Download The Age of Reason 2013

The Age of Reason
Music, Art, and Technologies
• The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth
centuries brought many changes in the arts,
literature, and political philosophy.
• The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and
innovations in technology that stimulated
trade and transportation.
• Who were some composers, artists,
philosophers, and writers of the period?
• What improved technologies and institutions
were important to European economies?
Representative composers, artists,
philosophers, and writers
• Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical
composer
• Voltaire: Philosopher
• Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist
• Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the
Romantic School of the nineteenth century)
th
th
16 -17
• Baroque
Composer:
– Johann
Sebastian Bach
• Classical
Composer:
- Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart
century: Music
New schools of art and forms of
literature
• Painting depicted classical subjects, public
events, natural scenes, and living people
(portraits)
• New forms of literature evolved, such as the
novel ( e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote)
16th-18th century: New schools of Art
Baroque, Classical, Romantic, …etc.
– “Classical
subjects”
(Greek and
Roman myths)
– philosophers
– public events
– Natural scenes
– Living people
(portraits)
16th-18th century: Art
• Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People
– Romantic School painter
– Emphasis on emotions, movement and feelings
16th-18th Century: New form of
Literature: The NOVEL!
• Miguel de
Cervantes
– was a Spanish
writer of the
Golden Age
(Spanish?)
– satiric novel Don
Quixote
masterpieces
world literature
Technologies
• All-weather roads improved year-round
transport and trade.
• New designs in farm tools increased
productivity (agricultural revolution).
• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost
of transport.
• Latin American revolutions of the nineteenth
century were influenced by the clash of
European cultures in the development of
governments and ruling powers.
• Spanish conquests in Latin America saw the
rapid decline of native populations and
introduction of slaves from Africa.
Conquistadors were given governmental
authority by the crown, becoming known as
viceroys.
• What were the characteristics of the colonial
system in Latin America in the nineteenth
century?
• How did Spain and Portugal maintain control
of their Latin American domains?
Characteristics of the colonial system
• Colonial governments mirrored (duplicated) the
home governments: absolute monarchies and
rigid class structure.
• Catholicism had a strong influence on the
development of the colonies.
• A major element of the economy was the mining
of precious metals for export. (gold and silver)
• Major cities established as “outposts” of colonial
authority in the region
Major Colonial Cities in Latin America:
• Havana (Cuba)
• Mexico City
(Mexico)
• Lima (Peru)
• Sao Paulo
(Brazil)
• Buenos Aires
(Argentina)
Rigid class structure
• Peninsulares (Viceroys)/colonial officers –
born in the home country (Portugal/Spain)
these Conquistadors were at the top of the
class structure
• Creoles – Born in the colonies “new country”
they are children of people born in the home
country (1st generation)
• Mestizos – born from a mix of native and
home country parents.
Influence Revolutions on Latin America
• The American and French Revolutions took
place in the late 1700s. Within twenty years,
the ideas and examples of these revolutions
influenced the people of Latin America to
establish independent nations, most notably
in Haiti and Mexico.
• How did the American and French Revolutions
influence Latin American independence
movements?
Influence of the American and French
Revolutions on Latin America
• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and
won independence
• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican
independence movement.
• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies
gained independence.
Selected countries that gained
independence during the 1800s
•
•
•
•
•
Mexico
Haiti
Colombia
Venezuela
Brazil
Contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Former slave who led Haitian rebellion
against French
• Defeated the armies of three foreign powers:
Spain, France, and Britain.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Former slave
• Led Haitian rebellion
against the French
for independence
• Abolished slavery
(first land to do so in
Western
Hemisphere)
Revolutions in the Americas
• Revolution in Haiti
– Haiti is the first Latin American territory
to gain freedom
– Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt
against the French (1791)
– Toussaint eventually dies in a French
prison in 1803.
Creoles Lead Independence
• The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
– Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American
revolutionaries
• Creole Leaders
– Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in
revolution
– José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean
revolutionary forces
Contributions of Simón Bolivar
•
•
•
•
Native resident who led revolutionary efforts
Liberated the northern areas of Latin America
Country named after him.
The contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture
and Simón Bolivar led to the development of
independent states in Latin America in the
nineteenth century.
Portraits of Bolivar and San Martin
Impact of the Monroe Doctrine
• After the American Revolution, the United
States wished to prevent foreign interference
in America. The Monroe Doctrine was issued
in 1823, alerting European powers that the
American continents should not be
considered for any future colonization.
Impact of the Monroe Doctrine
• The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President
James Monroe in 1823.
• Latin American nations were acknowledged to
be independent.
• The United States would regard as a threat to
its own peace and safety any attempt by
European powers to impose their system on
any independent state in the Western
Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine
• At the time…it was just
words. Teddy Roosevelt
later issues the
Roosevelt Corollary to
put military power
behind the warning
Legacy of Napoleon
• The French Revolution left a powerful legacy
for world history: secular society,
nationalism, and democratic ideas.
• Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under
French domination was unsuccessful.
• The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore
Europe as it had been before the French
Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.
Legacy of Napoleon
• What was the legacy of Napoleon?
• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under
French domination.
• Napoleonic Code
• Awakening of feelings of national pride and
growth of nationalism
Congress of Vienna
• What: gathering of European leaders who
were determined to fix Europe after 25 yrs of
war
• When: Sept 1814 to June 1815
• Where: Vienna, Austria
• Why: peace, stability and order
• How: establish a balance of power and protect
the monarchy system
Congress of Vienna
•
Main leaders: each will want peace on his own
terms
–
–
–
–
•
1.
2.
3.
Austria: Clemens von Metternich
Russia: Alexander I
England: Lord Castlereagh
France: Maurice Tallyrand
Settlement:
Surround France with strong countries
Restore legitimate monarchs
Create of peace keeping organization (Concert of
Europe)
4. Agree to crush all Enlightenment inspired uprisings
Congress of Vienna
• Significance: leaders will re-draw map of
Europe without consideration of population
interests
– Languages, religions, cultures
• Effects: leaders underestimate the power of
NATIONALISM and give oppressed people
incentive to REBEL
• Increased NATIONALISM will lead to WAR
by 1914
NATIONALISM
• Textbook definition: it is the unique cultural
identity of a people based on a common
language, religion and national “cultural”
symbols
• “NATION”: does not always mean “Country
with political boundaries”…
• NATIONALISTS……think it should
• NATIONALIST movements will want nations to
have their own governments
NATIONALISM
• Nationalists and their unification movements
will serve as a threat to the existing political
order
– Italian Unification:
– German Unification:
– Other areas of concern: ANY multi-national
empire!
Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
• What was the significance of the Congress of
Vienna?
• “Balance of power” doctrine
• Restoration of monarchies
• New political map of Europe
• New political philosophies (liberalism,
conservatism)
Liberal vs. Conservative Ideas 1800s
LIBERAL
CONSERVATIVE
• 1. Male property
owners
• 2. protect basic
rights/property
1. WHO should
rule
2. Goal of
Government
• 3. REPUBLIC
(constitution and
separation of powers)
3. FORM of
Government
• 3. Monarchy
4. Economy
• 4. controlled by nobles
5. Religion
• 5. Established church
• 4. Laissez-faire
• 5. Freedom of religion
• 1. Monarch/nobles
• 2. stability and order