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BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
Lesson plan 2017- 18
Class XI C
Subject History
Month - April
Chapter-1
From the beginning of time
10
TTT- 6Pds
No of Periods:
WT: 4Prds
Chapter 1
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Learning Objectives
From the beginning of time
Timeline I (6 MYA TO 1 BCE)
The Story of Human Evolution (a) The Precursors of
Modern Human Beings
The story of human evolution(b) Modern Human beings
Early Humans :Way of obtaining food
Early humans: From Tree, to Caves and Open air sites
Early Humans: Making Tools
Modes of Communication :Language and Art
Hunter Gatherer Society
Familiarize the learner with the ways of reconstructing
human evolution.
Discuss whether the experience of present day hunting
gathering people can be used to understand early societies.
NCERT Text Book
Extra marks smart class, SLM.
Mind Map.
Topic wise question and Answer
Internet research/Videos and images from the internet.
Resources
Activities
•
Class Work Written
1. What are the different Sources to understand early human
history?
2. Distinguish betweena) Hominoids and Hominids
b) Australopithecus and Homo
Map Work
3. What are the two lines of evidence that suggest an African
origin for hominids?
4. Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback
mechanism on page 13. Can you list the inputs that went
into tool making? What were the processes that were
strengthened by tool making?
5. “The issue of the place of origin of modern humans has
been much debated. “Explain using examples.
6. Explain development of language and painting as media of
communication?
7. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of
using ethnographic accounts to reconstruct the lives of the
earliest peoples
Home Work
1. Explain different ways of obtaining food by early man?
2. Where do we find evidences of painting? What is depicted
in the paintings? what are the probable reasons given by the
Historians for the paintings.
Assessment
Period wise plan
Period 1-2
Class Test
Time line
• TimeLine focuses on the emergence of humans and the
Domestication of plants and animals.
• It highlights some major technological developments such
as the use of fire, metals, plough agriculture and the wheel.
• Other processes that are shown include the emergence of
cities and the use of writing.
Pg 5
Sources to understand early human history
• Discoveries of human fossils, stone tools and cave paintings
help us to understand early human history.
• Stone tools made and used by early humans are available in
various parts of Africa and Europe. Stone tools such as
pebbles, sharp stones, stone blades etc. were used for
various purposes in early human life.
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Paintings found on the walls of the caves in Europe and
Africa are helping us to understand early human history.
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Most scholars refused to accept that these objects were the
remains of early humans. They did not believe the ability of
early humans to make stone tools or paint.
Because according to Old Testament of the Bible, human
origin was an act of Creation by God. After a few years the
true significance of these finds was realised.
Pg 8-9
The Story of Human Evolution
• Between 36 million years and 24 million
years primates, a category of mammals emerged in Asia
and Africa. Primates are a subgroup of a larger group of
mammals. Between 24 MYA and 5.6 MYA there
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Period 3 and 4
emerged a subgroup amongst primates, called
hominoids. Hominoids are different from monkeys in a
number of ways. They have a larger body and do not
have a tail. Besides, there is a longer period of infant
development and dependency amongst hominoids.
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Between 5.6 MYA and 1.8 MYA hominids have
evolved from hominoids and share certain common
features and have major differences as well. They
differences were,
S.NO
Hominoids
1
Hominoids have
a smaller brain
2
They are
quadrupeds,
walking on all
Four legs
3
They have
flexible
forelimbs
And marked
differences in
the hand
Period 5
Hominids
Hominoids have
a little bigger brain
Hominids have an
upright posture and
bipedal locomotion
(walking on two feet)
They have flexibility in
hand, leg and fingers
which helped them to
make tools and weapons.
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Hominids are further subdivided into two branches,
known as Australopithecus and Homo.
The Australopithecus have smaller brain size, heavier
jaws and larger teeth than the Homo.
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Homo is a Latin word, meaning ‘man’,
Fossils are classified as Homo habilis (the tool
maker), Homo erectus (the upright man), and Homo
sapiens (the wise or thinking man).
Pg.10-12
The positive feedback mechanism
• Some of the features or developments in the anatomy of
early human beings favored or shaped them to become
modern human beings. These developments are together
called positive feedback mechanism.
• Bipedalism or upright walking helped to use less energy for
hunting, carrying infants, making and using weapons.
• Flexibility in hands and fingers enabled hands to be freed
for carrying infants or objects. In turn, as hands were used
more and more running became easy.
• Growth in the size of the brain helped for thinking,
Period 6
Period 7
memorizing, planning and realizing to make new attempts
for further developments.
• Visual surveillance improved in early humans it favored for
long distance walking, search food, find animals and many
more works.
Pg 13-15
The Replacement and Regional Continuity Model Theories
(OR)
The Centre of Human Origin
• According to the regional continuity model, the Homo
sapiens originated in different regions (continents) and
gradually evolved at different rates into modern humans.
• According to the replacement model human beings first
originated in a single region, which is Africa and migrated
to all the other regions (continents).
Pg.16
Early Humans: Ways of Obtaining Food
• Early humans would have obtained food through a number
of ways, such as gathering, hunting, scavenging and fishing.
From Trees, to Caves and Open-air Sites
• One way of reconstructing the evidence for patterns of
residence this is by plotting the distribution of artefacts.
• The first shelter was tree and which could have been shared
by hominids, other primates and carnivores.
• Between 400,000 and 125,000 years ago, natural caves
began to be used by them
• At, Terra Amata on the coast of southern France, flimsy
shelters with roofs of wood and grasses were built for shortterm, seasonal visits.
• Houses made of stone and baked clay and burnt bone along
with stone tools, dated between 1.4 and 1 mya. Pg 17-20
Early Humans: Making Tools
• The earliest evidence for the making and use of stone tools
comes from sites in Ethiopia and Kenya.
• About 35,000 years ago, improved tools such as spear
throwers and the bow and arrow were used.
• There were other needs such as the trapping of fur-bearing
animals (to use the fur for clothing) and the invention of
sewing needles.
Modes of Communication: Language
• Hundreds of paintings of animals done between 30,000
and12, 000 years ago have been discovered in the caves of
France and Spain.
• Animals were associated with rituals and magic.
• Another explanation offered is that these caves were
possibly meeting places for small groups of people or
locations for group activities.
• These groups could share hunting techniques and
knowledge.
Pg.20-23
Period 8
Period 9
Hunter-Gatherer Societies From the Present to the Past
• One group of scholars suggests that data from present-day
hunter-gatherer societies can be used to understand the past
societies.
• Another group of scholars who feel that ethnographic data
cannot be used for understanding past societies.
Developments between 10,000 and 4,500 BCE in early human
life
• Between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, people in different
parts of the world learnt to domesticate certain plants and
animals.
• With the introduction of agriculture, more people began to
stay in one place for even longer periods than they had done
before.
• Farming and pastoralism led to the introduction of many
other changes such as the making of pots in which to store
grain and other produce, and to cook food.
• Besides, new kinds of stone tools came into use. Other new
tools such as the wooden plough were used in agriculture.
Gradually, people became familiar with metals such as
copper and tin.
• The wheel, important for both pot making and
transportation, came into use. About 5,000 years ago, even
larger concentrations of people began to live together in
cities.
Pg.23-26
Map Work/ Extra Marks SLM/QA
Period 10
Class Test
BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
Lesson plan 2017-18
Class XI C
Subject History
Month - April
Chapter-2
Writing and City Life
TTT- 5Pds
Chapter 2
Learning Objectives
Resources
Activities
Class Work Written
No of Periods: 9
WT: 4Pds
Writing and City Life
9. Mesopotamia and its geography
10. The significance of urbanization
11. Movement of goods into cities
12. The development of Writing
13. The system of writing
14. Literacy
15. The uses of writing
16. Urbanization in the Southern Mesopotamia: Temple and
Kings
17. Life in the city
18. A Trading town in a pastoral zone
19. Cities in Mesopotamian culture
20. Legacy of writing
Familiarise the learner with the nature of early urban
centres.
Discuss whether writing is a significant marker of
civilization.
NCERT Text Book
Extra marks smart class, SLM.
Mind Map
Topic wise question and Answer
Internet research/Videos and images from the internet.
8. What are the different Names used for the Mesopotamian
civilization?
9. What are the features of Mesopotamian civilization?
10. What are the different Sources to understand
Mesopotamian Civilization?
11. What is the significance of Urbanism in Mesopotamia?
12. Explain the Development and system of Writing in
Mesopotamia.
13. How did people construct and maintain temples in
Mesopotamia?
14. “Mari is a good example of an urban centre prospering on
trade.” Explain.
15. Explain the Legacy of Writing (Science and Technology)
in Mesopotamia.
Home Work
1. How did a pastoral zone become a Trading Town in the
northern part of Mesopotamia?
2. What were the technical advances at Uruk around 3000
BCE? List them.
Assessment
Period wise plan
Period 1
Class Test
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Period 2-3
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Different Names used for the same civilization
Mesopotamian civilisation - The name Mesopotamia is
derived from the Greek words mesos, meaning middle,
and potamos, meaning river. Mesopotamia means the land
between the (Euphrates and the Tigris) rivers.
Sumerian Civilisation- The first known language of
Mesopotamia was Sumerian. That is why this civilization
is otherwise called as Sumerian Civilisation
Babylonian Civilisation- After 2000 BCE, when Babylon
became an important city of this civilization it is called as
Babylonian Civilisation.
Akkadian Civilisation -Around 2400 BCE when Akkadian
speakers arrived and established their rule in southern part
of Mesopotamia it was called as Akkadian civilisation.
Assyrians Civilisation - when Assyrians speakers arrived
and established their rule in southern part of Mesopotamia
it was called as Assyrians civilisation
Features of Mesopotamian civilisation
Mesopotamian civilisation is known for its prosperity, city
life, voluminous and rich literature, its mathematics and
astronomy.
Mesopotamia’s writing system and literature spread to the
eastern Mediterranean, northern Syria, and Turkey.
Sources to understand Mesopotamian civilization
We study hundreds of Mesopotamian buildings, statues,
ornaments, graves, tools and seals as sources.
There are thousands of written documents as well to study
Mesopotamian Civilisation.
Pg.29-30
Mesopotamia and its Geography
Mesopotamia is a land of diverse environments.
In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe,
where animal herding offers people a better livelihood
than agriculture – after the winter rains, sheep and goats
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Period 4
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feed on the grasses and low shrubs that grow here.
In the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of
communication into the mountains of Iran.
The south is a desert – and this is where the first cities and
writing emerged. This desert could support cities because
the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern
mountains, carry loads of silt.
The Significance of Urbanism in Mesopotamia
Urban centres involve in various economic activities such
as food production, trade, manufactures and services.
City people, thus, cease to be self-sufficient and depend on
the products or services of other people.
There is continuous interaction among them.
There must be a social organization in Cities.
Thus, organized trade, storage, deliveries of grain and
other food items from the village to the city were
controlled and supervised by the rulers.
Movement of Goods into Cities and communication
Mesopotamians could have traded their abundant textiles
and agricultural produce for wood, copper, tin, silver, gold,
shell and various stones from Turkey and Iran, or across
the Gulf.
Regular exchange was possible only when there was a
social organization to equip foreign expeditions and
exchanges of goods.
The canals and natural channels of ancient Mesopotamia
were in fact routes of goods transport between large and
small settlements.
Pg.30-33
The Development of Writing in Mesopotamia
The first Mesopotamian tablets were written around 3200
BCE, which contained picture-like signs and numbers.
These were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves,
etc. – lists of goods that were brought into or distributed
from the temples of Uruk.
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would
wet clay and pat it into a size he could hold comfortably in
one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With
the sharp end of a reed, he would press wedge-shaped
(cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it
was still moist.
Once dried in the sun, the clay tablet would harden and
tablets would be almost as indestructible as pottery.
By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform, and the
language was Sumerian.
Sumerian, the earliest known language of Mesopotamia,
was gradually replaced after2400 BCE by the Acadian
language.
Pg.3334
Period 5
The System of Writing in cuneiform
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Cuneiform sign did not represent a single consonant or
vowel but syllable.
Thus, the signs that a Mesopotamian scribe had to learn
ran into hundreds.
Writing was a skilled craft but, more important, it was an
enormous intellectual achievement, conveying in visual
form the system of sounds of a particular language.
Literacy in Mesopotamia
Very few Mesopotamians could read and write. Not only
there were hundreds of signs to learn but many of these
were complex.
Pg.34-35
Construction and maintenance of temples in
Mesopotamia
As the archaeological record shows, villages were periodically
relocated in Mesopotamian history because of flood in the river
and change in the course of the river.
When there was continuous warfare in a region, those chiefs
who had been successful in war could oblige their followers by
distributing the loot, and could take prisoners from the defeated
groups to employ in the temple for various works.
In time, victorious chiefs began to offer precious booty tothe
gods and thus beautify the community’s temples.
War captives and local people were put to work for the temple,
or directly for the ruler.
With rulers commanding people to fetch stones or metal ores,
to come and make bricks or lay the bricks for a temple, or else
to go to a distant country to fetch suitable materials.
Pg.36-
38
Life in the City of Ur
Period 6
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In Mesopotamian society the nuclear family was the norm,
although a married son and his family often resided with his
parents. The father was the head of the family.
Narrow winding streets indicate that wheeled carts could not
have reached many of the houses.
There were no street drains of the kind we find in
contemporary Mohenjodaro. Drains and clay pipes were instead
found in the inner courtyards of the Ur houses and it is thought
that house roofs sloped inwards and rainwater was channeled
via the drainpipes into sumps in the inner courtyards.
There were superstitions about houses, recorded in omen tablets
at Ur.
Pg.39-40
Period 7
A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone( Life in the city of
Mari)
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After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Mari stands
not on the southern plain with its highly productive
agriculture but much further upstream on the Euphrates.
Such groups would come in as herders, harvest labourersor
hired soldiers, occasionally become prosperous, and settle
down.
A few gained the power to establish their own rule. These
included.
Located on the Euphrates in a prime position for trade – in
wood, copper, tin, oil, wine, and various other goods that were
carried in boats along the Euphrates – between the south and the
mineral rich uplands of Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
Boats carrying grinding stones, wood, and wine and oil jars,
would stop at Mari on their wayt o the southern cities.
Officers of this town would go aboard, inspect the cargo and
levy a charge of about one-tenth the value of the goods before
allowing the boat to continue downstream.
Thus, although the kingdom of Mari was not militarily strong,
but it was exceptionally prosperous.
Pg.41-44
Period 8
The Legacy of Writing (Science and Technology) in
Mesopotamia
• The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its
scholarly tradition of time reckoning and mathematics.
• Dating around 1800 BCE are tablets with multiplication
and division tables, square- and square-root tables, and
tables of compound interest.
• The division of the year into 12 months according to the
revolution of the moon around the earth, the division of the
month into four weeks, the day into 24 hours, and the hour
into 60 minutes .
• Solar and lunar eclipses were observed.
Pg. 4546
Map Work/ Extra Marks SLM/QA
Period 9
Class Test