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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016)
Water-borne Diseases and its Effect on Domestic Animals and
Human Health: A Review
Praveen Kumar Praveen1, Subha Ganguly2, Rajesh Wakchaure3, Parveez Ahmad Para4, Tanvi Mahajan5,
Kausar Qadri6, Shweta Kamble7, Ruchi Sharma8, Shashank Shekhar9, Nirupama Dalai10
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, 2Associate Professor, Department of
Veterinary Microbiology, 3Associate Professor, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, 4Assistant Professor, Department
of Livestock Product and Technology, 5Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, 6Assistant
Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 7Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,
8
Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Arawali Veterinary College (Affiliated with Rajasthan University
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences), N.H. – 52 Jaipur Road, V.P.O. Bajor, Dist. Sikar, Pin – 332001, India
9
M.V.Sc., Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of
Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, Kshudiram Bose Sarani, P.O. Belgachia, Kolkata – 700037, West Bengal, India
10
Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Orissa University
of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Livestock require the proper balance of water,
carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals for
optimal levels of performance. Out of these nutrients, water
is the most critical for all classes of livestock. Water
constitutes 60 to 70 percent of the body of livestock. Water
is necessary for maintaining body fluids and proper ion
balance, for digesting, absorbing and metabolizing
nutrients, eliminating waste material and excess heat from
the body and for transporting nutrients to and from body
tissues [2]. The significance of environmental factors to the
health and well-being of human populations’ is
increasingly apparent [3, 4].
Water is a critical nutrient for dairy cattle and is required
for numerous essential physiological functions. The total
body weight of dairy cattle is 56 to 81% water and water is
the main component of milk and waste products [13, 14].
Therefore, dairy cattle have a substantial daily requirement
for water. Decreasing free water intake is undesirable as it
will limit milk production and reduce health status,
resulting in decreased producer profitability. In addition,
the mineral content of water may contribute substantially to
the mineral requirements of dairy cows. Water is necessary
for regulation of body temperature, growth, reproduction,
lactation, and digestion, lubrication of joints, eyesight and
as a cleansing agent. Water is needed for all metabolic
processes essential for life, growth and reproduction. Water
is an especially important nutrient during periods of heat
stress. It is essential for increasing growth rate, resistance
against diseases [12-14].
Environment pollution is a worldwide problem and its
potential to influence the health of human populations is
great [5], [6].
Abstract-- Water is the most important requirements for
sustenance of life. The increasing population, growing
industrialization and indiscriminate exploitation resulted in
contamination of water. Water may act as an important
source of a large number of infectious and noninfectious
diseases in both animals and humans.The water we drink are
essential ingredients for our wellbeing and a healthy life.
Water- borne diseases are caused by the pathogens found in
water that is contaminated with infected faeces, urine,
discharges and tissues. Waterborne diseases are caused
by pathogenic organisms that most commonly are transmitted
in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results
during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food,
or the consumption of food thus infected.
Keywords- Bacteria, Diseases, Microbiology, Water, Public
Health
I. INTROUCTION
Water is the most important requirements for sustenance
of life. The increasing population, growing industrialization
and indiscriminate exploitation resulted in contamination of
water. Water may act as an important source of a large
number of infectious and noninfectious diseases in both
animals and humans. The water we drink are essential
ingredients for our wellbeing and a healthy life.
Unfortunately polluted water and air are common
throughout the world [1]. The WHO states that one sixth of
the world’s population, approximately 1.1 billion people do
not have access to safe water and 2.4 billion lack basic
sanitation [1]. Polluted water consists of Industrial
discharged effluents, sewage water, rain water pollution
[2]. Water as an essential nutrient is second only to oxygen
in importance to sustain life.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016)
In poor countries of the world more than 80% polluted
water have been used for irrigation with only seventy to
eighty percent food and living security in industrial urban
and semi urban areas [7]. Water- borne diseases are
caused by the pathogens found in water that is
contaminated with infected faeces, urine, discharges and
tissues. Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic
organisms that most commonly are transmitted in
contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results
during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of
food, or the consumption of food thus infected. Various
forms of waterborne diarrheal disease probably are the
most prominent examples, and affect mainly children in
developing countries; according to WHO such diseases
account for an estimated 4.1% of the total daily global
burden of disese, and cause about 1.8 million human deaths
annually.
The World Health Organization has estimated that 88%
of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply,
sanitation and hygiene [8].Water-borne diseases spread by
contamination of drinking water systems with the urine and
faeces of infected animal or human. Waterborne disease in
both epidemic and endemic forms continues to occur in
both developed and less developed countries. Waterborne
diseases are dominated by pathogens which are transmitted
by the faecal droplet inhalation (e.g. adenoviruses). It is
also interconnected with the consumption of shellfish and
other harvest fisheries outputs and through indirect
exposure to water in foodstuffs when the water is used in
irrigation, in food processing, or as an ingredient. It spread
from person to person, consuming contaminated food or
beverages, from contact with animals or their environment.
Infectious diseases cause approximately 26% of all deaths
worldwide and 31% of all disability. Water plays a role in
the transmission of a significant number of these diseases.
In the last 20 years, it has been recognized that many
diseases are caused by emerging or re-emerging pathogens,
75% of which are zoonotic.
Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhea occur each
year, leading worldwide. The percentage of illness caused
by pathogens is difficult to determine. Waterborne
pathogens cause both gastrointestinal disease such as
diarrhea and other illness such as leptospirosis and
hepatitis.Water-borne Nematode infections, one important
waterborne nematodal disease is Dracunculus. It is
acquired by swallowing water in which certain copepod
occur that act as vectors for the Nematoda. Anyone
swallowing a copepod that happens to be infected with
Nematode larvae in the genus Dracunculus, becomes liable
to infection.
The larvae cause guinea worm disease [9]. Another class
of waterborne metazoan pathogens are certain members of
the Schistosomatidae, a family of blood flukes. They
usually infect victims that make skin contact with the water
[9]. Blood flukes are pathogens that cause Schistosomiasis
of various forms, more or less seriously affecting hundreds
of millions of people world-wide [10]. Available evidence
suggests that emerging waterborne pathogens will continue
to be recognized as being of significant and increasing
public health concern due to a range of underlying driving
forces. This include:
1. Changing pattern of water use
2. Increasing travel and recreational activities.
3. Water scarcity, climate change, severe weather
events.
4. Conflicts and disasters.
5. Increasing urbanization and colonization of new
habitats.
6. Density of domestic pets.
7. Ecosystem disturbance.
Today, 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne
diseases annually, 1.5 million children are estimated to die
of diarrhoea alone. Water-borne diseases and water-caused
health problems are mostly due to inadequate and
incompetent management of water resources. In the urban
areas water gets contaminated in many different ways,
some of the most common reasons being leaky water pipe
joints in areas where the water pipe and sewage line pass
close together. Sometimes the water gets polluted at source
due to various reasons and mainly due to inflow of sewage
into the source. Water-borne diseases are transmitted by
drinking unhealthy water. Unfortunately, they are a major
cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children in
our country. About 20 per cent of the communicable
diseases in India are waterborne. Poor sanitation, improper
storage of water and lack of proper waste disposal are the
main causes of water contamination [11-14].
Route of transmission
Excreted material and other animal waste products are
the predominant sources of waterborne pathogens. The
pathogens use these material as transport vehicles from the
animal reservoir to the particular water environment, where
their stability in that environment will influence the
infectivity and thereby the risk to humans.
Water Quality
Water provided to livestock should be clean, cool,
plentiful and easily available during hot climate.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016)
Important Water-borne diseases of zoonotic importance:
A key consideration in the nutrition of dairy cattle is
evaluation of the quality of drinking water. Water quality is
an important issue in the production and health of dairy
cattle. Limiting water availability to cattle will lower
production rapidly and harshly. Monitoring of water quality
during periods of reduced production or nonspecific
diseases will improve herd health and solve production
problems. The five properties most often considered in
assessing water quality for livestock are organoleptic
properties (odor and taste), physiochemical properties (pH,
total dissolved solids, total dissolved oxygen and hardness),
presence of toxic compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals,
organophosphates and hydrocarbons), presence of excess
minerals or compounds (nitrates, sodium sulfates and iron)
and presence of bacteria. Cattle drinking water
contaminated by feces and urine causes decrease in water
consumption and animal weight gain [12-14].
Symptoms of Water-borne illness
Most waterborne illnesses cause common symptoms and
characteristics of each symptom depend on the bacteria,
viruses, or pathogenic microorganisms. These symptoms
include:
1. Abdominal discomfort or cramping
2. Fever
3. Vomiting
4. Diarrhea and
5. Loss of weight and fatigue may accompany several
of the viral illnesses.
Name of disease
Causative agent
Anthax
Paratuberculosis
3.
Black Quarter
4.
Rinderpest
Bacillus anthracis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Clostridium
chouvoei
Paramyxovirus
5.
Actinomycosis
Actinomycosis
bovis
Name of disease
Causative agent
Leptospirosis
Leptospira spp
2.
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter
spp.
3.
Salmonellosis
Salmonella spp
4.
Yersiniosis
Yersinia spp.
5.
Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix
insidiosa
Animal
involved
Domestic and
wild animal
Domestic
and
wild
animal
Swine,
Cattle,
Horse, Dog,
Cat
and
Poultry,
Birds.
Animals and
Birds
Pig, Rodents
Important Water-borne diseases of humans:
Important Water-borne diseases of domestic animals:
Sl
No.
1.
2.
Sl
No.
1.
Animal
involved
Cattle
Cattle,
Sheep
Cattle
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
Name of disease
Viral Hepatitis A
Poliomyelitis
Rotaviral diarrhea
Causative agent
Hepatitis A Virus
Poliovirus
Rotavirus
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cholera
Typhoid
Paratyphoid
Amoebiasis
Vibrio cholera
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella paratyphi
Entamoeba histolylytica
8.
9.
Giardiasis
Guinea worm disease
Giardia spp.
Dracunculus medinensis
Treatment of water
The two most common methods to kill microorganisms
in the water supply are: oxidation with chemicals such as
chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone, and irradiation with
Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation.
Cattle,
Sheep
Cattle
II. CONCLUSION
Water related diseases are the most common cause of
deaths. The paucity of clean water for domestic use has led
to the increase in the number of deaths in both the urban
and rural parts of developing economies.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016)
[9]
And India is no different. Deaths due to water related
diseases in India are in the range of nearly 80 percent. Here
is a list of the 5 most deadly water related diseases that
occur in India.
[10]
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*Corresponding author: Dr. Subha Ganguly, Hony. Sr.
Editorial/ Advisory Board Member & Reviewer (IJETAE);
Email: [email protected]
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