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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Chapter 1: Early Civilizations (CHAPTER OUTLINE)
I.
II.
III.
From Caves to Towns
A.
The Neolithic Period
1.
From perhaps 400,000 to 7,000 B.C.E., early human beings
survived as hunter gatherers in extended family units, a period
known as the Paleolithic, or “Old Stone Age.”
2.
At the start of the Neolithic period, around 7,000 B.C.E., a
transformation began: some hunter-gatherer societies began to
rely chiefly on agriculture for their subsistence.
3.
Neolithic peoples contributed a great deal to the development of
human society, including systematic agriculture, writing, sedentary
living, and improved tools and weapons.
4.
Stonehenge and other stone circles scattered throughout Great
Britain, Ireland, and Brittany were built by Neolithic societies that
must have been prosperous, well organized, and centrally led.
Mesopotamian Civilization
A.
Invention of Writing and Intellectual Advancements
1.
Writing appears to have begun at Sumer sometime around the
ninth millennium B.C.E.
2.
The Sumerian pictographic form evolved by the fourth millennium
into cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”) writing.
3.
The signs in the cuneiform system later became ideograms and
evolved into an intricate system of communication.
4.
The writing system was so complicated that only professional
scribes mastered it.
5.
Scribal schools flourished throughout Sumer.
6.
Scribal schools were centers of culture and learning.
7.
Mesopotamians made great strides in mathematics, medicine, and
religion.
B.
Religion and Society
1.
Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic; gods and goddesses
existed to represent almost everything in the cosmos.
2.
The gods had many human attributes.
3.
The Mesopotamians created myths to explain the origins of the
universe and of mankind.
4.
The Sumerians produced the first epic poem, The Epic of
Gilgamesh.
5.
The arid and harsh environment of Sumer fostered a religion based
on placating a pantheon of harsh and capricious gods and
goddesses.
6.
Shrines built in the center of Sumerian cities were focal points of
Sumerian life and religion.
7.
Sumerian society was organized into four classes of people:
nobles, free clients of the nobility, commoners, and slaves.
8.
The king and lesser nobility had huge land holdings.
9.
Clients were free people who were dependent on the nobility.
10.
Commoners were free and were independent of the nobility.
11.
The Sumerian slave population included foreigners, prisoners of
war, criminals, and debtors.
The Triumph of Babylon
A.
Unification
1.
The Babylonians united Mesopotamia politically and culturally.
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2.
IV.
V.
Babylon’s best-known king, Hammurabi (ca 1792−1750 B.C.E.),
forged a vibrant Sumero-Babylonian culture through conquest and
assimilation.
B.
Life Under Hammurabi
1.
Hammurabi also created one of the world’s earliest comprehensive
law codes, which today provides much useful information on daily
life in ancient Mesopotamia.
2.
The Code of Hammurabi had two notable features: it included
different laws for people of different social status, and it was based
on the idea that the punishment should fit the crime.
3.
Individuals brought their own complaints before the courts.
4.
The Code dealt extensively with business practices, agricultural
issues, and family life.
Egypt, the Land of the Pharaohs (3100−1200 B.C.E.)
A.
The Nile River
1.
Egyptian society revolved around the life-giving waters of the Nile
River.
2.
The regularity of the Nile’s floods and the fertility of its mud made
agriculture productive and dependable.
3.
The Nile was Egypt’s primary highway and communication conduit.
B.
The God-King of Egypt
1.
Sometime around 3100 B.C.E., Egypt was united under the rule of
a single great king, or “pharaoh.”
2.
Egyptian religion was a complex polytheism rooted in the
environment.
3.
The most powerful gods were Amon, associated with the annual
floods of the Nile, and Ra, the sun-god.
4.
Central to the religion was pharaoh’s place in the pantheon of gods
and goddesses—his presence assured the people that the gods
cared for them.
5.
The famous pyramids attest to the power and prestige of the
pharaoh.
C.
The Pharaoh’s People
1.
Egyptian commoners were at the mercy of government officials.
2.
The bulk of the population was involved in agriculture.
3.
Slavery was not widespread in Egypt until the advent of the New
Kingdom (1570−1200 B.C.E.).
D.
The Hyksos in Egypt (1640−1570 B.C.E.)
1.
The Hyksos, a Semitic people, began to settle in the Nile Delta
around 1800 B.C.E.
2.
The Hyksos created a capital at Avaris.
3.
The Hyksos were probably nomads looking for good land.
4.
The Hyksos brought bronze making to Egypt.
E.
The New Kingdom: Revival and Empire (1570−1075 B.C.E.)
1.
The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty pushed the Hyksos out of
Egypt and extended Egyptian rule into Palestine and Syria.
2.
The pharaoh Akhenaten (r. 1367−1350 B.C.E.) attempted to
impose monotheism on the Egyptian population.
A Changing Region
A.
The Hittites
1.
The Hittites, an Indo-European people settled in Anatolia, became
a major power in the Near East around 1600 B.C.E., conquering
the northern part of the Babylonian empire.
2.
The Hittites introduced iron tools into agriculture and war.
3.
After about 1300 B.C.E. the Hittites, the Egyptian New Kingdom,
and the Babylonian empire cooperated in a kind of détente.
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4.
B.
C.
VI.
The
A.
B.
C.
In the late 13th century B.C.E. invaders destroyed the Hittite
Empire and severely disrupted Egypt.
5.
The most famous of these invaders was called the Sea Peoples by
the Egyptians.
Cultural Endurance and Dissemination
1.
Egyptians and Mesopotamians established basic social, economic,
and cultural patterns in the ancient Near East.
2.
The Semitic peoples of Syria and Palestine lived in small, walled
towns.
3.
Egyptians and Phoenicians exchanged goods and ideas.
4.
The people of Palestine, Syria, and Anatolia adopted many aspects
of Egyptian and Mesopotamian culture and, in turn, introduced new
ideas and new technologies to Egypt and Mesopotamia.
A Shattered Egypt and a Rising Phoenicia
1.
Invaders from Africa and the Near East shattered the power of
Egypt and the Hittites.
2.
Long wars weakened Egypt, causing political and economic chaos.
3.
Nubians extended power northward.
4.
The Kingdom of Kush grew up in the area of modern Sudan.
5.
Egyptian ideas and beliefs continued to play an important role
throughout the region.
6.
The Phoenicians were a Semitic people based along the coast of
modern Lebanon.
7.
The Phoenicians were traders, experts in metalworking, textile
manufacturers, and inventors of the phonetic alphabet from which
our own is derived.
Children of Israel
The Hebrews
1.
South of Phoenicia arose the small kingdom of the ancient Jews.
2.
The origin of the Hebrews is uncertain.
3.
The Hebrews came to Palestine through the Sinai Peninsula from
Egypt.
4.
The Hebrews encountered the Philistines in Palestine.
5.
Saul (ca 1000 B.C.E.) warred against the Philistines and
established a monarchy over the twelve tribes.
6.
David carried on Saul’s work.
7.
Solomon (ca 965−925 B.C.E.) organized the collective tribes into
twelve territorial districts.
8.
The Hebrews broke into two political halves on Solomon’s death:
the northern kingdom (Israel) destroyed by Assyrians (8th century
B.C.E.), and the southern kingdom (Judah) defeated by
Babylonians in 587 B.C.E.
The Evolution of Jewish Religion
1.
The Old Testament was the key sacred writing.
2.
The Covenant was a kind of contract between Yahweh and the
Hebrews.
3.
Yahweh was the Jews’ only god (monotheism).
4.
Proper worship of Yahweh was embodied in the Ten
Commandments.
5.
The Torah, or Mosaic Law, was very harsh.
6.
Later custom and law were more humanitarian.
Daily Life in Israel
1.
As the Hebrews gave up their nomadic lifestyle in favor of settled
agriculture, communal use of land gave way to family ownership.
2.
As this happened, the tribe diminished in importance relative to
the extended family.
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3.
VII.
VIII.
The development of village life placed new emphasis on the
nuclear family.
4.
The evolution of Jewish society led to decreased freedom for
Jewish women.
5.
Marriage was one of the most important events in Jewish family
life.
6.
Mothers took responsibility for the early education of children.
7.
Urbanization created new economic opportunities.
8.
Social and economic developments prompted the compilation of
the Torah and the Talmud.
Assyria, the Military Monarchy
A.
The Power of Assyria
1.
Many Near Eastern kingdoms fell to Tiglath-pileser III (774−727
B.C.E.) and Sargon II (r. 721−705 B.C.E.).
2.
Assyria’s success was due to sophisticated military organization.
3.
The Assyrians developed a wide variety of siege machinery and
sapping techniques for attacking fortifications.
4.
Assyrian kings organized their conquests into an empire.
5.
Assyria fell to the combined forces of the Babylonians and the
Medes.
The Empire of the Persian Kings
A.
The Coming of the Medes and Persians
1.
Persia is a land of mountains and deserts, with a large central
plateau.
2.
Persia’s geographical position explains its role as the highway
between East and West.
3.
The Iranians were Indo-European nomads who arrived in presentday Iran around 1000 B.C.E.
4.
Gradually the Iranians coalesced into two large groups: the
Persians and the Medes.
B.
The Creation of the Persian Empire
1.
The Persian ruler Cyrus the Great (r. 559−530 B.C.E.) created the
largest empire yet to exist in the Near East.
2.
Cyrus had an enlightened view of empire, practiced religious
tolerance, and allowed the subject peoples of his empire great
autonomy.
3.
After uniting Iran, Cyrus set out to accomplish two goals: to win
control of the lands to the west and to secure eastern Iran from
the threat of nomadic invaders.
C.
Thus Spake Zarathustra
1.
The early Iranians were polytheistic and their religion was tied
closely to nature.
2.
Around 600 B.C.E., Zoroaster developed a new form of religion.
3.
Zoroaster preached a new concept of divinity and human life.
4.
He described the cosmos as a battle between opposing forces of
good and evil, represented by the gods Ahuramazda and Ahriman.
5.
He taught that individuals must decide whether to choose
Ahuramazda or Ahriman.
6.
Zoroaster preached a Last Judgment.
7.
The Persian Emperor Darius (r. 521−486 B.C.E.) adopted the
Zoroastrian religion.
8.
Zoroastrian thought influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
D.
Persia’s World Empire
1.
Cyrus’ successors completed the Persian conquest of the ancient
Near East.
2.
The Royal Road facilitated communications throughout the empire.
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Summer Azmat Mr. Knutsen
10/11/07 Diffusion
AWH-F
Diffusion
I.
Diffusion
A.
Trade-objects
1. Of the wheel went from the original Mesopotamians Þ
Persians Þ Egyptians.
2. Mesopotamians and Persians similar because the
Persians learned and adapted the cultures and
techniques of the Mesopotamians.
3. Egypt had little in common of all and little common
trade bc they were in an area of complete isolation
with nothing to do with each other.
4. Even though Egyptians were isolated, they still
came to know of the invention of the wheel by the
Mesopotamians.
5. Over 200 yrs. Persians gave ancient Near East
peace, prosperity, and security.
6. Saw each others weapons and traded and copied each
other.
7. Traded what the other people needed for what they
needed of which the other people had.
B.
Trade-cultural
1. Rameses II promoted prosperity for the Hittites.
2. People who invaded Egypt ended up joining them
culturally.
3. Saw that some cultures taught their children how to
do things and later on their generation did it and
copied each other.
C.
War
1. Egypt had very little war bc of isolation of land
area.
2. 2331 Semitic conquers Sumer.
3. Battle of Kadesh- tried to conquer Egyptians.
4. Hittite and Egyptian empires were destroyed by
invaders in the late 13th century.
5. 19th century suicidal warfare the Hittites.
6. Smelted copper bronze or iron to make good weapons.
It was a competition of who had the best tools not
only to win but to show who is best economically and
culturally.
D.
D. Migration
1. 3K Sumerians into Mesopotamia.
2. Semites moved to Mesopotamia.
3. Some Semites moved to Syria.
4. Semites moved to Palestine
5. Some Semites moved to Egypt.
6. People in Egypt named Hyksos.
7. Iranians into Persia around 1K.
8. 612 Medes and Babylonians migrate and join
together.
9. After the 1800, Hyksos settled in the Nile Delta
(Egypt).
10. Israelis went from Mesopotamia Þ Israel (made on own)
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Nate Socolof, Chelsea Burton, Victoria Fong
Diffusion
War:
Egypt the Hyksos brought Egypt into the bronze age which allowed them to make more
efficient weapons

The Egyptians were a mostly peaceful people and when another nation challenged
their military strength they were concurred and the empire fell

The sea people—invader from Africa and the near east—made war with the
Egyptians, they did not conquered them but left them battered and weak; it was
just a matter of time before they fell
Mesopotamia The one nation that was really war-based was Assyria:
1. Assyria’s success was due to sophisticated military organization. The Assyrian
kings organized there conquests into an empire. The Assyrian’s fell to the
combined forces of the Babylonians. Their whole civilization was based on
concurring other nations.
2. The Mesopotamian people were consistently waging small wars on each other and
by doing so they shared all their technology with each other, for example when
they made a new weapon the moment it was used
On the battle field it became shared knowledge
Persia In 550 B.C.E. Cyrus the great, king of the Persians and one of the most
remarkable statesmen of antiquity concurred the Medes and turned their country
into his first province. His concept survived long, complex, and often turbulent
history to play its part in the contemporary world. Additionally, Cyrus provided a
political organization that sheltered many different civilizations. Essentially the
Persians were for the most part enlightened rulers and fierce warriors.
Diffusion: Migration
Semites
Migrate beyond Mesopotamia
Sargon
Conquers Sumer 2331 B.C.E.
Babylonians
Semites
From Arabia, settled along Euphrates and Tigris
Dominated
Trade on rivers
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Merchants
Travel to Syria, Palestine, and Mediterranean
Spread
Sumerian culture/united Mesopotamians
Hyksos
Semites
From East, settle in the Nile Delta
Taught
Method of making bronze and casting tools/weapons
BRONZE
AGE
Horse
Drawn chariot, armor, bow
Adopted
Egyptian religion and monarchy pharaonic system
Hittites
Extended
Conquests as far as Babylon
Introduced
IRON into war and agriculture
Passed
Knowledge from Near East to Greeks
1. Trade: Egyptians and Mesopotamians established basic
social, economic, and cultural patterns in the ancient Near
East. Egyptians and Phoenicians exchanged goods and
ideas. The people of Syria, Palestine, and Anatolia adopted
many aspects of Egyptian and Mesopotamian culture and,
in turn, introduced new ideas and new technologies to
Egypt and Mesopotamia.
2. Egyptians and the Mesopotamians established basic social,
economic, and cultural patterns in the ancient Near East.
Mesopotamia was influential in southern Anatolia
(modern Turkey).
3. : When Iran united Cyrus set out to achieve two goals first,
he wanted to win control of the west and the terminal ports
of the great trade routes that crossed Iran and Anatolia.
Second, he strove to secure eastern Iran from the nomadic
invaders. The royal road facilitated communications
throughout the empire.
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Geography
And Its
Impact on
Ancient
Cultures
Michael Jaget
Zara Fewsmith
Alex Rehberger
10/12/07
Mr. Knutsen
Block D
The Children of Israel
Hebrew tradition
Followers of Abraham migrated from Mesopotamia
Egyptian documents record Hapiru in Syria
and Palestine- 2000 BCE
Migrated into Nile Delta
Wandered in Sinai Peninsula
Settled in Palestine in 1300 BCE
Nomadic Hebrews 1st entered Palestine as nomadic tribes
Numerous families: all thought they were related
Good farmland, pasture land, and water spots
were first shared by the tribe
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Nomadic people turned to agriculture
Communal use of land→family ownership.
Transition to settled agriculture→tribe less
important than extended family
Development of urban life created new economic
opportunities
People specialized in certain occupations
Commerce and trade developed later than crafts
Trade with other countries handled by foreigners
Jews dealt mainly in local trade.
Persia
Iranians migrated into the area between Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf
Persia→stark land of towering mountains and flaming deserts.
Geographical position+topography explain role as highway
between east and west
Nomads→migrated with flocks and herds
Horse-breeders→had the advantage of horseback in battle
Effective rule of the empire demanded good communication
Built a highway known as Royal Road
Distance broken into 111 post stations
Neolithic Era
Ancient Near Eastern civilizations had trouble communicating because
They were not located near each other
Walls were not necessary for protection
Some communities surrounded by water, forests, or large
expanses of desert, and they let nature defend them
People in Stonehenge improved technology and agriculture by using
the changing of seasons to their advantage.
Egyptians
Shipbuilding technology was not that great
Ships designed for the Nile River and not the open sea
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Mesopotamia
Climate
Arid→ had to farm with a scant water supply.
Learned to irrigate and drain land to prevent salt in soil
Environment
Harsh→ forced grim pessimistic outlook on the Mesopotamians
Believed gods were powerful, hateful beings and tried to
pacify and calm them
Babylon
Geographical position made it perfect capital
Between the Euphrates and the Tigris
Had water supply and could also dominate trade
Egypt
Nile
Single most important factor in shaping Egyptian culture
Did not bring death/destruction
Wasn’t feared
Made gods based on their environment
Gods were kind and forgiving like the environment
Climate
Regularity meant the agricultural year was dependable
Regularity gave Egypt a sense of calm and order
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Ancient World History
Mr. Knutson
Per. F
Chapter 1 Outlines
Divya Hawthore, Spenser Silbey, McCall Bliss
10/13/07
Theme: Advancements
I. Technology
A. Advancements of writing
a. Allowed knowledge of the past to be preserved
b. Allowed the spread and accumulation of learning, science, and
literature
c. Lead to first written law codes (for example: Animal Farm, cannot
change the laws)
d. Writing  the creation of schools
i. Centers of culture and learning
ii. Strides in Math, medicine, and religion
e. Stepping stone of religion and society
B. Improvement of Tools and Weapons
a. Learned to build advanced buildings
i. Such as pyramids and Persian “Temple of 100 columns”
b. The invention of the wheel by the Sumer
i. Gave Sumer a military lead
ii. Very popular item for trading
c. The Hitties introduced iron tools into trading, warfare, and agriculture
d. Assyria’s weapon advances
i. Advancements one of many reasons Assyria was military
success
i. ex. battering rams and excavations to undermine city walls
G. Technology Summary
a. Technology played a major role in society becoming more complex and
building the idea of religion. The most important technological
advancement was writing which allowed the continual knowledge
of how to form tools and weapons useful to the country.
II. Religion
A. Mesopotamia/Sumerians
a. Many gods run world, not all gods equal
b. Humanlike anthropomorphic gods w/ superhuman powers and human
flaws
c. Gods were worshipped not because they were benevolent, but because
they were powerful
d. Religious positions for men only
e. Motives of their gods not always clear
i. In tough times, Sumerians could only pray and offer sacrifices
to their gods
f. Myths accounted for natural phenomena and creation
g. Sought to calm/appease angry gods
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h. Hammurabi’s Code was supposed to be on divine authority, this gave
it credibility in the eyes of the people
B. Egypt
a. Polytheistic, some gods more important than others
b. Amon (sky) and Ra (sun) most important
i. Amon championed fairness and honesty, esp. for the common
people
1. He also cured ills and protected travelers
ii. Ra – creator of life
iii. Horus- united Egpyt
iv. Osiris – god of death and the Nile, died every year
c. Pharaoh was supposed to be Horus in human form
i. Connection between people and gods, reassured people
ii. Pyramids show pharaoh’s power and demigod status
iii. Pharaoh embodied harmony between the human and the divine
C. Israel
a. Central belief was monotheistic, Yahweh was only god
b. Yahweh had a covenant w/ the Hebrews, as long as they worshipped
him, they would be his chosen people and he would protect them
c. Yahweh was worshipped by obeying the 10 commandments revealed
by Moses
d. The Torah was the first Jewish law, influenced by Hammurabi’s code,
later evolved to be less violent
e. Jews knew what Yahweh expected, wanted to please him and he was
benevolent
D. Persia
a. Zoroastrianism – life is a battle between good and evil
b. Choices between good and evil were made all the time
c. Everyone was held accountable for their actions in life, just like in
Egypt
i. Lest judgment
ii. Heaven vs. hell
d. Influenced Judaism/Christianity heavily.
e. Fair god who honored good people
E. How thought changed
a. Thought moved from pessimistic Sumerian polytheism, where gods
were worshipped simple because of their power, to Egyptian
polytheism, where benevolent gods were worshipped and one was held
accountable, to monotheistic religions where people knew what their
gods expected.
III. Social / Government
A. Mesopotamia
a. Life under Hammurabi
i. law code offers information about daily life
ii. issued laws on divine authority
iii. inflicted mutilation and whipping
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iv. punishment should fit crime
B. Egypt
a. The God-King of Egypt
i. Pharaoh
a. dynasties
b. political unification of Egypt led to start of period known
as The Old Kingdom (2660- 2180 B.C.E)
c. pharaoh- placed in pyramid after death
d. Pharaoh/King Akhenaten- most concerned with religion
e. his monotheistic religion was unpopular among the
citizens
b. Taxes
i. disadvantage for poor commoners
c. Slavery
i. did not become widespread until the New Kingdom (1570-1075
B.C.E)
C. Israel
a. Society
i. Women were considered impure
ii. they were confined to their home
b. The Torah and Talmud
i. Torah- mosaic law
ii. Talmud- civil and ceremonial law
D. Persia
a. created a world empire
b. main highway was the Royal Road
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Mr. Knutsen
Block D
10/11/07
Ryan Wells
Sterling Campbell
Tommy Ahsan
Storyline Outline
I.
Mesopotamia: A Story for the Ages
A.
Birth
1.
The Sumerians 3500 B.C.E founded Mesopotamia.
B.
C.
2.
The Neolithic Era was beginning to emerge, and the
Sumerians needed to sustain themselves some way.
3.
Since nomadic means of living were not living up to their
standards they decided that they should move to a land with a
water source near by.
4.
The Sumers occupied, and founded the Mesopotamian
empire, one of the most powerful empires of its time.
5.
Mesopotamia became one of the most flourishing empires of
its time, and people began to form other huge kingdoms such
as Babylon, and it became to be one of the most well known
kingdoms of all time.
Writing System
1.
Language was very important, but the Sumerians decided
that oral communication was not the only way to
communicate; they wanted to communicate in a new way.
2.
The Sumerians’ system of writing was so impressive, and it
was very efficient. It was similar to the Egyptians
hieroglyphics, but it came much earlier.
3.
The Sumerian’s written language was very helpful and
efficient in warning each other, and telling each other
important news.
Religion
1.
Egyptians tended to love their Gods, and think that their Gods
wanted their greater good, but it was a totally different
situation with the early Mesopotamians.
2.
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They feared their Gods, because natural disasters would claim
many lives, and although they received supple amounts of
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food, they still lost their loved ones. They’re statues of the
Gods were very human-like and that seems to have an impact
on them.
D.

3.
The early Mesopotamians were scared of their Gods, but they
did not seem to respect them that much. The portrayal of their
Gods being similar to humans detoriates their actual reverence
of their immortals.
4.
But when natural disasters occur, and these “gods” tend to be
responsible for them, people will not like them that much,
despite their immortal superiority.
Society
1.
The Sumerians were similar to the Indians in that they had a
class system consisting of four classes.
2.
Their classes were the Nobles, the commoners, the clients,
and the slaves.
3.
The commoners were ordinary people who did not care for
anyone but sustaining themselves and their loved ones, but
they cant be blamed.
4.
The nobles thought they were better than everyone, so they
take the land, and everyone envies them. They really don’t
have any significant qualifications.
5.
The clients are the ones who envy the nobles, they wish they
were like them, so they try to stand out to please the nobles
and be received as one of them.
6.
The slaves are unfortunate in that everyone forces them to
work for no reason except birth or battle. They are often
treated lowly, and receive little respect.
Egyptians (3100 – 1200 B.C.E)
o Western Tradition
 Found in fertile crescent
 Oasis in the desert
 Found in between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
o Great irrigation
 The Nile River
 Big part of society
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o
o
o
o
o

Chapter 1 Outlines
 Used this to survive for 3000 years
Gods (creation of Theology)
 Ra and Osirus
 Sun and earth (or river) gods
Pharaohs
 Owned the people
 They had access to inturnity
 31 dynasties of Pharaohs
 Buried in pyramids
 Tombs were in them
o Nobles were buried close by if lucky
o Ex. Great Pyramid
 Made great rock monuments with symbolism
 Great pyramid
 Sphinx
 Pyramids
 Obolists
o Suns rays means man’s immortality
First 4 dynasties
 Economically took a big step
 Government becomes more elaborate
 Had officials
o Exercised independent judgment
 Ended in 2600 B.C.
6th dynasty
 Very peaceful
 Didn’t want to fight
 Protected by surroundings and environment
 Deserts and rivers
 Revolved around Nile
 “Highway” and communications conduit
Hyksos in Egypt
 Settled in Nile Delta
 Brought bronze making to Egypt
 They were Nomads
Persians
o -First Persians Nomadic
 -Needed water
 -Got from rocks
o -Amoganide
 -Discovered underground irrigation
 -3/4 mile trenches
 -Channeled water
o -Cyrus the Great 580-530 B.C.
 -First King of Persia
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o
o
o
o
o
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Chapter 1 Outlines
 -Maintained channels
 -Managed largest empire ever
 -Had crushed all rivals and became undisputed leader
 -Needed capital city
 -People imported from all over the country to build city
 Sosa named capital
 -Freed Jews
 -Died in Battle
-Darius 550-486 B.C.
 -Relative of Cyrus
 -Greatest Persian King
 -Rebuilt Sosa
 -Wanted Capital of his own
 -Named Persepolis
 -Never stopped expanding empire
-Royal Road
 -Made of Stone
 -Inns every 18 miles
 -Crosses rivers, mountains, etc.
-Darius’s Canal
 -130 miles long
 -Connected Red Sea to Nile River
 -Attacked Athens
 -Started Persian Wars
 -Defeated at Marathon
 -Darius retreats to Persepolis
 -Killed on way back
-Xerxes 519-465 B.C.
 -New King
 -Son of Darius
 -10 years since Marathon
 -2nd Persian War
 -Built pontoon of ships
o -674 used
 -Athens abandoned near end of war
 -Xerxes burns Athens to ground
 -Persian fleet destroyed at Salamis
 -Xerxes dies
 -Leaves Artaxerxes his son behind
 -Artaxerxes leads last building project of Peris
o -Dies
-Darius III
 -Relative of Darius
 -Attacks Greece again
 -Pushed back to Persepolis
 -Persepolis burned to ground
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines

-Darius III escapes
 -Murdered by close allies
o -Alexander the Great gives him long funeral
 -Marries his daughter
 -Chased down killers and killed them himself
 -Alexander the Great’s conquering marks end of Persian Empire
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Ancient World History
Jess, Priyanka, Jasmine
Period D
Mr. Knutsen
10/11/07
Advancements
I
Technology:
A. From Paleolithic period to Neolithic period
1. People were nomadic in Paleolithic period.
2. In Neolithic period, new stone tools came into use. Life primarily and
permanently based on agriculture and animal husbandry.
3. Sustained agriculture led to stable, secure life. Evolution of towns and
cities.
4. Population growth occurred
5. The wheel invented.
6. Division of labor for more comfortable and complex life.
7. Walled towns built for protection
8. Intellectual world with astronomy, environment, and religion; shown
by Stonehenge. Viewed themselves as members of a wider world that
they shared with deities of nature and the broader universe.
B. Invention of writing and intellectual advancements by Mesopotamians
1. Pictographs made by Sumerians called cuneiform. Real breakthrough
was when scribe learned to use signs to represent sounds.
2. Schooling from scribes. Discipline was strict.
3. Mathematical advancements like place value concept.
4. Mesopotamian medicine was combination of magic, prescriptions, and
surgery. Grew slowly from superstition to early form of rational
treatment.
C. Complex Monuments like Pyramid built by Egyptians
1. During Old Kingdom
2. Made from idea of afterlife for the pharaoh and later on nobles as well.
3. It took many thousands of peasants to build these magnificent
structures.
D. Bronze Age from Hyksos in Egypt
1. Production and use of bronze implements became basic to society.
2. Farming more efficient than ever
E. Hittites brought iron to war and agriculture
F. Systems of building roads like Royal Road for better control.
1. Persian king used this system of communications with his subjects and
officials. He could rule efficiently.
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Ancient World History
II.
Chapter 1 Outlines
Government
A. Sumerian
1. They had nobles who consisted of the king and his family, the chief
priests, and high palace officials.
2. The king rose to power as a war leader, elected by the citizenry, who
established a regular army, trained it, and led it into battle.
3. Nobility commanded the obedience of a huge segment because the
clients were dependant on them.
B. Babylon
1. Law Code of Hammurabi- offers a wealth of information about daily
life in Mesopotamia.
2. “to establish law and justice in the language if the land, thereby
promoting the welfare of the people.”
a. penalties such as mutilation, whipping, and burning
b. “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”
C. Egypt
1. The pharaoh embodied justice and order-harmony among human
beings, nature, and the divine.
2. Only twice in history has the pharaoh failed to maintain order and a
balance. These are called the First and Second Intermediate Periods.
D. Hittite
1. The Hittites created an alliance with Egypt and the Babylonians
2. They each swore to uphold each other’s authority
3. This government alliance lasted until about the thirteenth century BCE
when both the Egyptians and Hittites were destroyed by invaders
E. Shattered Egypt and a rising Phoenicia
1. devastated Egypt
a. “During many years there was no leader who could speak for
others. Central government lapsed, small officials and headmen
took over the whole land.”
b. After the Sea Peoples destroyed the Egyptians there
government was in chaos. This age was known as the Third
Intermediate period (ca 1100-653)
2. Expanding Phoenicia (“Purple people”)
a. The had an urban government and culture
b. Basically adapted to the previous cultures
F. Israel
1. David’s military reign
a. David of Bethlehem made the capital Jerusalem the political
center of the realm.
b. His reign was a period of great political consolidation
2. Solomon
a. Solomon divided the kingdom into 12 districts
b. He set out to create broad cultural horizons
3. After Solomon
a. The kingdom divided into north and south
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Chapter 1 Outlines
b. Northern was wiped out by the Assyrians but the southern
kingdom was wiped out by the Babylonians in 587 BCE
4. Way of life
a. Women has less freedom of action and were segregated most
of the time
b. They had to follow the Torah or the Mosaic Law
c. 636 CE to 70 CE they followed the Talmud which are records
of civil and ceremonial law and Jewish legend.
G. Assyria
1. Assyrian kings began to organize their conquered territories into an
empire
2. Kingdoms beyond the provinces were not annexed but became
dependant states that followed Assyrian’s lead
3. in 612 BCE the Babylonians and the Medes destroyed the Assyrians
H. Persia
1. Cyrus the Great was the first to turn the Medes into a province
2. The Persian empire became a political organization sheltering many
different civilizations.
I. Religion
A. Mesopotamia
1.
Religion was polytheistic
2.
Human attributes
3.
Myths explained origins of universe and mankind
4.
Wrote Epic of Gilgamesh
5.
Harsh environments= Harsh gods
6.
Built shrines in the center of cities
B. Babylon
1.
Conquered and kept old culture
2.
Religion was very much the same
C. Egypt- 3100 BCE
1.
Society revolved around the Nile
2.
Complex polytheism
3.
Religion routed in environment
4.
Amon and Ra; Nile and sung god (later Amon- Ra)
5.
Pharaoh was central to the religion. Represented the gods and
showed that the gods cared for them
6.
Built pyramids that represented the power of the god like pharaohs
D. Egypt - The New Kingdom (1570-1075)
1.
Akhenaten imposed monotheism on Egypt .
E.
The Hittites
1.
Shared the cultural patterns with Egypt and Mesopotamia
F.
The Hebrews/ Ancient Jews
1.
Monotheistic, believed in Yahweh
2.
The old testament
a.
key to sacred writing
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3.
Chapter 1 Outlines
The Covenant
a.
The agreement between Jews and Yahweh
10 Commandments
The Torah or mosaic law
Law later bcame a lot less harsh than The Torah
Marriage was a very important even in jewish society
Compilation of the Torah and the Talmud
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
G. Persia
1.
Cyrus the Great allowed religious tolerance
2.
Persia had a diverse religious culture
H. Zarathustra
1.
Sparked in Iran under Persia ’s control
2.
Early Iranians were polytheistic
3.
600 B.C.E. Zaroaster preached new concepts
4.
Divinity and human life
5.
Cosmos was a battle between good and evil and that it was up to
humans to decide which the chose
6.
Preached of a Last Judgement, the decision that decided whether or
not an individual Is sent to heaven or hell
7.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were based on these thoughts
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Mr. Knutsen
Block-D
10/11/07
Kenneth Mang
Austin Brown
Kelly Chung
Diffusion Theme Outline
I.
Diffusion(The major exchanges between societies and/or civilizations)
A. War
1) In 2331 B.C.E. the Semitic chieftain Sargon (Semites) conquered Sumer
(Sumerians)
1. Sargon's empire didn't last long but Mesopotamian culture grew throughout the
Fertile Crescent (from East Mesopotamia, North Syria, and West Egypt )
2.
In the 3rd Century B.C.E. the Hyksos conquered the
Egyptians looking for food and good arable land
1. They brought the method of making bronze (Bronze Age)
a) Tools and weapons became popular in Egypt
b) These tools made farming tools better or more efficient
2.
The Hyksos also grew into Egyptian gods and a
monarchy like the pharaonic system
3.
These nomadic conquers soon realized the Egyptians
were intelligent people and they themselves turned
into Egyptians(like others before and after them)
a) They practiced the Egyptian culture
3.
The fall of many empires which allowed cultural diffusion,
though many smaller kingdoms lived and culture was
shared/exchanged
1. Eastern Mediterranean peoples were crushed by Sea Peoples
a) Philistines started to farm and raise flocks
1.
The Nubians had grew north though the Nile Valley
and adopted Egyptian culture
a) Nubian Kings and aristocrats took on the cultural wholesale of the Egyptians
4.
The Assyrians figured out how to win battles and use the
conquered
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Chapter 1 Outlines
1. The Assyrian kings such as Tiglath-pileser 3 would organize the conquered
territories to build his empire
5.
The influx of Persians caused cultural exchanges between
the conquers and the conquered
1. In 550 B.C.E. Cyrus the Great (Persian King) tried to establish a world empires
2. He would conquer his enemies and then use their best techniques and
improve them for their benefit
a) Language
b) War Technology or Tactics
c) Etc.
B. Migration
1. Schooling
A. Sumerian schooling set the standard for education
B. Akkadians and Babylonians adopted its practice and
techniques
a. learned about math, linguistics, botany
b. learning took place in temples and palaces
2. Medicine
A. Mesopotamia believed at first that demons cause
disease
B. Also good spirits cure the disease
a. As groups migrated to Mes. they brought new
medicine but also new disease
b. new cultures formed from these mixes of
different cultures
3. Hyskos
A. wanted better a better place to live/needed a new
consistent water source
a. they migrated to Mes.
b. both cultures learned new good and bad
things from each other
4. Egyptians
A. Egyptians brought new culture/ techniques to Nubia
Africa
a. religion
b. customs
c. technology
1. Diffusion Through Trade
a. Egyptians (Imported from other civilizations unless told otherwise)
i.
Sinai
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Copper
ii.
Lebanon
1. Timber
iii.
Hyksos
1. Bronze
a. Tools
b. Armor
2. Weapons
a. Horse-drawn chariots
b. Composite bow
i.
Laminated wood
ii.
Horn
iv.
Palestine and southern Syria
1. Turquoise
2. Copper
3. Local Pottery (exported from Egypt )
v.
Phoenicia
1. Technological knowledge
a. Shipbuilding techniques
i.
Designed for the Nile than the open sea
2. Religions
a. Egyptian gods (exported from Egypt )
b. Artistic motifs (exported from Egypt )
c. Egyptian script (exported from Egypt )
d. Egyptian myths (exported from Egypt )
vi.
Syria
1. Timber
2. Agricultural produce
3. Metal deposits
4. Exported Mesopotamian Knowledge
a. Literature
b. Mathematics
c. Culture
Cultural Exchange
i.
Adoption
ii.
Adaptation
iii.
Contrast
iv.
Balance
Wen-Amon Story (page 21 optional)
Jews
i.
Phoenician
Phoenicia
i.
Big Impact on Greece
1. Changed their ways of life after contact
1.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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Ancient World History
Chapter 1 Outlines
Dori Shoshan, Jenna Palazzo, Ajay Batra
Block A
Chapter 1 Thematic Outline - 10/11/2007
I. Diffusion
A. Trade
1. Mesopotamia - Centrally-located; easy access by ship or by land
a. led to frequent influence and implanting of foreign char.
b. introduction of foreign tech. caused “technology ladder”
2. Egypt - trade relied upon Nile and surrounding seafaring societies
a. used Nile to trade within Africa
b. diffusion occurred with Phoenicians, who had superior boating
tech.
i. traded throughout region (proof found at Byblos)
ii. diffused traits of other peoples as well as their own
3. Persia - location of empire led to formation of international trade routes
a. Royal Road - linked all parts of empire
i. made trade/communication more efficient
b. King levied taxes and demanded (paid) labor services
i. led to better infrastructure
ii. improved facilitiesbetter trade capabilities, more
diffusion
B. War
1. Persia attacked and controlled most of Near Eastern land
a. as they moved, left traces of culture, though left freedoms
b. Persian architecture, traces of culture, etc. give sense that:
i. controlled over land, yet allowed freedoms
ii. legal and governmental ideas lived on
iii. led through diplomacy, not by force
2. Mesopotamia
a. Semitic chieftain Sargon conquered Sumer; founded Akkad
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i. army spread culture throughout fertile crescent
ii. through Syria in North and to Egypt in West
a. Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE) - wanted to secure Babylon
i. conquered Assyria in north and Sumer & Akkad in south
ii. conquests spread culture/ideas (i.e. - legal systems,
religion, etc)
3. Egypt
a. Hyskos invaded (3rd century BCE) & made capital at Avaris
i. introduced method of making bronze
ii. introduced smelting methods; became standard in Egypt
a) introduced Egypt to Bronze Age
b) weaponry and tools improved; used to boot them
out
b. 8th Dynasty - Pharoah pushed Hyskos out
i. widespread slavery created new labor force
ii. Egyptian religion/customs flourished in Nubia
c. 1300 BCE - Fought Hittites
i. peace reached, Babylonians included and brotherhood
formed
a) caused increased diffusion of culture, ideas in
Near East
b) alliance formed; preserved culture and ideas
C. Migration
1. Hyskos migration into Egypt
a. Hyskos = nomads looking for good land; capital at Avaris
b. Hyskos treated as invaders, though destroyed nothing and only
added:
i. introduced bronze and other metalwork to Egypt
ii. Egypt = usually isolated, so assimilated Hyskos
2. Mesopotamia - Palestine, Syria, Anatolia
a. native cultures established during prehistoric period
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b. migrated into regions nearer to Egypt and other Mesopotamians
i. gained and shared ideas
ii. formed stretch of civilizations that were different, yet
shared
the same characteristics
3. Persia - Iranians originally migrating nomads
a. came in many groups and from many different places
b. came over course of several centuries
i. newcomers and those already settled constantly diffused
a) ideas spread rapidly due to Persia’s location
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