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Chapter 2
Europe Looks Outward
Section 1 Objectives
•
Identify the goals of Christopher Columbus.
•
Explain the consequences of his journey to
the Americas.
•
Analyze the effects of European contact with
the people of the Americas.
Terms and People
•
Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese mariner who
sailed around southern Africa in 1487
•
Vasco da Gama – Portuguese mariner who sailed
around southern Africa to India in 1498
•
Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner sailing
for Spain who in 1492 sailed west to reach Asia
but reached the islands of the Caribbean instead
•
John Cabot – Genoese mariner employed by the
English who sailed to Newfoundland in 1497
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Pedro Alvarez Cabral – Portuguese mariner who
reached the coast of Brazil in 1500
•
Amerigo Vespucci − Genoese mariner who
explored South America’s coast in 1501;
Europeans mapmakers called the new continents
America, a variant of his name
•
Ferdinand Magellan − mariner whose
1519−1522 expedition succeeded in encircling
the globe
•
conquistador − Spanish soldier who explored
and conquered central Mexico
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Hernán Cortés − conquistador who invaded
present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the
Aztecs
•
Moctezuma − Aztec ruler
•
Columbian Exchange − the global exchange of
plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between
Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas after
Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in
1492
How did European exploration affect
the Americas?
With the goal of reaching Asia, European
sailors continued their journeys of exploration.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the
Americas, planning to conquer the land, exploit
its wealth, and convert its people to Christianity–
a pattern followed by later explorers.
In the 1400s, the Portuguese sought a route
to India, the East Indies, and China.
Bartolomeu
Dias
•
In 1487, Dias used the winds of the
South Atlantic to get around the
southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da
Gama
•
In 1498, da Gama exploited Dias’s
discovery to reach India, opening an
enormously profitable trade route.
The Portuguese dominated the trade routes
south and east around Africa.
By default, the Spanish looked westward
into the open Atlantic.
•
The Spanish hoped to find islands in the west
that they could exploit.
•
They also hoped that, by leaping from one set
of islands to another, explorers could one day
reach the coveted coast of China.
The Italian mariner
Christopher Columbus
had heard stories about mysterious
lands to the west.
Columbus was determined
to make a westward
voyage in search of China.
He hoped to convert the
Chinese to Christianity and
use their wealth to begin a
new crusade against Islam.
Funded by Spain, in 1492 Columbus reached
the Bahamas, which he claimed for Spain.
In all, Columbus
made four voyages
to what he thought
was the East
Indies, near Asia.
He used force to
conquer Native
Americans on the
islands.
Columbus had not
reached Asia, but he
had found a land that
would bring riches and
power to European
Christendom—at the
expense of Native
Americans and African
slaves.
Columbus’s Voyages, 1492-1504
In 1494, Spain and Portugal negotiated
the Treaty of Tordesillas.
•
The treaty drew a boundary line through the midAtlantic, giving the Spanish lands west of the line
and the Portuguese lands east of the line.
•
Other European kings refused to honor the treaty.
•
No one bothered to consult the Native Americans.
Other explorers
soon confirmed
that, by sailing
west, Columbus
had reached
the shores of
two continents
previously
unknown to
Europeans.
•
John Cabot sailed to
Newfoundland in 1497.
•
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
reached the coast of Brazil
in 1500.
•
Amerigo Vespucci
explored South America’s
coast in 1501.
•
The crew of Ferdinand
Magellan finished circling
the globe in 1522.
Conquistadors extended Spain’s empire in
the Americas, treating Native Americans
brutally in the process.
•
The Spanish killed or enslaved thousands of
Native Americans.
•
Many were forced to convert to Christianity.
•
The Spanish destroyed their cities, stole their
gold, and exploited their natural resources.
With steel-edged swords, guns,
and horses, the conquistadors
destroyed native civilizations.
Hernán Cortés
conquered the Aztecs.
Francisco Pizarro
defeated the Incas.
Even more
deadly
than brutal
attacks,
however,
was
disease.
Europeans
unknowingly
transmitted
new
diseases to
native
populations.
With no
natural
defenses,
huge
numbers of
Native
Americans
died.
As Native American populations fell, the
Spanish turned to African slaves for the labor
they needed to build their growing colonies.
Europeans who came to the Americas in
the 1400s began the Columbian Exchange.
•
Colonists brought European plants and animals
to the Americas.
•
This affected Native Americans in both positive
and negative ways, but they adapted.
•
People in Europe increased their yields by
growing plants from the Americas.
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange helped trigger
enormous population shifts around the world.
European
Population
Growth
•
Large harvests aided by new
American crops caused the European
population to grow from 80 million in
1492 to 180 million by 1800.
Native
American
Population
Decline
•
The Native American proportion of
the global population collapsed from
7 percent in 1492 to less than 1
percent in 1800.
Section 2 Objectives
•
Explain Spanish explorers’ achievements.
•
Describe Spanish society in New Spain and Peru.
•
Evaluate the causes and effects of Spanish
imperial policies in the American Southwest.
Terms and People
•
missionaries – people who work to convert
others to their religion
•
presidio – Spanish fort located near Spanish
mission
•
viceroy – ruler of a section of the Spanish empire
in the Americas, appointed by the Spanish king
•
mestizo – child of mixed Spanish and Indian
ancestry
•
mission – a location for missionary work
How did Spain strengthen its colonies
in the Americas?
In the 1500s, Spain gained control of lands
rich in gold and silver in the Caribbean and
North and South America.
Soon other European nations vied for
territory to build colonies in the Americas.
Europeans Explore the Americas, 1497–1682
Divisions among European nations
caused conflict.
Wealth
•
•
Using the wealth from its
colonies, Spain began an
aggressive military policy
in Europe.
The Dutch, French, and
English sought their own
riches.
Religion
•
Religious differences between
Catholic and Protestants split
Europe.
•
Southern Europe remained
Catholic and Northern
Europe, including England,
became Protestant.
The conflict was carried to the new colonies
in the Americas.
To protect its
colonies, Spain
organized its
territory in the
Americas into
two viceroyalties
or sections.
•
New Spain: Present-day
Mexico, Central America,
and the Caribbean
•
Peru: All of present-day
South America except for
Brazil
The Spanish king appointed viceroys
to rule New Spain and Peru.
 The
viceroys shared
power with a Crownappointed council
and the Catholic
archbishop.
•
Spain did not permit
elected assemblies
in their colonies.
Spain also sent conquistadors in the 1500s to
North America to claim land that became part of
the viceroyalty of New Spain.
Conquistador
North American Area Explored
Hernando DeSoto
Present-day Florida, Georgia, South
Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee,
Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas
Francisco Vásquez
de Coronado
Present-day Rio Grande valley,
Kansas
Pedro Menendez
de Avilés
Destroyed French base in Florida,
established St. Augustine
The Spanish built
a fort at San Luis,
the western capital
of the Spanish
colonies in Florida.
To control the people in the colonies, the Spaniards developed a
system of racial hierarchy or racial levels, known as castas.
The main social levels were:
Viceroy and
nobility
Spaniards and
other Europeans
Enslaved Africans and
Indians
Characteristics of a Spanish Colony
•
Catholic friars established missions in each colony.
•
Spanish soldiers built forts near the missions.
•
The friars made Indians worship as Catholics and
prevented the Indians from using their traditional
katsina figures in worship.
•
Indians had to work for the friars and Spanish
settlers, build churches, and adopt Spanish ways.
Conditions between the Spanish and the
Indians worsened in the 1600s.
The friars used Spanish soldiers to frighten
the Indians into adopting Spanish ways.
Many Indians died from diseases they got
from the Spanish.
In the Spanish colony of New Mexico, 23,000
Pueblo died between 1638 and 1660.
Fed up with Spanish rule, the Pueblo revolted
against the Spanish and destroyed and plundered
missions, farms, and ranches.
A Pueblo leader,
Popé, led the revolt.
Spanish settlers
and missionaries
fled to the southern
section of present-day
New Mexico.
Popé was a Pueblo shaman, or spiritual leader,
in New Mexico.
Because he encouraged the Pueblo
to follow the old ways, he was
publicly whipped by the Spanish.
Popé convinced the Apaches to
join him in revolt. In 1680, they
defeated the Spanish.
For twelve years, Popé governed
the Pueblo.
Sometime before 1690 Popé died. Within three years, the
Spanish reclaimed New Mexico.
The bloody conflict between the Pueblo and Spanish
taught each side to compromise.
Pueblo
accepted
Spanish
authority
Spanish
practiced
greater
restrain
toward
Pueblo
They
worked
together
against
warring
Indian
tribes.
Section 3
 Objectives:
 Describe
how the colonists of New France
supported themselves
 Compare and contrast the colonies of
New France and New Spain
Conflicts in Europe
 By
1530 Denmark, Sweden, and many
other countries in Northern Europe had
split with the Catholic Church.
 These Countries set up Protestant
Churches in the manner of Martin Luther
after the Protestant Reformation.


In other European countries the enfluence of
John Calvin, a Swiss thinker and writer set the
course for the Protestant Churches in France,
Switzerland, Netherlands and Scotland.
In England, after King Henry VIII failed to get a
divorce from the Catholic Church after
Queen Catherine of Aragon failed to have a
son, he set up the Church of England.
Another Protestant Church with the King as it’s
leader.
Economic Conflicts
 The
Protestant Reformation made the
existing rivalries in Europe flare and wars
became common over religious and
trade issues.
 Each country felt that it could not depend
on its neighbors for trade and security.
 Almost
every European country sought
gold to pay for its wars and help
strengthen its armies for self defense.
 Each country sought to establish colonies
in Asia and the New World to have gold
and other goods returned to the parent
country.
 The
Spanish required one fifth (1/5) of all
gold that was found in their territories sent
to the King.
 This was part of the system of
mercantilism which stated that the
colonies of the home country existed to
make the parent country wealthy.
English and Spanish Collide
 When
Henry the 8th died he was
succeeded by his son Edward who son
died as well.
 The throne then passed down to Mary I,
who began to make plans to restore the
Roman Catholic Church in England.
 Mary
I dies in 1558 leaving her plans to
restore Catholicism to England unfinished.
 Her Sister, Queen Elizabeth I a staunch
Protestant, soon brought the rivalry with
Spain back to life.
 King
Phillip II of Spain hoped to make
England a Catholic country again even
though English raids on Spanish ships were
causing a massive strain on the
relationship.
 In addition, the English were also assisting
the rebels in the Spanish province of
Holland to win independence.
 In
hopes to force Queen Elizabeth from
the throne King Phillip of Spain assembled
a fleet of 130 warships known as the
Spanish Armada.
 The Spanish Armada was met by the
English off of the coast of France and sank
up to half of the Spanish fleet.
 The
defeat of the Spanish Armada
weakened Spain and allowed the English
to become the dominate Sea power of
Europe.
 The defeat also allowed England and
France to start colonies in the Americas as
well.
The Northwest Passage
 John
Cabot, another Italian explorer
thought that a northern rout to Asia would
be shorter and easier than Columbus’s
southern rout.
 When both Spain and Portugal turned
Cabot down, he turned to England, who
had finally began to be interested in the
new world, to finance his trip.
 In
1497 John Cabot and his men sailed
from England to explore North America.
He explored the shores of Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, and Labrador and gave
fishing rights to the English.
 On a second voyage, in 1498 Cabot may
have explored the North American coast
as far as Chesapeake Bay.
 England
claimed the whole east coast of
North America because they claimed
that Cabot was the first to reach the
North American mainland.
 Soon England, France and Holland
financed expeditions to explore North
America.
 The
early exploration of North America
was centered on finding a northwest
passage, a sea route from the Atlantic to
the Pacific oceans that passed though or
around North America.
Giovanni da Verrazano

In 1524 Verrazano explored the New
World for France. He searched for a route
to the Indies through the continent.
 Verrazano
sailed up and down the East
Coast of America looking for a passage
that would take him further west.
 He could not find one so he returned to
France after finding the mouth of the
Hudson River and New York Bay.
 Jacques

Cartier
Cartier led three expeditions to Canada
in 1534, 1535, and 1541. In 1534 Cartier
tried to find a sea passage to the East
Indies through North America.
 He could not find a river that would take
ships west from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean.
 The
Huron-Iroquois give him directions
which led to the discovery of the St.
Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence River
ended much sooner than Cartier
expected.
 It ended on a high hill which Cartier
named Mont Real or King's Mountain in
honor of the King of France. Mont Real
later became Montreal.
 Cartier
named the area New France and
claimed it in the name of the King of
France.
 This discovery opened Canada for
Europeans wanting to settle in North
America. Cartier took colonists to Cape
Rouge near Quebec. The colony was a
failure.
Henry Hudson
 Hudson,
Henry, fl. 1607–11, English
navigator and explorer. He was hired
(1607) by the English Muscovy Company
to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.
 He failed, and another attempt (1608) to
find a new route was also fruitless.

Engaged (1609) for the same purpose by the
Dutch East India Company, he sailed in the Half
Moon to Spitsbergen, where extreme ice and cold
brought his crew near mutiny. Hudson, determined
not to lose his reputation as an explorer,
disregarded his instructions and sailed westward
hoping to find the Northwest Passage. He entered
Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and later New
York Bay. He was the first European to ascend
(1609) the Hudson River (named for him), nearly to
present-day Albany. His voyage gave the Dutch
their claim to the region.
 His
fourth expedition (1610), financed by
English adventurers, started from England.
 Again he sailed westward, hoping to find
the Northwest Passage. Between
Greenland and Labrador he entered
Hudson Strait and by it reached Hudson
Bay. After weeks of exploration, he was
forced by ice to winter there.
 By
the next summer (1611) his starved and
diseased crew mutinied and set Hudson,
with his son and seven men, adrift in a
small boat, without food or water.
 He was never seen again. His discoveries,
however, gave England its claim to the
Hudson Bay region.
Section 4 Objectives
•
Explain how the fur trade affected the French
and the Indians in North America.
•
Explain how and why Quebec was founded.
•
Describe the French expansion in Louisiana.
Terms and People
•
Northwest Passage – a supposed water route to
Asia through the cold waters of present-day Canada
•
Quebec – first permanent European settlement
in Canada
•
Samuel de Champlain – Quebec’s founder
•
coureurs de bois – French fur traders who
married Indian women
•
metis – children of French and Indian marriages
How did France’s American colonies
differ from Spain’s American colonies?
Seeing Spain’s wealth from its American
colonies, other European nations
established colonies in the Americas.
France established trading settlements in
present-day Canada, along the St.
Lawrence River, and in what is now
Louisiana.
French explorers sought a Northwest Passage
to Asia. The French king claimed many of the lands
they explored in their quest.
Explorers for France
Area explored
Giovanni da Verrazano
From present-day North
Carolina to Maine
Jacques Cartier
St. Lawrence River area
Robert de LaSalle
Mississippi basin
Louis Joliet and Father
Jacques Marquette
Great Lakes, Mississippi
basin
Fur traders and Jesuit missionaries settled France’s
colonies in what is now Canada.
Commerce was the dominant activity in the
French colonies.
Fur was scarce in Europe
and the French traded with
the Indians for valuable
beaver pelts.
The French sold the
beaver pelts for high prices
in Europe.
American Indians had never developed metal or
iron items, and they eagerly traded fur pelts for
anything metal.
In exchange for the fur, the Indians got metal items
such as arrowheads, axes, knives, hatches, and
kettles.
Indians
trap
beaver
pelts
Indians
trade
fur to
French
Indians
get
metal
items
French
sell
fur in
Europe
Characteristics of a French Colony
•
The French took little land because they were
mostly fur traders and fishermen, not farmers.
•
The French did not enslave Indians because they
traded with Indians for beaver pelts.
•
French fur traders married Indian women and
raised families.
•
The French king appointed a military governorgeneral to govern colony. The king did not permit
an elected assembly.
The market relationship between the French
and Indians eventually caused conflicts.
Because Indians
hunted for a
foreign market,
rather than their
own subsistence,
they invaded
hunting territories
of other Indian
groups.
Warfare broke out.
The Indians who had
metal weapons won the
wars.
Soon all Indian groups
wanted to trade with the
French for metal
weapons.
Warfare also broke out among French fur traders
as they competed to get more fur to sell in
Europe.
Samuel de Champlain
founded Quebec on the
St. Lawrence River in
1608 for protection.
Quebec was the first
permanent European
settlement in Canada.
In 1609, Champlain waged war against the
Iroquois, the foes of the Indians who traded fur
with him.
Having metal weapons, the French won the
battle, but the Iroquois raided French settlements
for decades and adopted metal weaponry.
Not until 1701 did the French and their Indian allies
defeat the Iroquois and bring peace to their colonies.
Guided by Indians, Robert de LaSalle sailed south on the
Mississippi looking for the Northwest Passage in 1682.
Instead, he
discovered the
Gulf of Mexico and
the Mississippi River
basin.
He claimed the area
for France and
named it Louisiana,
after King Louis XIV.
In 1718, the French founded New Orleans at the
mouth of the Mississippi River.
Strengths of
New Orleans
•
Became France’s leading
seaport and largest town
in Americas.
•
Located at tip of Louisiana,
it was a valuable military
base that protected French
control of Mississippi
watershed.
Weaknesses of
New Orleans
•
Economy provided only
trading with Indians or
growing poor quality
tobacco.
•
Swampy landscape and hot
climate promoted deadly
diseases such as dysentery
and malaria, and many
colonists died.
The French became allies with Indian groups
in the Louisiana district.
This helped them stop English expansions
into the west and south.
The French formed alliances with Indian groups
throughout its colonies.
New Netherland
 The
Dutch claim to this territory derived
from their sponsorship of Henry Hudson’s
voyages of exploration.
 In 1621, the Dutch government chartered
the West India Company with the goal
both of bringing order to economic
activity in New Netherland and of
challenging Spanish influence in the New
World.
 Colonists
arrived in New Netherland from
all over Europe. Many fled religious
persecution, war, or natural disaster.
 Others were lured by the promise of fertile
farmland, vast forests, and a lucrative
trade in fur.
 Initially,
beaver pelts purchased from local
Indians were the colony’s primary source
of wealth.
 In Europe, these pelts were used to
produce fashionable men’s hats.
 Fort
Orange (Dutch: Fort Orangie) was the
first permanent Dutch settlement in New
Netherland; the present-day city of
Albany, New York developed at this site.
 New
Amsterdam (Dutch: NieuwAmsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch
settlement established at the southern tip
of Manhattan Island, which served as the
seat of the colonial government in New
Netherland territory.
 The trading post became a settlement
outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan
Island in the New Netherland in 1614.
 New
Amsterdam was renamed New York
on September 8, 1664, in honor of the
then Duke of York (later James II of
England), in whose name the English had
captured it.
 Dutch
success produced many rivals, the
English chief among them. Between 1652
and 1674, the two nations fought three
wars. As a consequence of these wars,
New Netherland came under British
control in 1664.