Download Document

Keystone Review:
9.
Module A—Cells and Cell Processes
Assessment Anchor 1—Basic Biological Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Characteristics of Life
Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes
a. Pro—bacteria/blue green algae
Single (unicellular)
b. Euk—specialized organelles/nucleus
c. Both—genetic material, plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, ribosomes
Levels Organization: organelles, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system
Unicellular/multicellular
Cell structures/functions:
a. Nucleus—DNA, control
b. Plasma membrane—phospholipid bilayer
c. Ribosomes—protein synthesis
d. ER (rough)—have ribosomes—synthesize
proteins put in vesicles to send to Golgi
e. Golgi apparatus—process, sorts, packages
proteins to use outside cell
f. Chloroplasts--photosynthesis
g. Mitochondria—cell respiration
Increase surface area—increase efficiency of exchange
between cells and environment
10. Lipids—CHO—insoluble in water—stored energy—
makes up phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane
11. Nucleic acids—DNA, RNA—CHONP
12. Proteins—CHONS—folded polypeptides—function as a
variety of structural/regulatory functions for cells—
enzymes and antibodies
13. Enzymes—proteins—catalysts (speed up not used up)—
lower activation energy—affected by pH (low is acid,
high is base), temperature and concentration levels, act
as pH buffers—lock and key
Assessment Anchor 3—Bioenergetics
1.
2.
Assessment Anchor 2—Chemical Basis of Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules
Monomers make polymers
Carbon makes 4 bonds—bond to each other to form
macromolecules
Water—freeze, expand, float
a. Cohesion (surface tension)—between like
molecules (water to water)
b. Adhesion (capillary action)—between unlike
molecules (water to container)
c. Polarity—carry slight charges (in water, O is
slightly negative, H slightly positive)
Transpiration—release extra water from guard cells in
leaves
Hydrolysis—add water to split substance (start with
water as reactant)
Dehydration Synthesis—remove water to combine
substances (end with water as product)
Amino acids join between amino/carboxyl groups and
release water to form peptide bonds
ADP ↔ATP (ATP is energy for life)
Energy transformations:
a. Photosynthesis: light to chemical
b. Cell Respiration: stored potential chemical
energy in food to store in ATP for life processes
c. Both occur in plant cells and both store energy
as potential in chemical bonds
d. Chloroplasts/mitochondria (double membrane
organelles to increase surface area)
Assessment Anchor 4—Homeostasis and Transport
1.
Passive transport—NO ENERGY—follows concentration
gradient (high to low)
a. Diffusion—small particles
b. Osmosis—water through semi-permeable
membrane
c. Facilitated diffusion—(glucose)—larger
particles—used carrier (transport) proteins in
plasma membrane
2.
Active transport—USES ENERGY—against concentration
gradient
a. Pumps (sodium/potassium)
b. Endocytosis—take in particle
c. Exocytosis—particle exits
Permeable, semipermeable, impermeable
Equilibrium—substances move evenly across plasma
membrane in both directions
Plasma membrane is phospholipid bilayer that is
hydrophobic (impermeable to water)
Homeostasis—balance
a. Thermoregulation
3.
4.
5.
8.
Carbohydrates—CHO—sugars, starches, cellulose—
monosaccharides to disaccharides to polysaccharides—
function as source of energy and in plant structure
6.
b.
c.
Water regulation
Oxygen regulation
c.
d.
Module B—Continuity and Unity of Life
e.
Assessment Anchor 1—Cell Growth and Reproduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cells come from pre existing cells
Asexual reproduction (binary fission)—same as parent
Cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis
Mitosis—affects you,2 identical daughter cells, diploid,
autosomes (somatic or body), one division
Phases : prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Meiosis—affects offspring—occurs in sex cells—forms
gametes—haploid, two divisions, homologous pairs, 4
daughter cells—crossing over between homologous
chromosomes occurs in PROPHASE I—homologous pairs
separate in ANAPHASE I
Sexual reproduction—meiosis forms gametes that join
by fertilization to form zygote—DNA from both parents
Role in inheritance—DNA, genes, alleles, chromosomes
Assessment Anchor 2—Genetics
Topic 1 —DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis
1.
2.
DNA Replication—follows template
DNA is double helix—held together between bases by
hydrogen bonds
3. Nucleotide—sugar, phosphate, base
4. Chargoff’s rule—base pairs (A-T, C-G)
5. DNA—double, deoxyribose, thymine
6. RNA—single, ribose, uracil
7. Types RNA—
a. mRNA—codons—nucleus to ribosomes
b. tRNA—anticodons—amino acids
c. rRNA—build ribosomes
8. universal genetic code—show 3 base codes for amino
acids
9. Transcription—DNA to mRNA (nucleus to ribosomes—
codons=3base code)
10. Translation—mRNA to tRNA to proteins (anticodons=3
base code)
11. Organelles involved in protein synthesis
a. Nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi
12. Mutations
a. Silent—no change in amino acid
b. Nonsense—ends with early STOP
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Frameshift
Crossing over—homologous chromosomes
switch genes
Nondisjunction—homologous do not separate
properly
Duplication
Deletion
Insertion
Translocation—chromosome piece breaks off to
nonhomologous chromosome
Inversion—chromosome piece breaks off, flips
and reattaches
Topic 2—Patterns of Inheritance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Genotype (alleles present)
Phenotype (observed trait)
Homozygous/heterozygous
Punnett squares to predict genotypes and phenotypes
Pedigree (family tree of genotypes and phenotypes)
Dominant (T) and recessive (t)—on homologous
chromosomes
7. Co dominance—both appear (FRFW = striped)—on
homologous chromosomes
8. Incomplete Dominance—mix together—average
(RW=pink)—on homologous chromosomes
9. Sex linked (XHXh)—hemophilia, color blindness, sickle cell
anemia
10. Multiple alleles—blood types—co dominance (AB),
dominant/recessive (both A and B dominant over O)—
Alleles are IA, IB, and i
11. Polygenic traits—controlled by 2 or more genes at
different loci on different chromosomes—skin, hair and
eye color and height
Topic 3—Biotechnologies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Selective (artificial) breeding
Gene splicing
Cloning
Genetically modified organisms
Gene therapy
STEM cells
Human Genome Project
Genetic engineering
DNA fingerprinting
Assessment Anchor 3—Theory of Evolution
1.
2.
3.
Darwin—Natural Selection—Survival of the Fittest
Struggle for Existence—Fitness, Adaptation, Variations
Evidence:
a. Fossils
b. Anatomical/physiological:
i. Homologous—similar structure,
different function, common ancestor
(hand, fin)
ii. Vestigial—lost original functional,
common ancestor (coccyx, appendix)
iii. Analogous—similar function in
different form, different ancestor
(insect wing and bird wing)
c. Embryological—repeat steps of evolution
during development of fetus
d. Biochemical
e. Universal genetic code (common genes in DNA
code)
4. Natural Selection and allele frequency in populations
a. Directional selection—moves toward one end
(tall OR short favored more)
b. Disruptive selection—moves towards BOTH
ends (tall AND short favored)
c. Stabilizing selection—moves toward middle
(medium is favored)
5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle—allele frequency in
population remains same unless acted upon by one or
more factors
6. Genetic drift—small group individuals to new habitat
7. Founder effect—change due to migration of small
subgroup of population
8. Isolating mechanisms:
a. Habitat
b. Geographic
c. Reproductive—gamete incompatibility—sperm
transfers, no fertilization
d. Mechanical—no transfer of sperm
e. Temporal—active different times of day
f. Behavioral—different mating rituals
9. Speciation (development new species)
10. Convergent evolution—different ancestors but become
more alike
11. Divergent evolution (adaptive radiation)—common
ancestor but become different
12. Hypothesis (testable), inference, law, theory, principle,
fact, observation
Assessment Anchor 4—Ecology
1.
2.
3.
Biogeochemical cycles (between biotic/abiotic)
a. Water
b. Carbon
c. Oxygen
d. Nitrogen (nitrogen fixing bacteria in legume
nodules)
Biotic (living), abiotic (nonliving)
Levels of organization: organism, population,
community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Aquatic (water), Terrestrial (land)
Biomes—ocean, freshwater, forest, tundra, prairie,
desert, rainforest
Niche/habitat
Predator/prey
Food chains
Food webs
Energy pyramids (biomass)—10% rule—each level has
only 10% of the energy available as trophic level below
Trophic levels
a. Producers (autotrophs)
b. Consumers (heterotrophs)
i. Herbivore
ii. Carnivore
iii. Omnivore
c. Decomposers
Competition
Predation
Symbiosis
a. Mutualism—both benefit
b. Parasitism—1 benefits, 1 harmed (host)
c. Commensalism—1 benefits, host neither
harmed nor helped
Carrying capacity
Limiting factor effects
a. Population dynamics
b. Species extinction
How ecosystems change in response to natural/human
disturbances:
a. Climate change
b. Introduction of non native species
c. Pollution
d. Fires