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Anatomy of the Heart By: Alisa Courville Structures of the heart The wall of our heart is called the Septum. It is up to the Aorta, Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, our 4 chambers, our pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins, and valves in our heart to allow oxygen exchange throughout the body and our lungs. Our superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from our upper body and returns it back to the heart. Our inferior vena cava collects all spent blood from the lower body and returns it back to the heart. The Left and Right Atrium collect blood, while our Left and Right Ventricles pump blood to the rest of the body. On the Right side of your heart you have your Tricuspid Vales and on the Left side you have your Mitral/Bicuspid Valve. These valves both prevents black flow of blood into our atria. The Aorta is a major blood vessel that branches off to pump blood to other major arteries in the body. Our pulmonary veins and arteries aid in the pulmonary circuit where our oxygen exchange takes place. The Cardiac Cycle Contractions in the heart are a two step process: Systole -contraction of the heart Diastole - relaxation of the heart *Each HB is it’s own cardiac cycle When we listen to our Heart Beat the sound we hear is usually a “lub-dub” kind of sound, this is from the opening & closing of the valves: 1st: Atrioventricular 2nd semi-lunar Ventricles must have a stronger and longer contraction of blood because blood must be pumped throughout the body. *The beat is controlled by a special type of tissue called “Nodal Tissue” which has both muscular and nervous tissue features. Intrinsic Heart Beats There are 2 locations of nodal Tissue: 1) SA Node (Sinoatrial Node) also called the pace maker and is found in the upper right atria, initiates the heart beat and sends out an excitation HB every 0.85 seconds. The impulse causes both atria to contract 2) The AV Node ( Atrioventricular Node) which is found at the bottom of the right atrium near the septum, which contain purjinki fibers that are found in the walls of the ventricles and septum. * Purkinji Fibers stimulates both ventricles to contract from the bottom upwards Electrocardiograms Electrocardiograms register voltage changes across the surface of the heart as it beats. The letters PQRST are the standard labels used to identify the parts of the EKG. The P Curve records the simultaneous contractions of the Atria as it drives the blood out into their ventricles. The Q,R & S curve is the contraction of ventricles as their driven out of the blood out into their respective arteries The T marks the recovery of the Ventricles which prepares them for the next contraction Autonomic Control of the Heart Your heart Rate can be controlled not only by the cardiac cycle but also by your nervous system The Heart Rate control centre is located in the Medulla Oblongata of the brain The Vagus Nerve has two systems which effect your Heart Rate: 1) Parasympathetic System: causes your Heart Rate to slow down 2) Sympathetic System: causes your Heart Rate to increase The SA Node is connected to your brain by the “Vagus Nerve” which is connected and found in the nervous system Factors that will effect your heart rate, some including: *Exercise *Stress *Alcohol/Drugs *Diet Lack of Oxygen and Blood Pressure levels will signal which system should come into play Blood pressure: The force of blood against blood vessel walls How does blood pressure work? - When ventricles contract, approximately 70 ml of blood is released, this is why our Arteries need thick and elastic walls in order to withstand the blood pressure *Blood Pressure readings are not consistently the same When reading or taking blood pressure there are two different readings: Systolic and Diastolic Systolic Pressure: refers to the pressure when ventricles are contracting. This is the highest BP reading. Diastolic Pressure: refers to is the pressure when the heart is at rest. This is the lowest BP reading * Pulse: As blood pumps through our Arteries, the arterial walls swell & then re-coils. The swelling can be felt in any Artery that is close to the skin Blood Pressure cont.. Blood pressure is typically measured along your brachial artery which can be found along the inner middle of your arm. A normal Blood Pressure reading is typically 120/80 120 being our systolic pressure & 80 being our diastolic pressure. Hypertension: High blood pressure ie. 140/90 or 125/90 Diet and lifestyle are often the main reasons of hypertension, examples are: • Stress / working too hard • Diet (high salt intake) • Smoking • Age, sex, and race • • • Hypotension: Low blood pressure ie. 90/60 Cuts/amputated limbs Plaques: formed by fatty deposits from digested foods. Plaques line the arterial walls Drugs which create less surface area resulting in hypertension Hormones additives Proper Kidney function can only be maintained if there is sufficient pressure for filtration