Download Chapter 5 Notes - Spring

Chapter 5 The Integumentary System
Essential Question: What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
Integumentary System= most vulnerable organ system; constantly exposed to
extreme
, bacteria,
, chemicals
Parts of the Integumentary System:


o
o
o
o
Functions of the Integumentary System:
1) ______________________ – first line of defense
A) ____________________

_________________ – protection against UV light

Kills __________________ because of a _____________________ substance in sebum (acidic &
antiseptic)

Skin secretes ____________________ (human defensin)
B) _________________________________

Hardness of __________________________ cells creates a

Skin is _______________________ – slows water loss
C) ________________________________

Rapid mitotic rate and cell shedding minimizes pathogen entry

_____________________________ in the epidermis and dermis
2) ______________________________________________:
A) High Body Temp->

Blood vessel
(allows for cooling)

Increasing
secretions to cool the body
B) Low Body Temp

Blood vessel
(allows for warning b/c blood bypasses the skin
so that its temp can drop to that of
3) ___________________________________ – skin contains
basic skin sensations
o
Meissner’s corpuscles: ________________________________ (ex. Your clothing on your skin)
o
Pacinian corpuscles: __________________________________ (ex. Someone bumping into you)
)
for
o
Thermoreceptors: _____________________________ (warm & cold)
o
o
Other sensations (itching, tickling, softness, hardness, wetness) caused by the stimulation of 2 or more
receptors described above and a blending of their sensations
4) _______________________________ – synthesis of _____________________ in dermal blood vessels when
exposed to ____________________
5) _______________________________ – skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume
6) __________________________ – limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in
sweat
Essential Question: What are the tissue types composing the epidermis and dermis? What is the function of each
layer?
Skin (
)= covering
Consists of three major regions

_______________________ – outermost superficial region

_______________________ – middle region

_______________________ (superficial fascia) – deepest region
Epidermis= outermost layer of

Structure:
o
Contains no ______________________
o
Not __________________________ – gets nutrients by
through the
dermal blood vessels
o
o
Composed of 30-50 rows of ______________________
epithelium

As these cells grow & divide, the ____________________ are pushed up and out to the surface

____________________________ becomes poorer and in time they ______________
Contains:

_________________________  produce
which protects cells
from damaging effects of UV ( natural
)

 produce
which waterproofs the
skin
Dermis= the “true” skin b/c it makes up the bulk of the organ

Structure
o
Made of strong, fibrous ______________________________

___________________________ connective tissue
o
= peg-like projections on upper edge of dermis
that indent the overlying epidermis
o
Very _______________________________

o
Accounts for blushing and pink cheeks
Also contains:

___________________
(nerve fibers),
_____________________________, _______________________
o
Responsible for the ___________________________________ that produce whorled ridges on the
dermal papillae, or the epidermal surface of fingertips (________________________)

Fingerprints are

No 2 people have the same fingerprints though identical twins are similar
determined
Hypodermis

_____________ technically considered part of the skin but shares some of its
function

Definition: _______________________________ layer

Structure: Composed of primarily ___________________________________________________________

Functions:
to the skin
o
Anchors skin to _____________________________, ______________________
o
___________________
and insulator b/c it is made of
Essential Question: What factors normally contribute to skin color? How can changes to skin color be used as clinical
signs of certain disease states?
Skin Color

3 pigments contribute
o
Melanin: produced by

in the
Skin color is determined by the
___________________________________________________________

Function:
skin cells from
/ natural sunscreen

Fair skin people have less melanin and are more likely to get skin cancer
o
: yellow-orange pigment that accumulates in
hypodermis; found in carrots
o
: pigment in
; gives
pinkish hue of fair skin
Changes in Skin Color

Albinism – ________________________________

Freckles or pigmented moles – _______________________________________

Cyanosis – ______________________ to skin resulting from __________________________________________
o
Occurs during heart failure & severe respiratory disorders

Jaundice – abnormal __________________________ due to a liver disorder (bile pigments accumulate in blood)

Black-and-blue marks (bruises) – blood escaped from circulation and ___________________________________
o
___________________________ – clotted blood mass
Essential Questions: What are the structures and locations of sweat and oil glands?
Skin Appendages
Include the following:

Nails

Sweat (

Oil (

Hair follicles

Hair
) glands
) glands
Sweat (
) Glands

Up to _________________________ per person

Location: abundant on _________________________________________________________________________

Function: ___________________________________________________________________________________
o
Body’s response to ____________________________

Appearance:

Some modified sweat glands secrete _____________________________________

Composition of Sweat: water, salts, ammonia, vitamin C, other wastes, possibly pheromones
glands
(Oil) Glands

Definition: specialized ____________________________ usually associated with/ attached to
_________________________

Location: all over the body except _______________________________________________________________

Function: secrete an oily secretion called _________________ that lubricates the _________________________

The good?

o
_____________________________________________________________________________________
o
_________________________________
The bad?
o

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Acne: active ____________________________ of sebaceous glands that causes pimples on the skin
o
Usually caused by __________________________________
Essential Question: What is the structure of hair? What is the structure of nails?
Hair

Definition: flexible stands that are produced by _________________________________________

Structure: made of hard _____________________________ (dead cells) that projects from the skin

Function: _________________________ (from trauma & sun) & __________________________
o

Also helps to sense insects on the skin
Location: all surfaces of the skin except ______________________________, ___________________________,
lips, nipples, and parts of the reproductive anatomy

Visible hair is all
 living cells found only in
of skin
Parts of the Hair

Hair shaft: part that extends from the ________________________________________

Hair root: part embedded in the _________________________________________

Hair follicle: the
is embedded/anchored here

Arrector Pili muscle: attached to the
so their contraction pull hair into
position, dimple skin, and make
u
Hair Texture & Color

Texture: Determined by the shape of the _____________________________  determined by
_____________________

o
Curly hair: __________________, ribbon-like hair shaft
o
Wavy hair: _____________ hair shaft
o
Straight hair: _____________________________ hair shaft
Color: Genetic trait that is determined by the
_________________________________________________________ that is produced

Abundance melanin  _________________________

No melanin ___________________________

Intermediate amounts of melanin  _________________________________

Individual hairs stop producing melanin as we age; mixture of hairs with and without 
_____________________________

Iron containing pigment  _______________________________
Nails

Definition: Scale-like modification of the __________________________ that forms a clear, protective covering
on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe

Structure: Made of keratinized __________________________________ epithelial cells
o
Reproduction: Cells division takes place in the __________________________ (whitish half-moon
shape) called the __________________________

o
(embedded in the skin)
(visible) 
Essential Question: What are the characteristics of the three major types of skin cancer?
Skin Cancer: UV radiation damages

and disables
gene
The three major types of skin cancer are:
o
__________________________________: least malignant; most common (30% of white people with get
this; full cure by excision in 99% of cases)
o
__________________________________: grows rapidly & metastasizes

o
More dangerous
__________________________________: cancer of melanocytes

Most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
Recognizing Melanoma: ABCD

Melanomas have the following characteristics (ABCD rule)
o
A: __________________________; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
o
B: __________________________ is irregular and exhibits indentations
o
C: _________________ (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
o
D: ________________________is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
o
Some experts add E:
of spots above the skin surface
Essential Question: What is the difference between first-, second-, and third-degree burns? Why are serious burns life
threatening?
Burns

Tissue damage inflicted by ____________________________, ____________________________,
______________________, or __________________________ that can cause a denaturing of the cell’s
proteins and cell death
o
o
First-degree – only the ________________________ is damaged

Symptoms include ______________________________________________________________

__________________________ is usually 1st degree
Second-degree – _________________ and upper regions of __________________are damaged

Symptoms mimic first degree burns (_______________________________________), but
________________________ also appear

Skin regeneration can occur in ______________________ if infection is prevented
o
Third-degree – ________________________________________________ is damaged
o
Also called “_______________________________________”

Burned area appears ____________________________________________________________

There is no initial edema (swelling) or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)

Needs _______________________
Problems with Burn Victims

First & Most Immediate Threat: ________________________________
o
o
Electrolyte imbalance: can lead to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

___________________________: causes majority of deaths

First thing a treating physician must do is ___________________________________

The amount of fluid lost can be determined by using the “_________________________________”

o
Estimates the _____________________ of burns (percentage of body surface that is burned)
o
Divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body area + 1% for the genitals
o
Burns considered critical if:

Over 25% of the body has _________________________________

Over 10% of the body has _________________________________

There are third-degree burns on __________________________________________________
Must consider both the
body
and
sides of the