* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Pyruvate to Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Radical (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Cellular Respiration: Stage 2 – Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Stage 3 – Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis) Pyruvate to Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) Pyruvate is first transported to the mitochondria. Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate is modified before entering the Citric Acid Cycle One carbon atom is released as CO2. The remaining 2-carbon molecule is oxidized. NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+. Coenzyme A is attached to the remaining 2-carbon molecule to form Acetyl Coenzyme A. How many molecules of Acetyl CoA are produced from one molecule of glucose? 2 Stage 2: The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Takes place in the Matrix of the Mitochondria For 1 Acetyl CoA molecule: The 2-carbon chain (not CoA) enters the CAC. The carbons are released as 2 CO2. Electrons (Hydrogen) are removed. o 3 NAD+ are reduced to 3 NADH + 3H+ o FAD (another electron carrier) is reduced to FADH2. 1 ATP molecule is produced. Since 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA enter the CAC, what are the total products for one molecule of glucose? Carbons released: 4 CO2. Electrons (Hydrogen) carriers: o 6 NADH + 6H+ o 2 FADH2. ATP produced: 2 ATP (Net Gain) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw5nWB0xN0Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM Stage 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiosmosis) Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane of mitochondria Mitochondria use the chemical energy released by redox reactions to produce an H+ gradient and then use the energy stored in that gradient to drive ATP synthesis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradient/movie-flash.htm Song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZrkdzrd04 Major Events: Electron/Hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) drop off their electrons and protons at the Electron Transport Chain. o Energy is released as electrons are passed from protein molecule to protein molecule down to Oxygen. The energy is used to pump H+ across the innermembrane into the intermembrane space. Concentration gradient is potential energy. o Protons (H+) flow through ATP Synthase from the intermembrane space into the matrix. The flow of electrons releases enough energy to attach phosphate groups to ADP to generate ATP. Net Gain: 32 ATP o 2 electrons and 2 protons (H+) attach to ½ O2 to form water. Poisons and Cellular Respiration Some block the ETC. o Bond to carrier molecules; won’t accept electrons. Some block ATP Synthase Some prevent H+ gradients. Organic Molecules as Fuel and Materials for Biosynthesis Glucose is not the only organic molecule used as fuel for cellular respiration. Polysaccharides, Proteins and Lipids are also used, but must be broken into their monomer building blocks first. Food is also used to build needed molecules for repair and growth. o Cells use ATP and Cellular Respiration intermediates to build macromolecules. Fermentation Fermentation – Anaerobic Respiration – Energy production in the absence of oxygen. Tweak Glycolysis Location: Cytoplasm Net Gain: 2 ATP Two Types of Fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – Animal muscle cells, fungi, some bacteria and others o NADH is oxidized, pyruvate is reduced to lactate/lactic acid. o Lactic acid is transported to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. 2. Alcohol Fermentation – Plants and Some Microorganisms (Ex. fungi – yeast, some bacteria) o NADH is oxidized, ethyl alcohol and CO2 released. o Used for baking and brewing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XREALVgxBEI Review Stages of Cellular Respiration http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiratio n.html