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Chapter 13
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Objectives
•
Trace the settlement and development of
the Spanish borderlands.
•
Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.
Terms and People
•
Junipero Serra – Franciscan priest who set up
a series of missions along the California coast
•
expansionist – American who favored
territorial growth
•
Manifest Destiny – belief that God wanted the
United States to own all of North America
What were the causes of westward
migration?
By the 1840s, American migrants were
crossing into Oregon and California seeking
economic opportunity.
Soon, these and other western lands became
part of the United States, helping the nation
grow in both wealth and power.
The Spanish founded New Mexico
in 1598 but the area grew slowly.
•
In 1765, there were 9,600 Hispanics,
located mainly around El Paso, Santa Fe,
and the Rio Grande Valley.
•
Settlers were threatened by nomadic
tribes on horseback, primarily the Apache.
The Spanish built a mixture of missions,
ranches, and fortified military presidios
to protect against Indian attacks.
Texas was an under-populated
buffer, protecting towns and
mines of Mexico against
nomadic raiders. In 1760,
there were only 1,200 settlers,
mostly around San Antonio.
Development was slow. By
1821 New Mexico still had
only 40,000 settlers.
Spanish Territory 1820
At first,
California
developed
very slowly.
•
In the 1760s, a few small
settlements served as a buffer
against Russian traders
moving south from Alaska.
•
Father Junipero Serra, a
Franciscan priest, set up a
string of missions to convert
Indians.
•
When Spain left in 1821, more
than 18,000 Christian Indians
lived in the missions.
American expansionists believed in the idea
of Manifest Destiny. John L. O’Sullivan,
a journalist, coined the phrase in 1845.
Manifest Destiny was the belief that God
favored U.S. expansion westward to the Pacific.
Expansionists saw Mexican independence
as an opportunity to take New Mexico, Texas,
and California.
Expansionists did not
care about Mexicans
or Native Americans,
whom they saw as
inferiors to be pushed
out of the way.
Southern
expansionists also
hoped to add new
slave states to
strengthen their
position in Congress.
Section 2 Objectives
•
Describe the causes and challenges of
westward migration.
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Mountain Men – American hunters and trappers
who blazed trails into the Rockies in the early 1800s
•
Oregon Trail – trail from Independence, Missouri
to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the
mid-1800s
•
Santa Fe Trail – wagon trail trade route
between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico
•
Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 treaty that
restricted the Plains Indians to territories away
from the overland wagon routes
The first Americans attracted to the west
were Mountain Men like Jedediah Smith
who blazed trails across the Sierra
Nevada into California.
The Mountain Men
crossed the Rockies
seeking beaver pelts.
They established fur
trading routes later
followed by wagon
trains of settlers.
During the 1840s,
20,000 Americans
migrated to
California,
Oregon, and Utah
by covered
wagon.
In 1836, Marcus and
Narcissa Whitman
established a trading post
on what became the Oregon
Trail. Many were attracted
to Oregon’s Willamette
Valley.
In 1842, John C. Freemont
led an expedition following
trails blazed by the
Whitmans and the Mountain
Men. His reports attracted
settlers.
The Oregon,
Mormon, and
Santa Fe Trails
were popular
routes west.
Between
1840 and 1860,
260,000
crossed the
continent.
Groups of 10–100 wagons and
50–1,000 people left Missouri
in early spring for an uncertain
future.
•
The 2,000-mile trip took several months.
•
They by passed the dry Great Plains and the
deserts of the Great Basin.
•
Emigrants faced exposure, starvation, disease,
poisoned streams and hostile Indians.
•
The Donner Party resorted to cannibalism to
survive blizzards in the Sierra Nevada.
The federal government sought to protect
settlers by restricting the Plains Indians.
•
Settlers traveling west generally avoided
the Native Americans.
•
The Plains Indians attempted to cling to
their nomadic way of life, but their
future was limited.
•
In 1851, the Treaty of Fort Laramie
restricted Native Americans from areas
near wagon routes.
Westward Migration, 1840s
Western
Trail
Number of
Settlers
Destination
When
California Trail
2,700
California
1842–1848
Mormon Trail
4,600
Utah
1847–1848
Oregon Trail
11,500
Oregon
1842–1848
Section 3 Objectives
•
Explain how Texas won independence from
Mexico.
•
Analyze the goals of President Polk.
•
Trace the causes and outcome of the
Mexican–American War.
Terms and People
•
Stephen Austin – leader of American emigrants
who settled in Austin, Texas
•
Antonio López de Santa Anna – charismatic
general who seized power of Mexico in 1834
•
autonomy – independent control over one’s affairs
•
Lone Star Republic – new nation created by
Texans in 1835
•
Alamo – Texas garrison where Santa Anna
executed all the defenders following battle in 1836
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Sam Houston – Texas army commander,
President, territorial governor, and later senator
•
James K. Polk – Southern Democrat and
expansionist elected President in 1844
•
Zachary Taylor – general who led troops at the
borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846
•
Winfield Scott – general who invaded Mexico
winning at Vera Cruz in 1847
How did the revolution in Texas lead to
war with Mexico?
American expansionists sought new
territory in the South and West, making
conflict with Mexico seem inevitable.
The flashpoint for conflict became Texas.
The resulting war vastly increased the size
of the United States.
American expansionists had their eyes on Texas.
Only 4,000 Hispanic Tejanos lived there in 1821.
Mexico sought to defend and to develop Texas by
inviting settlers. They offered inexpensive land on
three conditions. Settlers had to:
•
accept Mexican citizenship.
•
worship in the Catholic Church.
•
follow the Mexican Constitution,
which did not permit slavery.
American settlers arrived, but tensions grew as
Americans ignored the Mexican government.
•
Led by Stephen F. Austin, 30,000 Anglo-Texans
outnumbered the Tejanos six-to-one by 1835.
•
Many brought slaves and ignored the Church.
•
In 1834, Antonio López de Santa Anna
seized power in Mexico City, seeking greater
centralized control. But Texans wanted more
autonomy.
•
In 1835, Texans declared
independence for the
Lone Star Republic.
•
Santa Anna personally led
a siege of Texan forces at
the Alamo in San Antonio.
•
After twelve days, he
stormed the mission and
executed any surviving
defenders, including Jim
Bowie and Davy Crockett.
Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad
and again executed prisoners, in an attempt
to frighten Texas into surrender.
Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs.
“Remember the Alamo,” became the Texans’
rallying cry.
Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer
and joined the Texans.
Sam Houston led a counter-attack.
At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna
was defeated and taken prisoner.
Houston later became president of the
Lone Star Republic.
After statehood in 1845, Houston
served as governor and then as
U.S. Senator from Texas.
Fearing execution, Santa Anna signed a treaty
expanding the Texas border to the Rio Grande
and giving half of New Mexico to the Texans.
•
The Mexican government refused to honor this
treaty demanding a return to the original border
at the Nuecos River.
•
Fighting would persist for ten years over the
disputed borderlands.
In 1844, expansionist James K. Polk
was elected president on a promise
to obtain both Oregon and Texas.
In Congress, northern Democrats
reluctantly agreed to annex Texas if
all of Oregon was also added.
Britain did not concede all of the territory. Rather then
fight, Polk made a deal to split Oregon and extend the
49th parallel border with Canada to the Pacific Ocean.
Northerners felt betrayed.
The United States
annexed Texas in
1845, leading to
war with Mexico.
•
President Polk claimed
all land as far as the
Rio Grande, tripling the
previous size of Texas.
•
General Zachary Taylor
was sent to occupy these
border lands.
•
Mexico objected to the
granting of statehood to
Texas and saw statehood
as an invasion of Mexican
territory.
When Mexican patrols killed American
soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico.
•
Southern Democrats favored war, while Northern
Whigs felt that Polk deliberately provoked Mexico.
•
The war was popular in the United States.
•
Whigs dropped their opposition, fearing they
would be labeled disloyal as the Federalists were
for opposing the War of 1812.
The United States easily defeated Mexico.
The U.S. had many advantages, including greater
wealth and a better-equipped military.
General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming
campaign in Mexico from Veracruz to Chapultepec,
forcing Santa Anna to abandon his capital Mexico
City and the war.
Map of the
Mexican–
American
War
Section 4 Objectives
•
Explain the effects of the Mexican–American
War on the United States.
•
Trace the causes and effects of the California
Gold Rush.
•
Describe the political impact of California’s
application for statehood.
Terms and People
•
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement
formally ending the Mexican–American War,
included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S.
•
Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican
territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S.
•
Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have
banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico
•
California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold
seekers into California in 1848 and 1849
Terms and People
(continued)
•
forty-niners – those attracted to California by
the Gold Rush in 1849
•
placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and
shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers
•
hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that
erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold
• Brigham Young – Mormon leader who brought
his religious group to Utah in 1847
What were the effects of the Mexican–
American War and the California Gold Rush?
The quick victory in the Mexican–American
War and gold in California fed into the
expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny.
The war also highlighted growing differences
between the North and South and set the
stage for future conflict.
As a result
of the loss,
Mexico was
forced to sign
the Treaty of
Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
•
Mexico had to sell a third of
its territory to the United
States (1.2 million square
miles).
•
For $15 million, the U.S.
obtained California and New
Mexico. The Texas border
was set at the Rio Grande
River.
•
Mexico was humiliated and
remained bitter toward the
United States for decades.
In 1853, the
United States
made the
Gadsden
Purchase.
•
Territory in southern Arizona
and New Mexico was
purchased from Mexico as
a potential route for a
transcontinental railroad.
•
The lands obtained from
Mexico increased the area of
the United States by a third.
•
The land formed New
Mexico, California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, and half of
Colorado.
Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused
a debate over the expansion of slavery.
•
In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso suggested a ban
on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico.
•
The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the
Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along
sectional lines.
•
The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before
Congress, which for decades tried avoid the topic.
The Mormons migrated west after an Illinois mob
murdered their spiritual leader Joseph Smith.
•
In 1847, Brigham Young brought them to
Utah where they established New Zion.
•
By 1860, there were 40,000 Mormons living near
Great Salt Lake.
•
Young remained the group’s leader for 30 years,
including eight as territorial governor of Utah.
In 1848, gold was found
at Sutter’s Mill on the
American River near
Sacramento, California.
The resulting California Gold
Rush brought a mass-migration
of 80,000 fortune hunters west.
They were called forty-niners. Half
traveled overland; the rest either sailed around
South America or to Panama, where they crossed the
isthmus and caught ships up the coast.
The Gold Rush attracted miners from South
America and China. California’s population grew
from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852.
The first miners used metal pans,
shovels and picks to find gold along
river banks. Few became wealthy using
this method, called placer mining.
Merchants and traders made more
money selling goods to the miners than
the miners earned themselves.
Life in the mining
camps was crude
and rough. Many
died of disease,
especially cholera
and dysentery.
Fights and violence
were common.
Only a few of
the miners were
women.
•
Mining soon mechanized to
make it more efficient. One
method was to divert a river or
stream to expose the river bed.
•
Hydraulic mining employed
jets of water to erode gravel
hills into long lines of sluices
which caught the gold.
Hydraulic mining left heavy sediments in the river
and caused a great deal of environmental damage.
Some tried “hard rock” mining, where men
searched for gold in deep tunnels supported
by wooden posts and beams.
Gold mining soon became too expensive for
individual miners.
The “democratic” era in the gold fields
did not last long. Individual prospectors
were soon replaced by wealthy investors
paying wages.
White miners quickly asserted control
in California.
Minorities faced violence in the gold fields and
discrimination in the courts.
Native Americans were killed or lost their land.
Others found work on farms and ranches.
Old Mexican land titles were generally ignored.
Most of the original Californians were dispossessed.
The Chinese were targeted by a foreign miner’s tax
and mob violence.
Mexicans also had to pay a foreign miner’s tax.
San Francisco became
the gateway to the
California gold fields.
After 1848, the city grew
rapidly from a tiny Spanish
settlement into the major
west coast American city.
Growth of San Francisco
Year
Population
1848
800
1849
25,000
1852
36,000
1860
57,000
Source: CIA World Factbook Online
By October 1849,
California
prepared to
seek admission
into the Union.
Most Californians
opposed slavery so
California’s admission
as a free state would
tip the 15 slave and
15 free state balance
in the U.S. Senate.
Debate over the
spread of slavery into
the territories obtained
from Mexico became
a leading cause of the
Civil War.