Download Lecture 16 and 17-Embryology According to Dr. Paulman, every

Lecture 16 and 17-Embryology
1. According to Dr. Paulman, every neurological structure derives from what?
a. Ectoderm
b. Neural plate
c. Neural fold
d. Neural crest
2. What is responsible for forming the ventricular system of the bran and the central canal of the
spinal cord?
a. Neural plate
b. Neural fold
c. Neural crest
d. Neural groove
3. Which of the following structures is the neural crest cells NOT responsible for building?
a. Peripheral nervous system
b. Teeth
c. Lungs
d. Adrenal medulla
4. A patient comes in with poor teeth, bad eyesight, no pigment in the skin, and hearing problems.
What caused this?
a. Failure of the caudal neuropore to close
b. Failure of neural crest cell migration
c. Swelling of the cerebral hemisphere
d. Obstruction in the ventricular system
5. Which of the following vesicles will form the pons?
a. Prosencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Rhombencephalon
d. Diencephalon
6. Glioblast eventually form into what type of cells?
a. Neurons
b. Microglial cells
c. Epithelium of choroid plexus
d. Astrocytes
7. What is the mechanism behind anencephaly?
a. Obstruction in the ventricular system
b. Failure of the cranial neuropore to close
c. Failure of the caudal neuropore to close
d. Failure of the neural crest cells migrating
8. What condition is caused by the failure of the caudal neuropore?
a. Spina bifida
b. Microcephaly
c. Hydrocephalus
d. Albinism
9. Floor plate is to ________ as roof plate is to___________.
a. Sensory, motor
b. Motor, sensory
10. The hypophyseal develops from what layer?
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B
D
C
B
C
D
B
A
B
A
Lecture 18- Sensory Receptors and Pathways
1. Which of the following correctly characterizes slowing adapting mechanoreceptors?
a. Activated by any factor that damages the tissue
b. Adapt quickly and signal a change in a stimulus
c. Signal continued presence and intensity of stimulus
d. Detect heat and cold
2. Which of the following is responsible for allowing a receptor potential to occur so that an action
potential can then occur and travel to the CNS?
a. Ions traveling through stretch-gated channels
b. Ions traveling through voltage-gated channels
c. The hyperpolarization of ions
d. A small stimulus
3. Pacinian corpuscles differ from meissner’s corpuscles by which of the following characteristics?
a. PC have a small receptive field with 1 or 2 maximal sensitivity areas
b. MC have a large receptive field with 1 or 2 maximal sensitivity areas
c. MC have numerous large receptive fields
d. PC have a large receptive field with 1 or 2 maximal sensitivity areas
4. If you have a small point discrimination, do you have a large or small receptive field?
5. A patient has complete sensory loss over their medial malleolus, dorsum of the foot, and
calcaneous (L4-S1). Which of the following syndromes do they have?
a. Brown-Sequard Syndrome
b. Spinal Ganglion Syndrome
c. Dorsal Root Syndrome
d. Friederich’s Ataxia
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
A
D
Small receptive field
C
Lecture 19-Reflexes
1. Which of the following is NOT a property of reflexes?
a. Require stimulation
b. Reflect circuits contain many interneurons
c. Involuntary
d. You can have innate reflexes and somatic reflexes
2. Which of the following is FALSE about spinal reflexes?
a. They are innate skeletal muscle reflexes
b. They are exclusively somatic
c. They are mediated by the spinal cord and some contribution of the brainstem
d. They can be suppressed by conscious thought
3. Muscle spindles monitor muscle________ as Golgi tendon organs monitor muscle_______.
a. Cranial reflex, spinal reflex
b. Spinal reflex, crania reflex
c. Length, tension
d. Tension, length
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Intrafusal fibers are regular contractile fibers.
b. Secondary ending sensory nerve fibers supply only nuclear bag fibers.
c. The static gamma-motor neuron supplies nuclear chain fibers.
d. Nuclear chain fibers consist of clustered nuclei.
5. When you step on glass on your left foot, your ipsilateral motor neurons to your flexors are
excited. What occurs in the contralateral leg?
a. The ispilateral flexor contracts
b. The contralateral motor neurons to the extensors are inhibited
c. The contralateral extensor relaxes
d. The contralateral motor neurons to the extensors are excited
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
B
C
C
D
Lecture 20-Cortical and Brainstem Control
1. Damage to_________would cause movement abnormalities as damage to_________would
cause weakness.
a. Higher centers (basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum), UMN/LMN
b. UMN/LMN, higher centers (basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum)
2. Which of the following describes the supplementary motor cortex?
a. Intention to perform a movement
b. Spatial relationships between body and outside world
c. Coordinate bilateral movements
d. Decision-making
3. A patient has trouble balancing and compensating for tilts and movements in her posture.
Which of the following tracts are affected?
a. Rubrospinal Tract
b. Anterior Corticospinal Tract
c. Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
d. Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
4. The facial nucleus for the lower face receive ipsilateral or contralateral projections? (for the
most part)
5. A patient comes in and had trouble turning her head to the RIGHT and elevating her shoulder. A
lesion of what nerve would cause this AND to what side is the lesion on?
a. CN 11; the lesion is on the LEFT
b. CN 12; the lesion is on the LEFT
c. CN 11; the lesion is on the RIGHT
d. CN 12; the lesion is on the RIGHT
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
C
D
Contralateral projections
A
Lecture 21-Basal Ganglia
1. Which of the following vasculature would affect the dopaminergic inputs to the basal ganglia if
lesioned?
a. Anterior cerebral artery
b. Anterior choroidal artery
c. Perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery
d. Perforating braches of the posterior cerebral artery
2. Which of the following nuclei is most important input to the basal ganglia for motor control
pathways?
a. Putamen
b. Pars reticulata
c. caudate
d. pars compacta
3. The direct pathway causes ___________of the thalamus whereas the indirect pathway
causes________ of the thalamus.
a. Inhibition, excitation
b. Excitation, inhibition
4. A patient comes in with absences of arm movements while walking, resting tremor,
bradykinesia, flat-footed gait. Which of the following mechanisms cause this?
a. Decrease input from ventral lateral thalamus to motor cortex
b. Increase input from ventral medial thalamus to motor cortex
c. Decrease an inhibitory influence on the indirect pathway
d. Increasing an excitatory influence on the direct pathway
e. Both A and C
5. Which of the following mechanisms would excite the thalamus?
a. Decrease an inhibitory influence on GPe
b. Increase the inhibiting influence from the striatum onto the GPi
c. Less excitatory output from the subthalamic nucleus
d. All the above
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D
A
B
E
D
Lecture 22-Pathophysiology
1. Which of the following characterizes Fabry Disease?
a. Overproduction and accumulation of uric acid
b. Unable to process amino acids properly
c. Hepatosplenomegaly
2.
3.
4.
5.
d. Build up ofGL3
A patient comes in with dystonia, ballismus, and hematuria. Which of the following is another
characteristic of this disease?
a. Low levels of dopamine
b. Conjunctiva
c. Seizures
d. Vasogenic edema
The treatment to this disease is dietary restriction of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. What’s the
diagnosis?
a. Maple Syrup Urine Disease
b. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
c. Fabry Disease
d. Niemann-Pick Disease
This disease is characterized by cherry-red spots in the macula of the eye. How is it inherited?
a. X-linked
b. Autosomal dominant
c. Autosomal recessive
d. Mutation in DLD gene
Which type of Niemann-Pick Disease is NON-nuerological?
a. Type A
b. Type B
c. Type C
d. Type D
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D
A
A
C
B
Lecture 23-Hypothalamus
1. Which of the following is NOT involved with afferent fibers to the hypothalamus?
a. Fornix
b. Medial forebrain bundle
c. Stria terminalis
d. Mamillotegmental tract
2. Which of the following is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary?
a. TSH
b. FSH
c. ACTH
d. ADH
3. Does the posterior pituitary have direct vascular access to release hormones?
4. Lesion in anterior preoptic region of the hypothalamus would lead to what?
a. Hypothermia
b. Hyperthermia
c. Hyponatremia
d. Polydipsia
5. A patient has compulsive overeating that can lead to obesity. This could be caused by a lesion
where?
a. Lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus
b. Media preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
c. Posterior nuceli of the hypothalamus
d. Ventralmedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D
D
No, a neural projection stimulates a hormone release
B
D
Lecture 24-Thalamus
1. Which part of the diencephalon regulates circadian rhythms?
a. Epithalamus
b. Thalamus
c. Subthalamus
d. Hypothalamus
2. The spinothalamic and PCML pathway travel through which part of the thalamus? (Think of
what would happen if you had a lesion here)
a. Ventral anterior nucleus
b. Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
c. Ventral posterior medial nucleus
d. Lateral dorsal nucleus
3. The trigeminothalamic tract travel through which part of the thalamus? (Think of what would
happen if you had a lesion here)
a. Ventral anterior nucleus
b. Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
c. Ventral posterior medial nucleus
d. Lateral dorsal nucleus
4. If you had a lesion in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus, what symptoms would you show?
a. Motor disturbances
b. Alternations in personality
c. Abnormal sensation
d. Decreased motivation
5. All sensory pathways other than what relay in the thalamus?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
B, you would have sensory loss of pain, temperature, fine touch, and proprioception
C, you would have sensory loss of touch, pain, and temperature in the face
C, think of Thalamic (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome)
Olfaction
Lecture 25-Limbic System
1. Which of the following is active during sadness?
a. Medial prefrontal cortex
b. Amygdala
c. Genu of the corpus callosum
d. Septa nuclei
2. Which of the following is involved in moving types of memory from short to long shortage?
a. Mammillary bodies
b. Hippocampus
c. Fornix
d. Septa nuclei
3. In this study, animals are fearless and absent of emotional reactions. Humans became more
sexual, ate more, and have visual agnosia. Which of the following were damaged?
a. Amygdala
b. Septa nuclei
c. Parahippocampus gyrus
d. Medial prefrontal cortex
e. Both A and C
4. Which of the following is associated with the olfactory system?
a. Medial nuclei of the amygdala
b. Central nuclei of the amygdala
c. Basolateral nuceli of the amygdala
d. Fornix
5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Korsakoff’s Psychosis?
a. Damage to the mammillary bodies
b. Vitamin B12 deficiency
c. Anterograde amnesia
d. Associated with chronic alcoholics
Answers
1. C
2. B
3. E, this is also known as Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
4. A
5. B
Lecture 26-Cerebellum
1. Lesions on the cerebellar vermis would cause what?
a. Truncal ataxia
b. Appendicular ataxia
c. Freidreich’s ataxia
d. Affect the movement of the extremities
2. Which of the following is active just before voluntary movements?
a. Fastigal nucleus
b. Globose nucleus
c. Emboliform nucleus
d. Dendate nucleus
3. The posterior spinocerebellar pathway ascends to what structure?
a. Clarke’s nucleus
b. Superior cerebellar peduncle
c. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
d. Inferior olivary nucleus
4. Patient comes in with ataxia on the movement of the extremities. Where is the lesion?
a. Mid-line cerebellar vermis
b. Superior cerebellar artery
c. Intermediate and lateral portions of cerebellar hemisphere
d. Pontine nuclei
5. Where does a climbing fiber arise (a climbing fiber winds around Purkinje cell making thousands
of excitatory synapses)?
a. Ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus
b. Contralateral cerebellar peduncle
c. Ipsilateral cerebellar peduncle
d. Contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
D
C
C
D
Lecture 27-Cerebrum
1. Which of the following is responsible for taste?
a. Limbic lobe
2.
3.
4.
5.
b. Occipital lobe
c. Insula
d. Frontal lobe
Which of Brodmann’s Areas contains the primary visual cortex?
a. 4
b. 22
c. 17
d. 41
Which of the following influences the overall sensitivity of a body region and the size of its
representation in the cortex?
a. Types of peripheral receptors
b. Density of distribution
c. Receptive fields
d. All of the above
Which of the following types of fibers would you find in the corpus callosum?
a. Arcuate fibers
b. Association fibers
c. Commissural fibers
d. Projection fibers
Where do the corticobulbar tract fibers travel through?
a. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
b. Genu of the internal capsule
c. Small pyramidial
d. Large pyramidial
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
C
D
C
B
Lecture 28-Physiology of Sleep
1. In which phase of sleep would you get the most restorative sleep?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. REM
2. In reference to question 2, what kind of waves would you see on the electroencephalogram?
a. Alpha
b. Beta
c. Theta
d. Gamma
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
a. REM atonia
b. Release of monoamines is shut down
c. Fast rolling eye movements
d. Heart and breathing rates are irregular
4. A deficiency in orexin A and orexin B would cause?
a. Sleep apnea
b. Desynchronization
c. Narcolepsy
d. Restless syndrome
5. Somnabulism is a fancy word for what?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
D
C
C
Sleepwalking
Lecture 29-Higher Cortical Function
1. The patient seems careless, has socially unacceptable behavior and loss of initiative. Where is
the lesion?
a. Primary motor cortex
b. Frontal eye field
c. Parietal association cortex
d. Prefrontal cortex
2. The patient has trouble gazing to the RIGHT. Where is the lesion in the frontal eye field?
a. Right
b. Left
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Broca’a Aphasia?
a. Infarct in the left middle cerebral artery, inferior division
b. Decreased frequency of spontaneous speech
c. Lack prosody
d. Frustration and depression
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wernicke’s Aphasia?
a. Impaired comprehension
b. Impaired repetition
c. Empty, meaningless words
d. Aware of their deficit
5. This lesion causes inability to perform voluntary movement in the absence of paralysis. Where is
the lesion?
a. Premotor cortex
b. Primary motor cortex
c. Supplementary motor cortex
d. Parietal association cortex
Answers
1. D
2. B, lesion produces transient deviation of eyes to ipsilateral side and interference with
contralateral gaze.
3. A
4. D
5. A
Lecture 30-Sensory Pathways
1. If you have a lesion at the trigeminothalamic tract, what would occur?
2. A lesion at the dorsal root could be caused by what?
3. If you had a lesion at the posterior funiculus, what would happen?
a. Contralateral loss of fine touch
b. Contralateral sensory ataxia
c. Ipsilateral loss of pain and temp
d. Ipsilateral conscious proprioception
4. Which of the following describes cape-like distribution of pain and temperature loss?
a. Syringomyelia
b. Gray matter syndrome
c. Posterior horn syndrome
d. Dorsal root syndrome
5. An acute syndrome would suggest what?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Loss of fine touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature from the face
A herniated intervertebral disk
D
A
A vascular event
Lecture 31-Motor Pathways
1. Where would you find lower motor neurons?
a. Lateral horn
b. Ventral horn
c. Dorsal horn
2. A lesion at the internal capsule would cause what?
3. In reference to number 2, a laceration of what vasculature would cause this lesion, in specific it
affects the anterior limb of the internal capsule?
4. A patient comes in and can’t move one his entire left side of the body. What term describes
this?
a. Hemiparesis
b. Hemiplegia
c. Paraplegia
d. Paraparesis
5. A patient comes in and shows signs of aphasia, dysarthria, and UMN symptoms. He has LEFT
side weakness of face, arm, and leg. He has higher cortical deficits. Where is the lesion?
a. LEFT primary motor cortex
b. Corticospinal tract from the medulla to the C5 level (ipsilateral)
c. RIGHT primary motor cortex
d. LEFT contralateral arm area of M1
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
Produce weakness of the entire contralateral body and you would have sensory deficit as well
Anterior choroidal artery deep braches
B
C
“Believe in yourself and all that you are. Know that there is something inside you that is greater than any
obstacle.” –Christian D. Larson
Almost done with the roughest part of the block! Woot, woot!