Download 2016-2017 Grammar Glossary

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Sentence Structure and Types. . . . . . .
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. . . . . P. 1
Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . P. 2
Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . P.3
Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
…………….... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . P. 4
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . P. 5
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P. 6
Prepositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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P. 7
Conjunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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P. 8
Interjections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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P. 9
Objects & Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. P. 10
Verbals and Verbal Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
. . .P. 11
Appositives . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. P. 12
Sentence Structure and Types
P.1
A Sentence is a group of words that has two
main parts, a subject and a predicate, that
expresses a complete thought.
Simple Subject- names the person, place,
or thing that the sentence is about.
Complete Subject- All the words that
belong with the simple subject.
Ex- The balding man with the gray hair
is my teacher. (man is the simple
subject. The underlined phrase is the
complete subject)
Complete Predicate- tells something about
the subject
Simple predicate (verb)- The main word or
group of words in the predicate.
Verb phrase- a verb that is made up of more
than one word.
Ex. The boy fell on his face and had cried for
his mother. (fell & had cried- simple
predicate-. The underlined portion is the
entire complete predicate)
The four type of sentences:
1) Declarative Sentence- Makes a
statement with a period.
Ex.- Grammar is important
knowledge to learn.
2) Imperative Sentence- Expresses a
mild command or request. It ends
with a period or an exclamation mark
for emphasis.
Ex.- Please teach me more grammar
today.
3) Interrogative Sentence- asks a
question and ends with a question
mark.
Ex. Do we have to learn more
grammar now?
4) Exclamatory Sentence- expresses a
strong feeling or command and ends
with an exclamation point.
Ex. Yippee! I must learn more grammar
immediately!
Nouns
2.
Definition- A person , place, thing, or
an idea.
Noun Classifications:
1) Common noun- general name of a
person, place, thing, or ideaapple, duck, dog, person, baby. . .
2) Proper noun- A particular or
specific name of a noun. – Sally,
Mr. Auten, New York, Constitution.
(Capitalize proper nouns)
3) Concrete noun- a tangible noun
(Something you can sense or use
your senses to identify). Skin, apple
pie, spaghetti, pavement. . .
4) Abstract noun- emotions, feelings,
characteristics, qualities, or ideas.
Samples: love, freedom, time,
sadness
5) Collective nouns- a word that
names
a group of people: community,
police,
gang, bunch, herd, staff, audience.
Collective, abstract, or concrete nouns
are also either common or proper
nouns.
Functions in a sentence:
1) Subject- main idea or what the
sentence is about.
Verbs
p.3
A verb is a word that expresses action or
helps to make a statement. (Something
about what the subject is doing or it will
link the rest of the sentence to the
subject).
Two types of Verb:
1) Action Verb- Expresses an action
(physical or mental) Ex. Mr. Auten
sleeps a lot.
2) Linking Verb- word that “links” the
subject to the predicate. Ex. Mr.
Auten seems very tired.
The context of a sentence determines
whether it is an action verb or a linking
verb.
Linking Verbs- Forms of the verb be:
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Helping Verbs- adds or accompanies
with the main verb to form a verb
phrase. (Identify verb tense) Ex: Forms
of the verb be.
Verb phrase- Helping verb + Main verb
(action or linking)
Pronouns
p. 4
Definition: A word used in the place
of a noun or plural nouns
(substitute).
The noun that the pronoun
replaces is called the antecedent.
Note: The antecedent sometimes is
not stated (obvious).
Types of Pronouns
1) Personal pronouns- Change
their forms to show
a. Person- (1st, 2nd, or 3rd
person)
b. Number- (Singular or
Plural)
c. Case- (Subject, object, or
Possessive- always act like
adjectives)
** Pronouns can have all of the
same functions in a sentence as a
noun ***
Adjectives
P.5
Definition: A word that describes a
noun or pronoun (NOTHING ELSE).
Adjectives will tell you the answer to
these questions:
1) What kind?
2) Which one or ones?
3) How many or how much?
Articles- Most common adjectives
Indefinite articles- a, an
Definite article- The
Proper Adjective- Adjectives that are
formed from Proper Nouns. (Always
Capitalized)
The movie is considered a great
American classic.
Adverbs
P.6
An adverb is a word used to modify
a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.
Adverbs will answer the following
questions:
1) Where? I dropped my pencil
outside.
2) When? I must eat immediately.
3) How? My tongue froze instantly
to the pole.
4) To what extent (How much or
how long) I never go out after
dark.
Helpful hints:
a) Adverbs frequently end in –ly
b) Adverbs modify verbs more
than anything else.
c) Never and not (negation) are
always adverbs!
d) Too, much, very- are
intensifiers. They usually
modify other modifiers
(adverbs and adjectives)
“It is too hot in the hot tub.”
I am very tired today.
I ate way too much pizza last
night.
Prepositions
p. 7
Definition: A word to show a relationship of
a noun or pronoun to some other word in
the sentence. (Gives you a description or
detail)
Prepositional Phrase- Preposition with an
object. (Noun or pronoun- object of a
preposition)
Across the dusty trail.- prep. And Op
Helpful Hint- If you remove a prep. Phrase
from the sentence, the sentence will still
make sense.
*Prepositions always have an object.
Prepositions are frequently found at the
beginning or end of sentences and may
have commas.
Examples- of, with, to, at, for, over, like,
near
Two types of Prep. PhrasesAdjective Prep. Phrase- describe or add
detail to another noun or pronoun in a
sentence.
Ex. The puppy with the broken leg limped
home.
Adverb Prep. Phrase- describes a verb,
adjective, or other adverb in a sentence.
Ex- The green car flew over the wall.
Conjunction
p.8
Definition: A conjunction is a word that joins
two or more things together (words or phrases
or clauses or sentences. . . )
Coordinating Conjunction:
And, or, but, for, nor, yet, so
Correlative Conjunction:
Both. . .and, Neither. . .nor, Either. . . or,
Not only. . . but also
Our class will bring either the punch or the
cookies.
Interjections
p.9
Definition: A word that expresses emotion that
has absolutely no grammatical purpose in a
sentence.
Ex. Gosh! I love grammar.
Gee, do we have to do this any longer?
*!#@ !!!! that hurt.
Object & Subject Complements
p. 10
Complement - A word or group of words that
completes the meaning started by Subject and
verb.
Ex. Allison packed the stuffed animals in her
suitcase. (Animals complete the idea of what
Allison packed).
Direct Object- Receives the action of the verb.
Direct Object (D.O.) must have the following:
1) There must be an action verb in the
sentence.
2) Is a noun or pronoun for part of speech
3) Answers the question of what or whom
for the verb.
4) Can never be in a prepositional phrase
EX.- Dad used a shoe to strike down the ant.
(Shoe answers “what” dad used)
Indirect Object- Usually comes BEFORE the
direct object and tells to whom or for whom
the action verb is done.
Indirect Object (IO) must have the following:
1) Must have an action verb
2) Must have a direct object in the
sentence.
3) Must be a noun or pronoun.
4) Can never be in a prepositional phrase.
Ex.- The student gave me clear directions for
getting lost in the woods.
(Me is the IO received the action of giving
Directions is the DO- What the verb was doing)
Subject Complements
Def: A subject complement is a word that
follows a Linking Verb (See p.4 for Linking
verbs) and refers back to (explains or describes)
the subject.
Two types of Subject Complements:
1)Predicate Nominative (noun)- A noun or
pronoun that follows a linking verb referring
back to the subject.
EX.- I am a large man
(man follows L.V- am & refers back to the
subject- I)
EX.- He is one of the fattest dogs I’ve seen.
(one follows the L.V-is & refers back to the
subject- He)
2)Predicate Adjective- An adjective that follows
a Linking Verb and modifies the subject
EX- My lunch tasted terrible today.
(terrible follows L.V- tasted and gives more
detail about the subject- lunch)
EX- I am happy to be here today.
*** Both Predicate Adjectives and Predicate
Nominatives are called Subject
Complements********
Verbal and Verbal Phrases
P.
11
Verbals- A verb form that functions as another
part of speech.
Three Forms of Verbals:
1) Participle
2) Gerund
3) Infinitive
Participle- A verb form that is used as an
adjective.
Two types of participles
1) Past participle- Verbs that end in –ed, d,
or t.
Ex- The crumpled newspapers were starting
to tear.
2) Present participle- Verbs that end in
-ing.
Ex. The running baby fell and cried.
Participial PhraseA group of related words containing a participle
and acts as an adjective.
Ex. Bumping his head on the door, the child
dropped to the floor.
Bumping- the participle.
Head-a direct object for the verb Bumping
On the door- is a prepositional phrase
describing where he bumped his head (adverb)
** The entire phrase is an adjective modifying
Child!!!!!!
GERUNDS
Gerund- a verb form ending in –ing that
functions as a noun.
Ex.- Swimming is a sport requiring dedication
and buoyancy.
Gerunds can be the following in a sentence:
1) Subject
2) Direct Object
3) Indirect Object
4) Object of Preposition
5) Predicate Nominative
Gerund Phrase- Includes the Gerund (Verb
ending in –ing) and all the words related to it.
***Important***
1)The entire Gerund phrase acts as the part of
speech (Think substitution in math)
Ex. The staff enjoyed beating the eighth grade
teams in the basketball games.
The gerund phrase is underlined and serves as
the Direct Object for the sentence.
Ex. Driving a car can be both dangerous and
fun.
The gerund phrase is underlined and serves as
the subject for this sentence.
Ex. The impact of owning a dog can lead to
higher medical costs for the family.
The underlined gerund phrase is serving as the
object of the preposition.
Infinitives
An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a
noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
1. Infinitives always start with to.
EX. To win, to go, to make. . .
2. There are no endings on the verbs- just
the base form (infinitive form)
Infinitives follow the same rules as the part of
speech it functions as.
Ex. To forgive does not mean you are a sissy.
(Infinitive as noun & Subject.
Infinitive phrase- consists of an infinitive with
its modifiers and complements.
Subject of sentence- (Noun)
To kiss the girl requires interest and hormones.
(To Kiss- Infinitive; girl- DO of To kiss)AdjectiveThe best time to visit Grandma is for dinner.
(to visit- describes time; Grandma is DO of visit)
AdverbThey were happy to try.
(to try- describes the adjective happy)
Appositives
P.12
Appositive- A noun or pronoun that explains
the noun or pronoun it follows.
Mr. Auten, my 8th grade teacher, is a strange
balding man.
Teacher is the appositive describing Mr. Auten.
Appositive Phrase- A phrase that has an
appositive with its modifiers.
Allison, my daughter with really cute dimples, is
tormented by her brother.
Daughter- appositive
With really cute dimples- prep phrase
describing daughter.
Note- **Appositives phrases are always set
apart by commas- they are non-essential.