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Notes chapter 9 Expansion leads to conflict Manifest Destiny-the idea that the nation had a God-given right to all of North America Heading West Sante Fe trail-first major westward trail, from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe Mexico, 800 miles Oregon trail-___________ and most famous trail used by western settlers. From Independence, Missouri, 2,000 miles, Used by fur traders and mountain men, also used by Lewis and ________ when they explored the _____________ purchase Mormon trail-Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus ________ of Latter-day Saints in New York. Forced out of New York, Joseph Smith killed by an angry mob, forces Mormons out west. Brigham Young (Smith’s replacement) leads them to Salt-Lake city, ________, 1,300 mile route becomes known as the Mormon trail The Gold Rush! The largest migration west was not because of Manifest Destiny but was a result of the discovery of gold John Sutter discovers gold in California, 1848 Miners, businessmen, etc….get “gold ________” Mass migration to California becomes known as the “Gold Rush” Migrants who left for California n 1849 become known as “_____________” Most migrants followed the California trail Towns near gold fields expand, San Francisco and _________________ The presence of so many Americans in Oregon prompted presidential candidate James K. Polk to promise to secure the region for the United States Great Britain and the United States had shared control over the territory Polk’s campaign slogan: “Fifty-four forty or __________!” The northern boundary of Oregon was 54 40’ degrees north latitude Polk was pledging war if Great Britain did not give up Oregon Northern boundary is eventually set at 49th parallel Westward expansion led to the need of long distance communication Mail, Butterfield trail ran mail between St Louis and San Francisco Pony ______________ was used to carry mail also 1861 the telegraph links East and West coasts Texas Independence First Europeans in Texas were the ________________ Find an old fort built by Frenchman, Sieur de La Salle, makes Spanish think France will try to claim Texas The Mission system-Spanish attempt to settle Texas by building missions designed to convert Native Americans to ___________________ and make them loyal Spanish citizens Spanish let Stephen F. Austin establish a colony in Texas Mexico becomes independent from Spain in 1821 Mexican government gives large amounts of land to empresarios to encourage settlement in Texas, Stephen F, Austin is one of the main empresarios. By 1830 most of the settlers in Texas were from the United States The Texas revolution Mexico told American settlers they had to: agree to renounce United States citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, and Adopt Roman Catholic religion Most settlers do not Mexico tries to halt United States settlers into the Texas region: put high tariffs on American __________ and send troops to enforce new laws Originally the United States had claimed Texas as part of the Louisiana _____________ Settlers in Mexico begin to call themselves Texans Texans and Mexican army have several skirmishes, Stephen F. Austin is jailed Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana becomes president of Mexico and bans all state militias, all the Mexican states are mad; including Texas. Washington-on-the-bronze: a settlement where Texans met and founded a government, gave Sam Houston the task of raising an army to fight the Mexican government The Alamo The Alamo was a 1700s Spanish mission that had been converted into a fort, outside of San ______________. Santa Ana learns the Texans are there and sends an army of 6,000 soldiers to take the Alamo from the Texans Santa Ana arrives and demands the Texans surrender the fort. The Texans leader, William Travis responds with a cannon shot Mexican Army lays siege to the Alamo for twelve days and nights, pounds the Alamo with continuous cannon fire March 6th 1836 the Mexican army captures the Alamo and kills almost all of the 200 Texan defenders Meanwhile back at Washington-on-the-Brazos: Texans issue the “Texas Declaration of Independence” and write a Constitution. Texas is now a new independent nation At the Battle of Goliad: Mexican soldiers execute more than 340 Texas prisoners, “Goliad __________” The Battle of San Jacinto Rally cries: “Remember the __________!” and “Remember _________!” Sam Houston defeats Santa Ana. Santa Ana forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco ending the war Texas is named, the Republic of Texas But….Mexico refuses to acknowledge the treaty because Santa Ana was a prisoner when he signed the treaty Will Texas become a state of the United States? Southerners wanted it because Texas allowed slavery and that would give them more power in the U.S. _____________, obviously northern states did not want this Texas remains the independent nation of The Republic of Texas for nine more years until…. Texans overwhelmingly vote to become part of the United states on December 29th, 1845 Tensions between the United States and Mexico James K. Polk becomes President of the United States in March 1845, he is a supporter of Manifest _____________ Boundary between Texas and Mexico was in dispute: Texas said southern border was Rio Grande River, Mexico said it was Nueces River (further north) The United States claimed Mexico owed 3 million dollars for loss pf property and life during Mexico’s fight for Independence from Spain Polk comes up with a compromise: He sends John Slidell, special envoy (messenger) to negotiate. The United States will forgive the 3 million dollar debt if Mexico will recognize the Rio Grande as Texas southern border, and the United States will pay Mexico 30 million dollars to buy New Mexico and California. Mexico refuses. Mexican-American War Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to go to the disputed territory between the Rio and Nueces Rivers. Mexican Calvary attack U.S. Soldiers, killing about twelve, and lay siege to an American Fort along the Rio Grande River President Polk asks for a declaration of War from the U.S. _____________. Congress declares war on Mexico on May 13th, 1846 Santa Ana returns from Exile in Cuba and promises to end the war on favorable terms for the United States, Santa Ana double crosses President Polk and assumes command of the Mexican army American general Stephen Kearny captures Santa fe and takes control of New Mexico Settlers in California revolt against Mexico and declare California “The Republic of California.” Becomes known as the “Bear flag revolt” General Winfield Scott takes Mexican city of Veracruz and then takes Mexico City (capital of ____________) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends __________________________ war. Things for you to do Entrepreneurs “Father of Texas” Empresarios system Tejanos Battle of Gonzalez John Tyler Slidell’s trip Mexican cession Runaway Scrap