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“Walk Like an Egyptian” How do civilizations (complex societies) develop? Emergence of River Valley Civilizations “Hydraulic Model” Transition from Paleolithic to Civilization • The Neolithic Age had set the stage for civilizations by developing systematic agriculture, which allowed early humans to give up their nomadic lifestyle and stay in one place. • This led to the formation of farming villages, which gradually began to develop into more complex societies. • As their wealth increased, these societies began to create armies and build walled cities. • They built temples and started forming religions. • By the beginning of the Bronze Age, large numbers of people were concentrated in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. (stone, bronze, copper, iron, steel) • This would lead to a whole new pattern for human life—the emergence of civilizations. 4 River Valley Civilizations • Fertile Crescent – Mesopotamia – Tigris – Euphrates • Egyptian Civilization – Nile River Valley (upper and lower Nile) • Indus River – Harrapan – Mohen-jo Daro • Hwang He ( – Yellow River later civilizations focused on both Yangtze and Yellow River – Langsho while first dynasty is Xia then Shang Nile River Valley • Because of its geography Egypt developed to become a peaceful civilization with a higher standard of living. People as individuals were treated with more respect here than in other civilizations of the time. • The Nile River Valley is Surrounded on Four Sides by Natural Barriers – – – – Red Sea to the East Desert to the West Mediterranean to the North Mountains to the South Nile River Valley has Natural Advantages • Frost Free Climate “Gifts of the Nile” • Predictable flooding • Mild flooding therefore able to use river for irrigation • Prevailing winds made trade possible both north and south on the river • Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone & limestone used for building • Silt deposits rich for farming • papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals, baskets, paper • Menes- Major Pharaohs of Egypt – United upper and lower Egypt in 3100 BC • Ramses II – – Defeated the Hittites and returned Egypt to Egyptian rule. • Nefertiti – influential wife of Amenhotep, mother-in-law to Tutkanamon. • Amenhotep (later called Akhenaton)– moved the capital and changed worship from polytheism to monotheism. The main god became Amon Ra and only the royal family could worship him. • Tutkanhamon– young Pharaoh found with his tomb intact. • Hatshepsut – – female Pharaoh who stabilized Egypt, built many new structures which provided work for many. • Cleopatra – – last Pharaoh of Egypt Rosetta Stone • We didn’t know as much about Egypt until the mid-1800s after the Rosetta Stone was allowed us to decipher the hieroglyphics of Egypt • Napoleon’s officer discovered the Rosetta Stone (late 1700s) • Deciphered by Champanion in early 1800s Fertile Crescent • Deserts and mountains surround the Fertile Crescent to the north but because grass grew on these mountains it attracted wandering tribes who often attacked those living in the River Valley. • City-states protected and isolated each group Natural Boundaries Unfavorable • Both rivers overflow in an unpredictable manner – The time of year could not be predicted. – The magnitude of turbulence of the flooding could not be predicted. • The area is called a "crossroad" because everyone who traveled or traded between Europe, Africa, and Asia traveled through this region, sometimes taking what they wanted Gave rise to multiple empires within the general region that controlled different territory but had similar culture Assyria and its rivals Sumerians “Necessity is the mother of invention” Plato’s Republic • Arch – ziggurats • developed the wagon wheel to help transport people and goods from place to place. • Wheeled vehicles play a critical role in the world today to continue transporting people and goods. • Sumerian achievements in mathematics and astronomy formed the basis for concepts we use today. • In math, they devised a number system based on 60. • Geometry was used to measure fields and to erect buildings in much the same fashion that it is used for those purposes today. • In astronomy, the Sumerians made use of units of 60 and charted the heavenly constellations. • The division of the modern hour into 60 minutes is a holdover from Sumerian astronomy. Hammurabi’s Code Babylonian • Stele or Stela Hammurabi • 282 • Cuneiform st (1 Assyrian Empire) 911 – 612 BCE BCE Early River Valley Civilizations Name of “China” • The Chinese call their empire Chung kwo (Middle Kingdom), a name first applied to Ho-nan, the country of the Chou dynasty; a Chinaman is designated Chung-kwo-jen or man of the Middle Kingdom; in diplomacy China is Ta-ts'ing Kwo (the great empire of Ts'ing, the present dynasty) as it was formerly Ta Ming Kwo (the great empire of Ming). • In literature it is called T'ien Hia (Under Heaven), Sze Hai [the four (surrounding) seas], Chung Hwa Kwo (the Middle Flowery Kingdom); some names refer to celebrated dynasties, Hwa Hia (glorious Hia), Han-jen or Han-tze (men or sons of Han), T'ang-jen or T'ang-shan (men or mountains of T'ang). • The Arabs called China Sin, Chin, Mahachin, Machin. The SinFF and Seres of Ptolemy and other classic writers probably represent the Chinese. • In the Middle Ages, Europeans made a distinction between Northern (Cathay) and Southern (Manzi) China. It is probable that the name China, from the Ts'in dynasty (third century B.C.), reached the West by way of Burma and India. Huang He • Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan • Gobi desert • Pacific Ocean to east Shang China Middle Kingdom • • • • Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan Gobi desert Pacific Ocean to east rivers – Hwang Hu (Yellow), – Chang Jiang (Yangtze), – Xi Jiang (West) • yellow silt &favorable climate make good farming Xia 2100 BCE – 1800 BCE • The Xia were agrarian people, with bronze weapons and pottery. • The ruling families used elaborate and dramatic rituals to confirm their power to govern. • The rulers often acted as shamans, communicating with spirits for help and guidance Ancient Dynasties Mandate of Heaven • Xia (first) 2100 BCE – 1800 BCE • Shang 1500BCE- 1100BCE Mandate of Heaven • Zhou (longest) 1100BCE – 256BCE Confucianism during Axial Age (ca. 500 BCE) • Qin (Chin) – China gets its name from this dynasty Mandate of Heaven • Zhou Dynasty • Family of rulers that have the approval of the ancestors • Dynastic Cycle has added element much like a divine monarch creates a theocracy yet as earthly events appear and have a negative impact then it is assumed that the emperor has lost the approval of the ancestors and they have created the environment Are you Sleeping? • • • • • • • • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Manchu Yuan, Ming, Manchu Mao Zedong Mao Zedong Confucianism and Scholarly-Gentry • Creates balance • Yin and Yang • Filial piety is the final link in the chain of continuity of the civilization Shang China Indus River Valley • Harappan • Mohenjo-Daro • subcontinent of Asia: water on east and west, mountain ranges on north – Hindu Kush and Himalayas • southwest monsoon brings heavy rain and flooding • enriched soil, but sometimes great erosion Ancient Geographic Divisions in South Asia Cities of the Indus Mohenjo-Daro “Mound of the Dead” Indus River Valley • destruction • well-planned, citadels, grid of streets • clay brick houses, plumbing with sewer system • bronze and copper tools, gold and silver jewels, clay pots, spun and woven cloth Development of Region • Early Food Producing Era (ca. 7000-5500 BC) • Regionalization Era, (5500-2600 BC) – regional cultural development – subdivided into various eras – emergence of an Early Indus state ca. 2800 BCE and urbanization ca. 2600 BCE Drains & Sewer Systems • • • • Successors to the region Vedic Era - Hinduism Aryans Rajas Indo-Europeans Caste System - called Varna which translates to color in the ancient language) • Jati – sub-castes Aryan Invasion Theory • Sometime between 2500 and 1800 BCE – Aryans began moving into India – Apparently NOT the cause of the fall of Indus Civilization – Farmers without written language – Used Khyber Pass Political and Social Systems • Tribe led by chief and tribal council • Tribes formed small states • Each state ruled by king and council of warriors • Aryans looked down on conquered people • Laws against marriage of Aryans with original valley dwellers • Men permitted more than one wife • Sons expected to be warriors and perform ritual at fathers funeral Economic System • • • • • • Mostly farmers Barley major crop Most owned their land Handicrafts in villages System of barter for goods Cattle later used as money Historical Geography • Environmental determinism – the manner in which humans and the environment interact. – Man and his culture are shaped by their environment and while technology allows them to adapt, their underlying characteristics have already been shaped by their environment • Systems within a civilization are influenced by the environment • Humans change and adapt their environment with technology – Technology are methods that are used by man or man’s attempt “to overcome his environment” • Possibilism is a different theory that holds that there is an interdependence between humans and their physical environment and that while the environment sets certain constraints, culture is shaped by man Olmec- 3500-2500 BCE- site La Venta • Two environments & Agricultural methods – Slash and burn agriculture- forested uplands – Irrigation riverine agriculture- riverine lowlands- u-shaped stone drain lines. – 2 or more crops per year – Maize, beans, squash • Lowland riverine populous became the elite • Chiefdom societies- with centers populated at circa 1000 eachrulers, elite, craftspersons • Writing system but un-deciphered though indications of counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable. • Items of trade – Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for nobility) – Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery • 4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers– San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapates, and Laguna de los Cerros • Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE- sites Copan & Palenque Classic cultures of the Americas Yin and Yang • The light color area which indicates more sunlight is called Yang (Sun). • The dark color area has less sunlight (more moonlight) and is called Yin (Moon). • Yang is like man. Yin is like woman. Yang wouldn't grow without Yin. Yin couldn't give birth without Yang. – Yin is born (begins) at Summer Solstice and Yang is born (begins) at Winter Solstice. – Therefore one little circle Yin is marked on the Summer Solstice position. Another little circle Yang is marked on the Winter Solstice position. – These two little circles look like two fish eyes. http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/yinyang.htm The Spread of Bantu Population • growth Shih Huang Ti • • • • • In 245 BC , Ying Cheng became king of the Ch’in when he was only thirteen years old. As he grew in age, wisdom and power, he developed the dream of realizing the Confucian idea of the whole of China under one ruler. – He declared himself Ch’in Shih Huang Ti, First Emperor, establishing the Rule of Emperors (called Huang Ti) that would last in China until 1911 with the abdication of the last emperor, Pu Yi. The name China comes from the time of his rule, when Ch’in brought China from a feudal state into a powerful kingdom with a centralized government. To solidify his power, Ch’in Shih Huang Ti build a mobile army of cavalry and chariots armed with iron swords and bows. – He moved the old aristocrats and feudal lords to the capital and demanded the surrender of their weapons. – To defend agianst the barbarian invaders from the north, he built the Great Wall of China (later expanded to become 1500 miles long and the only man-made object visible from space). The creation of a central government was used to standardize weights and measures, coinage, roadways, legal codes and a standardized, written script that could be read not only by speakers of China’s many regional dialects but later also by the Japanese, the Koreans, and the Vietnamese. – To finance the building a operation of this central government, Ch’in Shih Huang Ti also begain national taxation. The adage the “Power corrupts and that absolute power corrupts absolutly”, however proved true and Ch’in became a totalitarian ruler. He created a system of spying through his military governnors and civil administrators in the provinces, and monopolized all basic goods. – In an effort to produce intellectual conformity, in 213B.C. he ordered the burning of books, especially Confucian classics. But he saved works of medicine, legal philosophy, and magic, which relected his utlitarian attitude toward learning, ironically balanced with his interest in superstition. – Soon he became a paranoid relcuse dodging assassination attempts on his life. The discovery in 1974 of his burial site in Shensi, China, http;//www.taisei.co.jp/cg_e/ancient_world/xian/axian.html has unearthed 7,000 life size terra-cotta soldiers.