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Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each term with the correct definition by putting the letter of the correct definition in the box
to the left of each term. (1.1 describe the discipline of sociology as a social science through the examination of
selected social issues)
1. Anthropology
2. Economics
3. Geography
4. History
5. Political science
6. Psychology
7. Social science
8. Sociology
A. The branch of knowledge that deals with systems of
government.
B. The scientific study of human society and social
relationships.
C. The scientific study of the human mind and its functions,
especially those affecting behavior in a given context.
D. The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.
E. The study of the development, structure, and functioning
of human society. The study of human problems.
F. The study of the origins, physical and cultural
development, biological characteristics, and social customs
and beliefs of humankind.
G. The study of the physical features of the earth and its
atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is
affected by these.
H. The study of the production, distribution, and consumption
of goods and services.
Instructions: Match each definition with the correct perspective. Put the correct letter in the box. (1.2
demonstrate an understanding of major sociological perspectives)
1. The sociological approach that view groups in society as
engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce
resources.
2. The sociological approach that views society as a stable,
orderly system. This stable system is characterized by
societal consensus whereby the majority of members share a
common set of values, beliefs, and behavioural expectations
(i.e. social solidarity).
3. The sociological approach that views society as the sum of
the interactions of individuals and groups. This approach is
based on a microlevel analysis, which focuses on small
groups rather than large-scale social structures.
4. The sociological approach that attempts to explain social life
in modern societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.
5. The sociological approach that focuses on the significance
of gender in understanding and explaining inequalities that
exist between men and women in the household, in the paid
labour force, and in the realms of politics, law, and culture.
A. Feminist
Perspective
B. Post-modern
Perspective
C. Conflict
Perspective
D. Symbolic
Interactionist
Perspective
E. Functionalist
Perspective
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: For each question, write the letter in the box to which methods it belongs. (1.3 analyze a variety of
appropriate sociological research methods)
1. This method uses a carefully designed situation in which
researchers study the impact of certain variables on subjects’
attitudes or behaviour (create “real-life” situations under
controlled circumstances).
2. In this method a number of respondents are asked identical
questions through a systematic questionnaire or interview.
3. In this method researchers use existing material and analyze data
originally collected by others.
4. This method is the study of social life in its natural setting;
observing, interviewing people where they live.
5. This method giver the researcher the ability to isolate the
experimental variable, but the results can be artificial.
6. A strength of this method is it enables researchers to assess the
relative importance of a number of variables, but a weakness is
the questions tend to force responses into categories.
7. An advantage of this method is the data is readily available and
often inexpensive to obtain, but data may be incomplete,
inauthentic, or inaccurate.
8. This method gives the researcher the opportunity to view from
the inside what may not be obvious to outside observer, but data
collected in natural settings are descriptive and do not lend
themselves to precise measurement.
A. Field Research
B. Secondary
Analysis of
Data
C. Experiment
D. Surveys
Instructions: Match each definition with the correct term. Put the correct letter in the box. (2.1 demonstrate an
understanding of the concept of culture)
1. Consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society
make, use, and share
2. The values and standards of behaviour that people in a society profess to
hold
3. consists of classical music, opera, ballet, and other activities usually
patronized by elite audiences
4. The values and standards of behaviour that people actually follow
5. Consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that
influence people’s behaviours
6. Consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal
primarily to members of the middle and working classes
7. The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are
passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a
human group or society
A. Culture
B. Nonmaterial
culture
C. High culture
D. Popular culture
E. Real culture
F. Material culture
G. Ideal culture
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Pick the letter the correctly completes each statement. (2.2 analyze factors related to cultural variation)
1. ___ is the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form.
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
2. ___ refers to the belief that the behaviours and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the
culture's own standards
(a) Cultural Diversity (b) Cultural Lag
(c) Cultural Relativism (d) Culture Shock
3. ___ is a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
4. ___ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles
(a) Counterculture
(b) Culture Shock
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
5. ___ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations.
(a) Heterogeneous societies
(b) Homogeneous societies
(c) Cultural diversity (d) Subculture
6. ___ refers to the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own
(a) Counterculture
(b) Culture Shock
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
7. ___ is the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other
groups are seen as inferior
(a) Counterculture
(b) Cultural Relativism (c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
8. ___ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized.
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
9. ___ includes people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as nationality, race, ethnicity, class,
occupation, or education
(a) Heterogeneous societies
(b) Homogeneous societies
(c) Cultural diversity (d) Subculture
10. ___ is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another.
(a) Cultural Lag
(b) Diffusion
(c) Discovery
(d) Invention
11. ___ includes people who share a common culture and are typically from similar social, religious, political and
economic backgrounds
(a) Heterogeneous societies
(b) Homogeneous societies
(c) Cultural diversity (d) Subculture
12. ___ is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some
significant way from that of the larger society
(a) Counterculture
(b) Culture Shock
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) Subculture
Instructions: Answer the questions below. (2.3 analyze factors related to cultural uniformity)
1. List 4 factors that contribute to cultural uniformity
2. Explain how these factors foster cultural uniformity.
3. What term refers to the established language, religion, behaviour, values, rituals, and social customs (the norm)?
4. What term is a situation in which all the different cultural or racial groups in a society have equal rights and
opportunities and none is ignored or regarded as unimportant?
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each Role or Definition with the correct Term. Terms may be used more than once. (3.1 explain
the process of socialization)
1. are central to our cognitive, emotional, and physical development, A. Socialization
primary source of emotional support, we acquire our specific social B. Peer groups
position in society
C. Mass Media
2. teach specific knowledge and skills, have a profound effect on self- D. Agents of socialization
E. School
image, beliefs, and values
F. Family
3. inform us about events, introduces us to many people, makes us
aware of products and services, provides an array of viewpoints on
current issues, and entertain us
4. contributes to our sense of belonging and feelings of self-worth,
reinforce cultural norms, provide important information about
“acceptable” behaviour
5. the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals
acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills
needed for survival in society
6. the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to
know in order to participate in society
Instructions: Match each number with the correct letter. Some letters are used more than once. (3.2 investigate the
relationship between socialization and the development of individual personality)
1. It is in opposition to both id and ego
2. This perspective emphasizes that socialization is a collective
process in which children are active and creative agents.
3. We imagine how other people judge the appearance and
personality that we think we present.
4. We begin to construct his, or her, own role and to anticipate
other's responses.
5. Eight psychosocial stages of development (accompanied by a
crisis)
6. It is all id which remains throughout life (psychic energy)
7. We try out different roles and gain an appreciation of them (hope
to ascertain the intention or direction of the acts of others).
8. We develop a self-concept. If we think the evaluation of others
is favourable, our self-concept is enhanced. If we think the
evaluation is unfavourable, our self-concept is diminished.
9. This perspective is based on the belief that people have two
basic tendencies: the urge to survive and the urge to procreate.
10. States that genetic makeup is the major factor in shaping human
behaviour.
11. The person plays at her or his particular role.
12. We discover their most basic desires are not always met by
others.
13. We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to
others.
14. States that social influence is the most important in human
development.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
Freud’s Stage 3
Freud’s Stage 2
Nurture (Sociologists)
Freud’s Stage 1
Nature (Sociobiologists)
Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective
Looking-glass Stage 1
Role-playing
Looking-glass Stage 2
Role-taking
Erikson
Looking-glass Stage 3
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Role-making
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Fill in the blank with the correct answers. Use the answers from the Word Box below. (3.3 investigate
the relationship between socialization and the process of human learning)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
What word best describes Piaget's Theory?
What word best describes Piaget's first stage?
What word best describes Piaget's second stage?
What word best describes Piaget's third stage?
What word best describes Piaget's fourth stage?
What word best describes Kohlberg's Theory?
What word best describes Kohlberg's first stage?
What word best describes Kohlberg's second stage?
What word best describes Kohlberg's third stage?
What two things is Gilligan's Theory mostly about?
What characterizes Gilligan's first stage?
What characterizes Gilligan's second stage?
What characterizes Gilligan's third stage?
According to Gilligan men make moral decisions based on
According to Gilligan women make moral decisions based on
What is one of the main criticisms of most of these theories?
Justice
Tangible
Symbols (words)
Principles/Individual Rights
Perception
Responsibility to others
Good for others
Sensory
Selfish
Responsibility/Care
Punishment
Moral
Abstract
Gender & Morality
Cognitive (mind)
Instructions: Match the definition with the correct type of group. Put the letter in the box. (4.1 describe the role of
groups in the organization of human societies)
1. A collectively small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to
interact simultaneously
2. Is a organizational model characterized by a hierarchy or authority, a clear division of
labour, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters
3. Is a series of social relationships that link an individual to others
4. Is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotionbased interactions over an extended period of time
5. Consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity
and a feeling of interdependence
6. A group composed of two members
7. Is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a
sense of competitiveness or hostility
8. Is a group that strongly influences a person's behaviour and social attitudes, regardless
of whether that individual is an actual member
9. Is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal,
goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time
10. Is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or
achieving specific goals
11. Is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of
identity
12. A group composed of three members
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Secondary group
Dyad
Outgroup
Formal
organization
Triad
Bureaucracy
Social group
Ingroup
Reference group
Primary group
Small group
Social network
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each description with the correct term. (4.2 examine the role of social stratification in the
organization of human societies, in relation to gender, race, and socio-economic status)
1. is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal
choice, merit, or direct effort
2. occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a
person occupies
3. occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear
4. are material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status
5. is the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their
control over basic resources
6. is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in
life
7. is how a person actually plays the role
8. occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central
to their identity
9. occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of
commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through
the motions of role performance
10. is the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure
11. is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by
certain expectations, rights, and duties
12. is a set of behavioural expectations associated with a given status
13. occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two
or more statuses held at the same time
14. is made up of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time
15. is the most important status a person occupies
16. is a group’s or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be
played
A. Role distancing
B. Status symbol
C. Role conflict
D. Social
stratification
E. Role performance
F. Achieved status
G. Role expectation
H. Role strain
I. Status set
J. Role exit
K. Role ambiguity
L. Social
marginality
M. Status
N. Master status
O. Ascribed status
P. Role
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each social institution’s role with the correct perspective. (4.3 examine the role of social
institutions in the organization of human societies)
1. Crucial for promoting social solidarity and stability in society, it’s the
influence exercised by adults on those not yet ready for social life. Moral
education is conveyed. Its role is to ensure a high level of literacy, develop a
love of learning, and to prepare students for citizenship.
2. It serves as a reference group to help them define themselves. Religious
symbols provide meaning for many people.
3. State supported a system in which women were controlled in the household,
performing unpaid labour for capitalist system and keeps them from political
process
4. It exists for the benefit of the wealthy and politically powerful elite who
impose their will on the masses. It slows social change, and it’s the tool of the
capitalists to mislead the workers; it promotes strife between groups and
societies
5. Important in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of the
individual. Its functions include sexual regulation, socialization, economic
and psychological support, and provision of social status.
6. A means of educational consumption that allows students to consume
educational services and eventually obtain “goods” such as a degree
7. Families are a source of social inequality and an arena for conflict over
values, goals, and access to resources and power.
8. People find moral meaning and a sense of identity through work, or work is
dehumanizing, oppressive and alienating (less work = feel free)
9. Education perpetuates class, racial-ethnic, and gender inequalities as some
groups seek to maintain their privileged position
10. It emphasizes that families are diverse and variable. It is permeable and
reflects the individualism, particularity and irregularity of social life in the
Information Age.
11. Business cycles are a result of capitalist (elite) greed, workers’ wages are
suppressed and surpluses result in layoffs and alienation
12. It assigns a different role to men and women; so women look at religion
differently. Religious symbolism and language typically create a social
definition of the roles of men and women (e.g. higher male deities and lower
female deities).
A. Functionalist
B. Conflict
C. Symbolic
Interactionist
D. Feminist
E. Postmodern
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each statement with the correct term. Some answers are used more than once. (5.1 analyze
ways in which societies exercise social control to achieve conformity)
1. internalization of norms and values by a process known as
socialization
2. consists of attachment to others, commitment to conventional
behaviour, involvement in conventional activities, and belief
in conventional values and norms
3. insulated by self-control, a sense of responsibility, and
resistance to unlawful diversions.
4. Systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage
conformity and to discourage deviance.
5. insulated by supportive family, friends, reasonable social
expectations, and supervision by others.
6. holds that the probability, of deviant behaviour increases
when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.
7. A second form of social control occurs through use of ___ to
punish rule-breakers and nonconforming acts.
8. Any behaviour, belief, or condition that violates culture
norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
9. shifts responsibility for corrections back to the community
and minimizes the separation of the offender from society
10. ___ can be effective since one of the functions of punishment
is deterrence which seeks to reduce criminal activity by
instilling a fear of punishment
11. seeks to return the focus of the justice system to repairing the
harm that has been done to the victim and to help
communities reintegrate victims and offenders
12. External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the
establishment of chaos and anomie in society
13. states that certain factors draw people toward deviance while
others “insulate” them from such behaviour.
14. One form of social control takes place through the process of
___, whereby individuals internalize societal norms and
values.
15. ___ will be effective and deviance will be limited if people
share common cultural goals and agree upon the appropriate
means for reaching them.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
formal methods
socialization
deviance
Social Control Theory
restorative justice
social bonding
informal methods
community corrections
Inner containments
Social Bond Theory
Outer containments
negative sanctions
social control
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each description with the correct terminology. Put the letter in the first column. (5.2
investigate deviance as a form of social behaviour)
1. People may resort to deviance to obtain goals they are denied access
to, for self-preservation, and to express their feelings.
2. Social bonds keep people from becoming criminals. When ties to
family, friends, and others become weak, an individual is most likely
to engage in criminal behaviour.
3. An act that violates criminal law, and the punishment ranges from
minor to major offences
4. The powerful use law and the criminal justice system to protect their
own class interests.
5. Deviant behaviour is learned in interaction with others. A person
becomes delinquent when exposure to law-breaking attitudes is more
extensive than exposure to law-abiding attitudes.
6. For deviance to occur, people must have the opportunity. Access to
illegitimate opportunity structures varies, and this helps determine the
nature of the deviance in which a person will engage.
7. It is a person’s intentional or inadvertent action
8. Deviance may result in conflict, harm, hate fear, and discrimination;
it may lead to more deviance and dependence on deviance.
9. Power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined. In prisons, new
means of surveillance that make prisoners think they are being
watched all the time give officials knowledge that inmates do not
have, giving officials a form of power over the inmates.
10. Historically, women have been ignored in research on crime. Liberal
feminism views women’s deviance as arising from gender
discrimination; radical feminism focuses on patriarchy; and socialist
feminism emphasizes the effects of capitalism and patriarchy on
women.
11. Deviance occurs when access to the approved means of reaching
culturally approved goals is blocked
12. An act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such, which
varies widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group
to group.
13. Acts are deviant or criminal because they have been labelled as such.
Powerful groups often label less powerful individuals.
14. It is any behaviour, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms in
the society or group in which it occurs
15. Primary deviance is the initial act. Secondary deviance occurs when a
person accepts the label of “deviant” and continues to engage in the
behaviour that initially produced the label.
A. Knowledge as
power
B. Negative
implications of
deviance
C. Differential
association
D. Behavioural
deviance
E. Crime
F. Feminist
approach
G. Deviance is
relative
H. Social control /
social bonding
I. Strain Theory
J. Positive
implications of
deviance
K. Primary /
secondary
deviance
L. Conflict
approach
M. Deviance
N. Labelling theory
O. Opportunity
theory
Sociology 12 – Exam Review
Instructions: Match each description with the correct term. (5.3 investigate the issue of crime as an example of
deviant behaviour)
1. include break and enter, theft, and arson
2. include serious crimes (homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and
break and enter)
3. divides crimes into summary conviction and indictable offences
4. includes all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain
morals crimes (robbery, assault, and break and enter)
5. consists of illegal activities committed by people in the course of
their employment or in dealing with their financial affairs
6. is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for
profit (drug trafficking, prostitution, liquor and cigarette
smuggling, loan-sharking, money laundering, and large-scale
theft)
7. minor offences (fraudulently obtaining food, causing a
disturbance, willfully committing an indecent act) punishable by
fine (up to $2000) and/or 6 months jail
8. actions involving force or the threat of force
9. categorize crime based on how they are committed and how
society views the offences
10. refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the misuse of power by
government officials, or illegal or unethical acts perpetrated
against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political
statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it
11. illegal action voluntarily engaged in (prostitution, illegal
gambling, private use of illegal drugs, illegal pornography)
12. illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the
corporation and with its support.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Morals crime
Political crime
Violent crime
Organized crime
Indictable offences
Legal approach
Property crime
Summary
conviction offences
Corporate crime
Occupational crime
Sociological
approach
Street crime