Download Anatomy and Physiology Semester I Final Review 2010

Anatomy and Physiology Conceptual Semester I Final
Review 2012
Use your notes, the PowerPoint on the class website, the book companion site and
any chapter worksheets you completed to help you with this review. If all else
fails, read the chapter. This review will NOT be taken for points. There will NOT be
a class discussion over the correct answers to this review. I will answer specific
questions, but this is all material that we have already covered in class together.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Objectives
1. Describe the basic functions of living organisms.
2. Define anatomy and physiology and descry e the various specialties
within each discipline.
3. Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms.
4. Identify the organ systems of the human body and the major
components of each system.
5. Explain the significance of homeostasis.
6. Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic
regulation.
7. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and
relative positions.
8. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
Objectives
1. Describe an atom and an element.
2. Compare the ways in which atoms combine to form molecules and
compounds.
3. Use chemical notation to symbolize chemical reactions.
4. Distinguish among the three major types of chemical reactions that are
important for studying physiology.
5. Describe the pH scale and the role of buffers in body fluids.
6. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
7. Explain how the chemical properties of water make life possible.
8. Describe the physiological roles of inorganic compounds.
9. Discuss the structure and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids, and high-energy compounds.
10. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism.
Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function
Objectives:
1. Discuss the basic concepts of the cell theory.
2. List the functions of the cell membrane and the structures that enable it
to perform those functions.
3. Describe the various mechanisms that cells use to transport substances
across the cell membrane.
4. Describe the organelles of a typical cell, and indicate their specific
functions.
5. Explain the functions of he cell nucleus.
6. Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
7. Describe the process of mitosis and explain its significance.
8. Define differentiation and explain its importance.
Chapter 4: The tissue Level of Organization
Objectives
1. Identify the body’s four major tissue types and their roles.
2. Discuss the types and functions of epithelial cells.
3. Describe the relationship between form and function for each epithelial
type.
4. Compare the structures and functions of the various types of connective
tissues.
5. Explain how epithelial and connective tissues combine to form four types
of membranes, and specify the functions of each.
6. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the special structural
features of each type.
7. Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.
8. Explain how tissues respond in a coordinated manner to maintain
homeostasis.
9. Describe how aging affects the tissues of the body.
Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
Objectives
1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
2. Compare the structures and functions of compact and spongy bones.
3. Discuss bone growth and development, account for variation in the
internal structure of specific bones.
4. Describe the remodeling and repair of the skeleton, and discuss
homeostatic mechanisms responsible for regulating mineral deposition and
turnover.
5. Name the components and functions of the axial and appendicular
skeletons.
6. Distinguish among different types of joints, and link structural features to
joint functions.
7. Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton and the structure of
representative articulations.
8. Explain the relationships between joint structure and mobility, using
specific examples.
Chapter 7: The Muscle System
Objectives
1. Describe the functions of skeletal muscle tissue.
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level.
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere.
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle
fiber.
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions.
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to
power contractions.
7. Relate the types of muscle fibers to muscular performance.
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their
implication for muscular performance.
9. Compare skeletal, cardiac, and smoother muscles in terms of structure
and functions.
10. Describe the effects of aging on muscle tissue.
Chapter 16: The Digestive System
Objectives
1. Differentiate chemical and mechanical digestion and predict where each
occurs in the body.
2. Distinguish absorption from secretion and predict where each will occur in
the body.
3. Explain the effects of digestion, secretion, and absorption have on the
formation of feces.
4. Compare and contrast the roles of salivary, liver, and pancreatic exocrine
glands play in the chemical digestion of food.
5. Distinguish the four tunics/layers of the digestive tract.
6. Trace the sequence of food through the digestive tract.
7. Compare and contrast parietal, visceral and mesentery membranes.
Chapter 18: The Urinary System
Objectives
1. Identify the components of the urinary system, and describe the
system's three primary functions.
2. Describe the locations, and structural features of the kidneys, trace the
path of blood flow to, within, and from a kidney, and describe the structure
of the nephron.
3. Distinguish the filtration, secretions, and reabsorption processes by
function and location.
4. Trace the pattern of urine production and flow.
5. Explain the basic mechanisms involved in maintaining fluid balance and
electrolyte balance.
6. Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system.
7. Distinguish urinary diseases based on homeostatic imbalance descriptors.