• Abolitionists wanted slavery to end
• Some white northern bankers, mill owners,
and merchants favored slavery
• Some northern workers feared that freed
slaves would take their jobs
Southern Views of Slavery
•
•
•
•
•
Slavery was a part of southern life
Wealthy Plantation Owners vs. Middle Class
Role of Religion
Southern Slavery vs. Northern Labor
Southerners believed that slaves were
healthier and happier
• By 1860: $ value of slavery outstripped value
of Banks, railroads, and factories combined.
Life of Slaves
• Story of Celia
– Mistress
– Kills owner
– Not allowed to testify
• Black slaveholders: 3,800 in 1830 held
12,000 slaves
• Plantation slavery v. small farms
• Slave Women
• Rebellions
Historians
• Recent historians emphasize the differences
between the regions, racial groups, and
social classes
• Some kind of major conflict was bound to
occur
• Question: Could the politicians have avoided
the Civil War?
• Pro-Slavery: Inferiority vs. Social Necessity
Election of 1848
• Free-Soil Party: supported the Wilmot
Proviso to keep new western territories
free of slavery
• Nominated Martin Van Buren
• Popular sovereignty: policy that voters
in a territory would decide whether or
not to allow slavery; both the
Democratic Party and the Whigs
support popular sovereignty
Election of 1848
• Democrats: Lewis Cass
• Whigs: Zachary Taylor
• Free Soil Party: Martin
Van Buren
• Van Buren took votes
away from Cass to give
Taylor the victory
• Taylor dies in 1850;
Millard Fillmore, the
Vice President, takes
office
Compromise of 1850
• Question: What were the effects of the Missouri
Compromise, and how did the Compromise of 1850
try to deal with them?
• Kept the balance between slave and free states in
the Senate; free states only north of 36º 30‘ N
latitude
• Henry Clay of Kentucky proposes a compromise to
admit California as a free state
• John C. Calhoun of SC against compromise
• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts for compromise
CHART
Clay’s Compromise of 1850
COMPARING
VIEWPOINTS
Should the Union be saved?
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Categorize
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A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence
Section 2
• How did the Fugitive
Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska
Act increase
tensions between
the North and the
South?
• Vocabulary:
personal liberty laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Underground Railroad
John Brown
Harriet Tubman
“Bleeding Kansas”
Harriet Beecher Stowe
A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence
Resistance Against the Fugitive Slave Act
Main Idea: The Compromise of 1850 was meant to calm the fears of
Americans. But one provision, the new Fugitive Slave Act, had the
opposite effect. Black Americans and abolitionists despised the law and
organized to try to help enslaved people to freedom through the
Underground Railroad.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Undoes the Missouri Compromise
Main Idea: Although Congress meant well, its repeated attempts to
resolve the question of slavery resulted in a jumble of contradictory, and
often unenforceable, policies.
A Battle Rages in “Bleeding Kansas”
Main Idea: Kansas attracted not only farmers but settlers with political
motives. Violence erupted between abolitionists and proslavery settlers
and eventually spread to the Senate.
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
Underground Railroad
• Known as the
“Black Moses”
• Guided hundreds
of slaves to
freedom
• Large reward on
her head, but
never captured
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Stephen Douglas of Illinois wanted to run for
President
• Act supported popular sovereignty for area
• Passed but made North angry; in effect,
Congress repealed the Missouri Compromise
since Kansas and Nebraska were above the
36º 30‘ N latitude
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
Violence Begins
• Free soilers: 1,200 New Englanders sent to
Kansas to fight against slavery
• Proslavery settlers opposed them
• Kansas had an antislavery capital at Topeka
and a proslavery capital at Lecompton
• 1856, open violence erupted
• “Bleeding Kansas”
TRANSPARENCY
Bleeding Kansas
“Bleeding Kansas”
• John Brown: Following
a raid in Lawrence by a
proslavery group, he
and his followers killed
five proslavery men
along the Pottawatomie
Creek
• 1855: Summer of
murder and raids
Lecompton Constitution
• Proslavery group wrote a proslavery
constitution for Kansas called the
Lecompton constitution
• Buchanan accepted it, but Congress
returned it.
• Defeated by Kansas people the second time
Senate Violence
• Senator Charles Sumner, a Republican, gave
a speech that attacked Southerners for
forcing slavery on Kansas and insulted
Senator Andrew Butler of SC
• Preston Brooks, a member of the House beat
him with his cane
• Sumner lived but never recovered; added to
hatred
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Eliza
Harris, a slave, escapes
when her child is to be sold
• As Eliza heads north, she
eludes the slave catchers
• Uncle Tom is sold and is
killed by his brutal master,
Simon Legree, a Northerner
• Book had a powerful effect:
North became convinced
that slavery would ruin the
U.S. South believed it was a
book of insulting lies.
TRANSPARENCY
The Slavery Issue
Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis
Section 3
• What developments deepened the
divisions between North and South?
• Vocabulary:
Know-Nothings
Republican Party
Dred Scott
Roger B. Taney
Abraham Lincoln
Stephen A. Douglas
Harpers Ferry
Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis
The Shifting Political Scene
Main Idea: Traditionally, American political parties extended across sectional lines. But starting
in the 1840s, American politics increasingly reflected regional tensions, especially over the issue
of slavery.
Sectional Divisions Intensify
Main Idea: For many years, the North and South tried to ignore or patch over their differences.
But by the mid-1850s, the dispute over slavery caused sectional differences to intensify.
The Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Main Idea: In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held a series of seven debates while
competing for a seat in the U.S. Senate. Thousands of Americans attended the Lincoln-Douglas
debates and listened intently as the two candidates presented opposing views of slavery and its
role in America.
John Brown’s Raid
Main Idea: Abolitionist John Brown concluded that violence was the best way to reach his goal
of avenging the evil of slavery. In 1859, he and 21 followers seized the federal arsenal in
Harpers Ferry, Virginia. However, federal troops ended the attack, and Brown was eventually
executed.
Shifting Political Scene
• Whig Party disintegrates: divided over
the issues; nominated Winfield Scott in
1852
• Know-Nothings: nativists; will become
American Party; divided over issues
Republican Party
• 1854, dedicated to stopping “Slave Power”
• Declared slavery a great moral evil
• Demanded repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska
Act and Fugitive Slave Act;
• Comprised of antislavery Democrats, Whigs,
and Free Soilers from North
• Farmers, professionals, small business
owners, craftworkers joined
Election of 1856
• Democrats nominated
James Buchanan
• Republicans nominated
John C. Frémont
• Know-Nothings chose
Millard Fillmore
• Buchanan won the
election
• He hoped that the
Supreme Court would
resolve the slavery
issue
Scott v. Sandford
• The Dred Scott
Decision 1857;
• Scott v. Sandford
• Scott sued his owner
• Said that he and his
wife were taken to
states and territories
where slavery was
illegal and therefore
should be free
Ruling
• The Court, under Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney, ruled 7 to 2 against Scott
• Slaves are not citizens and cannot sue in
court
• Scott not free due to being in free area
• Missouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional.
Slaves were considered property of their
owners and Congress could not deprive
people of their property without due process
of law according to the Fifth Amendment.
• Antislavery forces were disgusted
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Campaigning for Senate seat from Illinois in
1858
• Series of seven debates on the issue of
slavery in the territories.
• Physical contrast in the men was striking
• Douglas wins election
Abraham Lincoln
• Studied law and worked at
various jobs
• Served in the Congress in
the 1840s
• Believed that the majority
could not deny the minority
their rights
• Foresaw confrontation
• “A house divided against
itself cannot stand. I believe
this government cannot
endure, permanently half
slave and half free. I do not
expect the Union to be
dissolved—I do not expect
the house to fall—but I do
expect it will cease to be
divided. It will become all
one thing, or all the other.”
Senator Douglas
• Short, stout; known as
“the Little Giant”
• Believed that the
majority of people
could do anything they
wished, even make
slavery legal
• Lincoln gets national
attention, although
Douglas won the
Senate election
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Illinois Senate Race
• Stephen Douglas
– Agreed with Dred Scott
decision on legal grounds
– “Freeport Doctrine” says
people can vote slavery
down by popular
sovereignty
• Abraham Lincoln
– Disagreed with Dred Scott
decision (How can we have
popular sovereignty if case
is accepted?)
– Believed slavery should not
be allowed to spread to the
territories
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John Brown’s Raid
• 1859, Brown and his men
attacked the federal arsenal
at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia;
he hoped to seize weapons
and give them to slaves
• Wanted a slave uprising
• Colonel Robert E. Lee leads
troops; Brown is executed.
• Northerners saw him as a
martyr; his raid deepened
the divide between the North
and South
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Sequence
CHART
American Political Parties During the 1850s
Lincoln, Secession, and War
Section 4
• How did the Union finally collapse into
a civil war?
• Vocabulary:
Jefferson Davis
Crittenden Compromise
John C. Breckinridge
Fort Sumter
Confederate States of America
Lincoln, Secession, and War
The Election of 1860
Main Idea: The Election of 1860 was a turning point for the United States.
The election demonstrated that there were no longer any national political
parties. The North and South were now effectively two political entities, and
there seemed no way to bridge the gap.
The Union Collapses
Main Idea: Southerners were outraged that a President could be elected
without a single southern vote. In Southerners’ perception, the South no
longer had a voice in the national government. They decided to act by
leaving the Union and forming the Confederacy.
The Civil War Begins
Main Idea: The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, hoping to seize it from
Union hands. Lincoln declared that “insurrection” existed and called for
75,000 volunteers to fight against the Confederacy.
The Election of 1860
 In April 1860, Democratic Party split into
North and South factions
 In Border States, the Constitutional Union
party forms from Whigs and American party
(Know Nothing)
CHART
The Candidates for President
Candidates
• Southern Democrats: John C. Breckinrigde
• Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas,
Illinois
• Constitutional Unionist party: John Bell,
Tennessee
• Republican party: Abraham Lincoln, Illinois
• Lincoln wins with 39% of the vote and 180
electoral votes; sectional victory
Lower South Secedes
• Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
• Secessionists: those who wanted the South
to secede
Confederate States of America
 South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860
 In February 1861, the seven states created
the Confederacy and elected Jefferson Davis
as President
War Starts
 Lincoln takes office on
March 4, 1861
 Vows to enforce the
laws of the U.S. and to
preserve, protect, and
defend the government
Fort Sumter
 Fort under the
command of Major
Robert Anderson
 Running out of supplies
 April 12 General P.G.T.
Beauregard fires on the
fort
 Anderson surrenders
Upper South
 Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas joined the Confederacy
 Border States stay neutral
 The Civil War begins
TRANSPARENCY
Political Cartoons: The Nation Divided
TRANSPARENCY
Forming the Confederacy
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects
DIAGRAM
Long-term Causes and Short-term Causes
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