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ӘОЖ 81'374=124+14 THE ROLE OF LATIN AND GREEK TERMS IN BIOLOGY Қапбар Ж. Ж. – 113-16 тобының студенті Ғылыми жетекшісі: Барысова Н. T. – аға оқытушы Оңтүстік Қазақстан мемлекеттік педагогикалық институты, Шымкент Түйін Бұл мақалада латын және грек тілінен енген биология терминдері зерттеледі. Резюме В этой статье рассматривается роль биологической терминологии заимственной с латинского и греческого языков. Scientific terminology is the part of the language that is used by scientists in the context of their professional activities. While studying nature, scientists often encounter or create new material or immaterial objects and concepts and compelled to name them. Many of those names are known only to professionals. However, due to popularization of science, they gradually become part of common languages. The importance of Greek and Latin is undebatable. According to one estimate, more than 1500 words of English language are derived from Greek. Why science terminology is based in Latin and Greek? First, the Greeks got around to studying and naming plants long before the others did. So there exists in ancient Greek texts a large vocabulary of plant names. Second, ancient Greek and Latin simply had more words, had a larger and more sophisticated vocabulary. For almost two thousand years, up to the end of the seventeenth century, scientific textbooks were written in Latin. For example, at the Sorbonne, at Oxford, or at Bologna, students learned natural history, later called botany and zoology, from books written in Latin but based largely on the writings of early Greek scientists. Second, in a “dead” language, the meaning of a word does not change. It is frozen. Callus will always mean ‘hard skin’ in Latin. In a living language, words acquire new meanings. In 1930, acid meant a chemical like the acetic acid in vinegar. Nowadays “acid” is English slang for LSD, a dangerous hallucinogenic drug. Because precise meaning and precise use of words is crucial in all forms of scientific communication, it helps to be able to make new medical terms from Latin and Greek roots whose meanings do not alter over time. [1]. Benefits Science is of international nature. The development of technical languages in the individual branches of science is connected with frequent borrowing of foreign language lexical material which is mostly of Latin or Greek origin. Greek and Latin represent the traditional language material to be used in medical terminology. English medical terminology developed from medieval Latin terminology, which had absorbed a developed Greek terminology. Greek medicine migrated to Rome at an early date, and many Latin terms crept into its terminology. Only a few medical terms came from the oldest developmental period of the English language (from Anglo-Saxon). Latin was the language of science up to the beginning of the 18th Century, so all medical texts were written in Latin. Studying Latin also trains a person to be more precise when using words. Students' reading comprehension likewise improves. When listening to other people (like lawyers or scientists) speak in Latin, the person with a grasp of Latin won't feel lost nor groping for meaning. [2]. The recent changes in biological sciences, brought about by the powerful new technologies and instruments, including gene technology, production of monoclonal antibodies, or even sequencing of macromolecules have produced interactions that have shortened the time span between fundamental research and its applications. It has become a common belief that adequate training as well as an increase in personal skills are imperative. Thus, the need for educational developments including Latin and Greek these fields of biology and the related sciences seems to be of essential importance. Indirect influence It is not always easy to tell at what point a word entered English, or in what form. Some words have come into English from Latin more than once, through French or another Romance language at one time and directly from Latin at another. Thus we have pairs like fragile/frail, army/armada, corona/crown, ratio/reason, and rotund/round. The first word in each pair came directly from Latin, while the second entered English from French .In addition, some words have entered English twice from French, with the result that they have the same source, but different pronunciations reflecting changing pronunciation in French, for example chief/chef . Multiple borrowings explain other word pairs and groups with similar roots but different meanings and/or pronunciations: canal/channel, poor/pauper, coy/quiet, disc/disk/dish/desk/dais/discus.[3]. Knowledge of prefixes and suffixes used in biology makes it easier to understand unfamiliar words, terms. Many words in life science subjects such as biology, medicine and health sciences are derived from Latin and Greek. A prefix is the beginning part of a word. A suffix is the end of a word. There is a short list including terms. Autos= self, e.g. autotroph [Greek] Bios= life, e.g. biomass [Greek] Bis= twice, e.g. binary fission, bicuspid valve [Latin] Roots, like bio (life) may be found at the beginning of a word, the end of a word, or stand alone. Roots preceded by a hyphen are suffixes, or roots generally used at the end of a word; for example, -ology is greek for the science or study of. Biology then, is the Study of Life. [4]. Word Part -coel (seel) Word Part Meaning Space, Cavity, Hollow Word Part Example Meaning of Example Eucoelomate Having a true body cavity or hollow space (within the mesoderm germ layer) -cide -cyte Kill сell Tooth or Teeth Herbacide, Insecticide Erythrocyte, Osteocyte derm Skin Epidermis, Ectoderm dors-, noto- The Back Dorsalfin, Notochord ecto-, exo- Out, Outside Ectoderm, Exoskeleton -emia Blood Condition Hyperglycemia, Sicklecellanemia entomo-, insect Insect Entomologist, Insectivore Insectstudier, Insecteater Equ-, iso- Equal, Same Isotonic Solute levels are equal on both sides of a membrane (inside & outside the cell) dent, dont Dentalplaque, Orthodontist Plantkiller, Insectkiller Red blood cell, Bone cell Teeth with patches of bacterial growth, Dr. who straightens teeth Top skin layer, Outer layer of tissue/skin during embryo development Fin on the back of a fish, A embryonic structure that will become vertebrae Outer layer of tissue during embryo development, Skeleton on outside of body High blood sugar levels, Sickle shaped red blood cells (should be circular) References [1]. Martin Cothran, “The Classical Education of our Founding Fathers,” Memoria Press, http://www.memoriapress.com/articles/classical-education-founding-fathers, January 12, 2015. [2]. Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, chapter 4 [3]. Revised Biology curricula at the Universities in Europe (ECBA Publication No 11., European Communities Biologists Association, 1993). [4]. Biological Terminology (Bio Terms): Latin & Greek Word Parts (prefixes, root words, and suffixes)