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Notes chapter 9 Expansion leads to conflict
Manifest Destiny-the idea that the nation had a God-given right to all of North America
Heading West
 Sante Fe trail-first major westward trail, from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe Mexico, 800
miles
 Oregon trail-___________ and most famous trail used by western settlers. From Independence,
Missouri, 2,000 miles, Used by fur traders and mountain men, also used by Lewis and ________
when they explored the _____________ purchase
 Mormon trail-Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus ________ of Latter-day Saints in
New York. Forced out of New York, Joseph Smith killed by an angry mob, forces Mormons out
west. Brigham Young (Smith’s replacement) leads them to Salt-Lake city, ________, 1,300 mile
route becomes known as the Mormon trail
The Gold Rush!
 The largest migration west was not because of Manifest Destiny but was a result of the
discovery of gold
 John Sutter discovers gold in California, 1848
 Miners, businessmen, etc….get “gold ________”
 Mass migration to California becomes known as the “Gold Rush”
 Migrants who left for California n 1849 become known as “_____________”
 Most migrants followed the California trail
 Towns near gold fields expand, San Francisco and _________________
The presence of so many Americans in Oregon prompted presidential candidate James K. Polk to
promise to secure the region for the United States
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Great Britain and the United States had shared control over the territory
Polk’s campaign slogan: “Fifty-four forty or __________!”
The northern boundary of Oregon was 54 40’ degrees north latitude
Polk was pledging war if Great Britain did not give up Oregon
Northern boundary is eventually set at 49th parallel
Westward expansion led to the need of long distance communication
 Mail, Butterfield trail ran mail between St Louis and San Francisco
 Pony ______________ was used to carry mail also
 1861 the telegraph links East and West coasts
Texas Independence
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First Europeans in Texas were the ________________
Find an old fort built by Frenchman, Sieur de La Salle, makes Spanish think France will try to
claim Texas
The Mission system-Spanish attempt to settle Texas by building missions designed to convert
Native Americans to ___________________ and make them loyal Spanish citizens
Spanish let Stephen F. Austin establish a colony in Texas
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Mexico becomes independent from Spain in 1821
Mexican government gives large amounts of land to empresarios to encourage settlement in
Texas, Stephen F, Austin is one of the main empresarios.
By 1830 most of the settlers in Texas were from the United States
The Texas revolution
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Mexico told American settlers they had to: agree to renounce United States citizenship, swear
allegiance to Mexico, and Adopt Roman Catholic religion
Most settlers do not
Mexico tries to halt United States settlers into the Texas region: put high tariffs on American
__________ and send troops to enforce new laws
Originally the United States had claimed Texas as part of the Louisiana _____________
Settlers in Mexico begin to call themselves Texans
Texans and Mexican army have several skirmishes, Stephen F. Austin is jailed
Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana becomes president of Mexico and bans all state militias, all the
Mexican states are mad; including Texas.
Washington-on-the-bronze: a settlement where Texans met and founded a government, gave
Sam Houston the task of raising an army to fight the Mexican government
The Alamo
 The Alamo was a 1700s Spanish mission that had been converted into a fort, outside of San
______________.
 Santa Ana learns the Texans are there and sends an army of 6,000 soldiers to take the Alamo
from the Texans
 Santa Ana arrives and demands the Texans surrender the fort. The Texans leader, William
Travis responds with a cannon shot
 Mexican Army lays siege to the Alamo for twelve days and nights, pounds the Alamo with
continuous cannon fire
 March 6th 1836 the Mexican army captures the Alamo and kills almost all of the 200 Texan
defenders
Meanwhile back at Washington-on-the-Brazos: Texans issue the “Texas Declaration of Independence”
and write a Constitution. Texas is now a new independent nation
At the Battle of Goliad: Mexican soldiers execute more than 340 Texas prisoners, “Goliad __________”
The Battle of San Jacinto
 Rally cries: “Remember the __________!” and “Remember _________!”
 Sam Houston defeats Santa Ana.
 Santa Ana forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco ending the war
 Texas is named, the Republic of Texas
 But….Mexico refuses to acknowledge the treaty because Santa Ana was a prisoner when he
signed the treaty
Will Texas become a state of the United States?
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Southerners wanted it because Texas allowed slavery and that would give them more power in
the U.S. _____________, obviously northern states did not want this
Texas remains the independent nation of The Republic of Texas for nine more years until….
Texans overwhelmingly vote to become part of the United states on December 29th, 1845
Tensions between the United States and Mexico
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James K. Polk becomes President of the United States in March 1845, he is a supporter of
Manifest _____________
Boundary between Texas and Mexico was in dispute: Texas said southern border was Rio
Grande River, Mexico said it was Nueces River (further north)
The United States claimed Mexico owed 3 million dollars for loss pf property and life during
Mexico’s fight for Independence from Spain
Polk comes up with a compromise: He sends John Slidell, special envoy (messenger) to
negotiate. The United States will forgive the 3 million dollar debt if Mexico will recognize the
Rio Grande as Texas southern border, and the United States will pay Mexico 30 million dollars to
buy New Mexico and California. Mexico refuses.
Mexican-American War
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Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to go to the disputed territory between the Rio and Nueces
Rivers.
Mexican Calvary attack U.S. Soldiers, killing about twelve, and lay siege to an American Fort
along the Rio Grande River
President Polk asks for a declaration of War from the U.S. _____________. Congress declares
war on Mexico on May 13th, 1846
Santa Ana returns from Exile in Cuba and promises to end the war on favorable terms for the
United States, Santa Ana double crosses President Polk and assumes command of the Mexican
army
American general Stephen Kearny captures Santa fe and takes control of New Mexico
Settlers in California revolt against Mexico and declare California “The Republic of California.”
Becomes known as the “Bear flag revolt”
General Winfield Scott takes Mexican city of Veracruz and then takes Mexico City (capital of
____________)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends __________________________ war.
Things for you to do
Entrepreneurs
“Father of Texas”
Empresarios system
Tejanos
Battle of Gonzalez
John Tyler
Slidell’s trip
Mexican cession
Runaway Scrap