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The Cardiovascular System Page 343 Heart facts: - - It pumps 7,000 liters of blood each day and contracts 2.5 billion times in a lifetime. Hollow, cone shape that rests under the diaphragm 14 cm long/9 cm wide (2nd-5th rib) Pericardium covers the heart Pericardial cavity is the space with fluid that allows the heart to move friction free Walls of the heart: epicardium (reduces friction), myocardium (muscle), and endocardium (contains blood vessels) Heart actions: - - Cardiac cycle (heart beat): atrial walls contract/ventricular walls relax…vice versa Heart sounds (lub dup): produced by opening/closing of valves - - Lub (ventricle contracts): AV closes…tri/bi Dup (ventricle relaxes): PA closes…pul/aort Blood pressure: Atrial contraction (systole) Atrial relaxation (diastole) Murmur – blood leaks thru the valves Audio for heart sounds Cardiac conduction system: areas that initiate and distribute impulses thru myocardium 1. Sinoatrial node (SA) – mass of tissue in right atrium that initiates impulses 1. 2. 70-80 times a minute Also called pacemaker…controls heart’s rhythmic contractions 2. Atrioventricular node (AV) – located in septum which allows atria to empty and ventricles to fill Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Electrocardiogram (ECG): recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle. Factors that affect heart rate: 1. 2. 3. acetylcholine: hr increases Temperature: hr increases w/ hot temps Ions: hr increases w/ high levels of K…decreases w/ high levels of Ca Daphnia Experiment Cardiac Output Cardiac Output Video CO = SV x HR What do each of these abbreviations stand for? What determines the SV? * * * How to take blood pressure? BLOOD VESSELS Artery arteriole (away from heart) capillary venule *site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange vein (back to heart) Closed system of blood circulation Pulmonary circuit: sends deoxygenated blood to lungs Systemic circuit: sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes The heart pumps 7,000 liters of blood through the body each day, contracting some 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime. Paths of Circulation Pulmonary circuit: carries blood from heart to lungs and back again (pulmonary artery/vein) Systemic circuit: carries blood from heart to body and back again (superior/inferior vena cava/aorta) Cut an artery, blood squirts out; cut a vein, blood flows out Contraction of the human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30 ft. Vasoconstriction: smooth muscles contract/reduces diameter – FASTER FLOW Vasodilation: smooth muscles relax/increases diameter – SLOWER FLOW Exercise increases oxygen delivery! In order to increase heart size by 40%, you must exercise 3 times a week, 30 minutes at 70-85% heart rate. Events of Respiration: 1. 2. 3. Gas exchange between the blood and the air in the lungs (diffusion) Gas transport in blood ‘tween the lungs and body cells Gas exchange ‘tween the blood and the cells (cellular respiration) o Lungs • • • • • Soft, spongy, cone-shaped Suspended in thoracic cavity by bronchus and blood vessels Visceral pleura; parietal pleura; pleural cavity Right lung – larger, 3 lobes Left lung - 2 lobes Trachea Bronchioles Bronchii Bronchioles Alveoli ducts Alveoli sacs Alveoli How does cellular respiration occur? - The trachea (windpipe) traps particles and filters air as it travels to the bronchial tree The bronchial tree divides into smaller branches that lead to the alveoli within each lung The tree distributes the air to the alveoli which are lined with capillary networks The alveoli tissue is so thin that oxygen diffuses into the blood and the carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli o • • • Bronchial Tree Branched airways leading from trachea to alveoli in lungs Bronchii bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli Alveoli: small sacs where gases diffuse in and out of blood in capillaries Alveoli are air sacs that are lined with simple squamous epithelium tissue, which allow for the pressure differences of gases (O2 and CO2) to diffuse through the membranes