Download The Oral Cavity Proper 2

SPLANCHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE URINARY SYSTEM
THE GENITAL SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
A. Viscera:
1. Alimentary (digestive) system
2. Respiratory system
3. Urinary system
4. Genital (reproductive) system
5. Endocrine system
B. Functions:
1. To fulfill the metabolism
2. Maintain the life of the species
General Structure of the Viscera
1. The tubular viscus
1) mucous membrane (mucosa)
2) submucosa
3) muscular coats
4) adventitia (serosa)
General Structure of the Viscera
2. The parenchymatous organ
hilum (porta)
The Reference Line of the
Thorax

anterior median line

sternal line

parasternal line

midclavicular line
The Reference Line of the
Thorax
anterior axillary line
middle axillary line
posterior axillary line
The Reference Line of the
Thorax
scapular line
posterior median line
The Abdominal Regions
Subcostal, Transtubercular, Midclavicular Planes
Rt. hypochon- Epigastric
driac region
region
Lt hypochondriac region
Umbilical
Right lateral
Region
region
Left lateral
region
Hypogastric
Right iliac
(Pubic)
region
region
Left iliac
region
Median, Transumbilical Planes
ALIMENTARY
(DIGESTIVE ) SYSTEM
Oral cavity-pharynx-esophagusstomach-duodenum-jejunumIleum-cecum-colon-rectum-anal
canal
A. Division
1. Alimentary canal :
1) upper alimentary canal:
mouth to duodenum
2) lower alimentary canal
jejunum to anus
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ALIMENTARY
(DIGESTIVE ) SYSTEM
2. The alimentary glands:
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
B. Functions
1. ingestion of food
2. absorption of the nutrient components (proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water)
3. defecation : the elimination of indigestible
substances from the body via the anus in the form
of feces.
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
• Consists of an upper respiratory tract (nose to larynx)
and a lower respiratory tract ( trachea onwards) .
• Conducting portion transports air.
- includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the
primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles
• Respiratory portion carries out gas exchange.
- composed of small airways called respiratory
bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs
called alveoli
Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory
Tract
Respiratory System Functions
1. supplies the body with oxygen and
disposes of carbon dioxide
2. filters inspired air
3. produces sound
4. contains receptors for smell
5. rids the body of some excess water and
heat
6. helps regulate blood pH
Head Region
Cervical Region
Thoracic Region
The Skull
• Formed by cranial and facial bones
Figure 7.2a
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.4a
Lateral Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.3a
The Temporal Bone
Figure 7.5
Bones in Cervical Region
external
acoustic
meatus
Hyoid bone
temmporal
mandibular
joint
Bones in Cervical Region
Surface Landmark
 Hyhoid(H)
 Thyroid cartilage(T)
 Laryngeal prominence(P)
 Cricoid cartilage (C)
 The first tracheal ringe(1)
 Isthmus(S)
The Head
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital,
Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Vomer,
Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Mandible,
Inferior Concha
Mastoid Process, Styloid Process,
Zygomatic Arch, Piriform Aperture,
Nasal Septum, Nasal Conchae, Hard
Palate, alveolar arch, Posterior Nasal
Aperture
Neck and Thorax
Vertebrae (C1-C7), Hyoid
Bone, Ribs and their
Cartilages, Sternum,
clavicle, Thoracic Vertibrae
(T1-T12), Scapular,
Manubrium-body-xiphoid
process.
For the first rib, find groove
for subclavian vein, sclene
tubercle and groove for
subclavian artery
The Head
Oral cavity, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
Nose
• External nares - opening to
exterior
• Internal nares - opening to
pharynx
• Nasal conchae - folds in the
mucous membrane that
increase air turbulence and
ensures that most air contacts
the mucous membranes
Nose
rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air
• olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that
contain smell receptors
• respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that
secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles,
• lysozyme kills bacteria and lymphocytes and
• IgA antibodies that protect against bacteria
Nose
provides an airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
resonating chamber for speech
detects odors in the air stream
Paranasal sinuses
Ethmoid, Frontal,
Maxillary, Sphenoid
Paranasal Sinuses
• Four bones of the skull contain paired air
spaces called the paranasal sinuses - frontal,
ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
• Decrease skull bone weight
• Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
• Add resonance to voice.
• Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.
• Lined by pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium.
Opening of Paranasal Sinuses
 Superior, Middle and Inferior Conchae;
 Spheno-ethmoidal recess; superior, middle and inferior
meatuses;
 Sphenoid-posterior ethmoidal-frontal, middle ethmoidal
and maxillary-nasolarimal duct
Oral cavity: oral vestibule and
oral cavity proper
A. The Oral Vestibule
1. Oral lips:
1) upper lip :
philtrum (first aid acupoint )
frenulum of upper lip
2) lower lip
frenulum of lower lip
2. Nasolabial sulcus
3. Cheek
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The Oral Cavity Proper
1. The palate
1) hard palate
2) soft palate
a. uvula
b. palatoglossal arch
c. palatopharyngeal
arch
d. isthmus of fauces
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The Oral Cavity Proper
2. The teeth
Composition
a. crown of tooth
b. neck of tooth
c. root of tooth
d. dental cavity (pulp
cavity)
e. root canal
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3 molars, 2 premolars, 1 canine
and 2 incisors;
Crown, Neck and Root;
Pulp Cavity, root cana and apical
foramen;
Dentine, enamel and cement.
The Oral Cavity Proper
Classification of the teeth
a. deciduous teeth 20
Eruption : from 6th to 24 m.
b. permanent teeth 32
Eruption : from 6th to 20 yrs.
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The Oral Cavity Proper
The tongue
1) Division
a. apex of tongue
b. body of tongue
c. root of tongue
d. dorsum of tongue
i. terminal sulcus
ii. foramen cecum of
tongue
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The Oral Cavity Proper
2)
Lingual mucous
membrane
a. papillae of tongue
i. filiform papillae touch
ii. fungiform papillae taste
iii. foliate papillae taste
iv. vallate papillae taste
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Motor supply: XII
General Sensation:
V and IX
Special Sensation:
VII and IX; a
smaller posterior
region by X
Sweet, Salty, Sour
and bitter
The Oral Cavity Proper
b. lingual tonsil
c. septum of tongue
d. frenulum of tongue
46
The Oral Cavity Proper
Muscles of tongue
a. extrinsic muscles
i. Genioglossus
ii. Hyoglossus
iii. Styloglossus
iv. Palatoglossus
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The Oral Cavity Proper
b. proper (intrinsic) muscles
i. superior longitudinal m.
ii. inferior longitudinal m.
iii. transverse m. of tongue
iv. vertical m. of tongue
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The Oral Cavity Proper
The oral glands
1) Major salivary
glands
a. parotid
gland : only
serous cells.
parotid duct 
oral vestibule
next to the
upper M2
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The Oral Cavity Proper
b. sublingual gland :
mostly mucous
cells
10 – 12 ducts 
sublingual fold
c. submandibular
gland
duct  base of
sublingual
frenulum
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The Oral Cavity Proper
2) Minor salivary glands
i. palatine gland
ii. buccal gland
iii. labial gland
iv. lingual gland
51
The Pharynx
The Pharynx
A. Division
1. Nasopharynx
1) pharyngeal opening of
auditory tube
2) tubal torus
3) pharyngeal recess
53
The Pharynx
2. Oropharynx
1) palatine tonsil
2) tonsillar sinus
54
The Pharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
1) piriform recess
2) aperture of larynx
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Openings of paranasal
sinuses
Isthmus of fauces
Tonsillar Ring
Opening of 3 major salivary
glands
Communications of Pharynx
and nasal cavity, oral cavity
and larynx
Uvula and epiglottis
The Head
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal,
Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid,
Lacrimal, Vomer, Maxilla,
Zygomatic, Nasal, Mandible,
Inferior Concha
Neck and Thorax
Vertebrae (C1-C7), Hyoid
Bone, Ribs and their
Cartilages, Sternum,
Process, Zygomatic Arch,
Piriform Aperture, Nasal
Septum, Nasal Conchae, Hard
Palate, alveolar arch, Posterior
Nasal Aperture
Isthmus of fauces
clavicle, Thoracic
Vertibrae (T1-T12),
Mastoid Process, Styloid
Openings of
paranasal sinuses
Scapular, Manubriumbody-xiphoid process.
For the first rib, find
groove for subclavian
vein, sclene tubercle and
groove for subclavian
artery
Tonsillar Ring
Opening of 3 major
salivary glands
Communications of
Pharynx and nasal
cavity, oral cavity
and larynx
Uvula and epiglottis