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Essay A. Explain the role of religion in civilizations including how religions spread, change and enhance a sense of community. Spread Change Community Christianity 1. Jesus, the Messiah 2. teachings of Paul 3. literature 4. organization Islam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Buddhism 1. 2. 3. 4. reduced obligations new avenues to salvation Mahayana Chan 5. Neo-Confucianism Judaism Hinduism Five Pillars of Islam Sharia Jihad Quran Muhammad 1. Yahweh 2. Moses & the Ten Commandments 3. Torah 4. Talmud 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vedas Upanishads Bhagavad Gita Four Aims of Life Hinduism in Indian society B. Explain how the “Rise of the West” happened. State Building Renaissance Exploration Conquest Trade Colonization 1. Was done by mainly by Italy, France, Spain and England. 2. Based primarily on fresh sources of income to finance maintenance and large standing armies. 3. Levied taxes 4. Asserted authority of central government over nobility 5. Through state building it allowed governments the funds to finance European Exploration 1. Was an explosion of intellectual creativity that took place only in the West 2. it significantly affected the cultural and economical growth of the West 1. Explorers: de Gama, Columbus, Magellan and James Cook 2. Search for basic resources and lands suitable for cash crap cultivation 3. New routes to Asia 4. Expand Christianity 5. New technologies: ships (carrack, caravel), instruments (compass, staffs), winds and currents 1. Cortes conquered the Aztecs 2. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas 3. Indians after getting mad a Europeans for controlling land team up between France and Britain, Seven Years’ War, Britain wins becoming lead power. 4. Trade by the silk roads became unsafe after Genghis Khan’s death other trade routes were looked for 5. Maritime trade became the way to get things between the east and the west 6. Trade route by sea to East was hunted and instead a New World was found 7. West was able to build up their maritime trade because they had the new world and goods that came from there 1. English, French and Dutch find fishing is great in North America, but settlement life is hard. 2. Then fur became big commodity, people started moving farther inland, cultivating crops and claiming land (upset natives). 3. Spanish in Central America mine silver (haciendassupport mines & market labor system- gets workers to work harder) 4. Portuguese plant sugar in Brazil and import millions of slaves Essay C. Explain why selected societies go to war and how and why they succeed or fail at their Greeks Alexander Mongols Aztecs Why they went to war How They Fought How & Why They Succeeded 1. Colonial competition with Persians 2. Competition amongst themselves 1. Athens had a powerful Navy 2. Sparta had a powerful infantry After Athens was burned they were able to defeat the Persians at Plataea and force them back to Anatolia. 1. Delian League 2. Peloponnesian War To expand his empire 1. Phalanx formation with hoplite warriors 2. Elite soldiers called Companions that were with Alexander. 3. Sieges 4. Weapons to break down city walls 1. Light cavalry 2. On horse with bow-could shoot while standing on horse 1. Conquered Persian Empire as desired. 2. Used his Principles of War 1. Did not kill Darius so was never able to be King of Persia 2. Became so “native” that it’s likely his men assassinated him. 3. Empire was divided after his death. 1. Conquered more territory than anyone in history 2. His Organization of Army Got victims for bloodletting ceremonies Did not have a central government, only maintained control through army, people fought for power after he died and it was divided up. To get tribute To get human sacrificial victims Like close hand to hand combat How & Why They Failed Could not match Cortes who had guns, steel weapons, horses & psychological warfare. Crusaders Why they went to war How They Fought 1. Pope wanted to unify the church institution again 2. Italian city states hoped to make money off of it 3. No longer a buffer zone between Muslims and Catholics 4. Christians were being harassed in Jerusalem Many crusaders were looking for a new life and they were so excited that they couldn’t wait to leave and so people left at different times. There was no restraint. They killed everyone who wasn’t Christian. How & Why They Succeeded First Crusade was a success because they took the Muslims by surprise. Fourth Crusade: Was all about greed but they wanted Constantinople and they got it. How & Why They Failed First Crusade: Muslims took back Jerusalem after Crusaders left to go back to Europe. Second Crusade: Muslims were ready. Crusade troops were divided and both divisions were defeated. Third Crusade: Peace treaty signed but did not get Jerusalem so therefore a failure. objectives