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Organic Chemistry is the branch of chemistry
that focuses on carbon containing
compounds.
Saturated Molecules – molecules that are
considered “full” because they only have
single bonds throughout the compound
Unsaturated Molecules – molecules that have
at least one double or triple bond
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Organic compounds can undergo some
special reaction types:
Substitution Reaction – a special type of
replacement reaction where one or more
atoms replace another atom or group of
atoms in an organic molecule.
Example:
 CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
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Addition Reaction – a special type of
synthesis reaction in which an atom or
molecule is added to an unsaturated
molecule and increases the saturation of the
molecule. It results in double or triple bonds
turning into single or double bonds.
Example
CH2=CH2 + H2  CH3-CH3
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Condensation Reaction – a double
replacement chemical reaction in which two
or more molecules combine to produce water
or another simple molecule and a larger
organic molecule.
Example:
CH3N-H + HO-CH3  CH3NCH3 + H2O
H
H
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Elimination Reaction – a special type of
decomposition reaction in which a simple
molecule such as water or ammonia is
removed from a larger organic compound.
Example
H OH
H-C-C-H  H-C=C-H + H2O
HH
H H
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Polymerization Reactions – a special type of
synthesis reaction in which small molecules
called monomers combine together to make
giant molecules called polymers.
Example
CH2=CH2 + CH2=CH2  -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
All of these reactions are extremely important to life.
 Your body needs energy, so it turns to carbohydrates
- organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen in the generic formula, C6nH10n+2O5n+1
 The simplest carbohydrate is called a
monosaccharide (n=1), which glucose (blood sugar) is
the most common for us.
 So to store energy, the body can link two
monosaccarides together to make a disaccharide
(like sucrose; table sugar) or many to make a
polysaccharide (like glycogen).
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Proteins are extremely important for life as
well.
They allow your cells to receive nutrients,
make it possible to move, and are used to
make many structures in your body.
They are also a polymer made up from
thousands of small organic compounds called
amino acids.
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To make proteins, we need more polymers in our
body, DNA and RNA.
DNA is a polymer made up of nucleic acids, which is
another small organic molecule.
DNA is stored in the nucleus of the cell to try to
protect it and RNA is a copied version of DNA that is
allowed to leave the nucleus.
When RNA is translated by the cell, it tells the cell
what order to put the amino acids in to properly
make a protein.
Both DNA and RNA use the nucleic acids cytosine,
guanine and adenine. But DNA uses thymine and
RNA uses uracil for their fourth base unit.