Download IED Study Guide - A.P. Physics 1

2016 Final Exam
Study Guide
Design Process used in IED
1. Identify a Problem
2. Generate Concepts
3. Develop a Solution
4. Construct and Test a
Prototype
5. Evaluate the Solution
6. Present the Solution
This design process was developed based on the University of Maryland - College
Park - IRB Research Project
Know each Step!
• Brainstorming rules?
• What is a design brief?
• What is a decision matrix?
– Exploring different ideas.
• What is a prototype?
• Prototype
• A full-scale working model used to test a design
concept by making actual observations and
necessary adjustments.
Check Point
• What is good practice for an engineers note
book?
• What are two brainstorming rules?
• What type of analysis tool is used to narrow
down ideas?
• The first iPod is best described as an invention or
innovation?
• After a group of engineers generate ideas they
create detailed design solution. The engineers
create what type of drawings?
• Technical Drawings
Front Views
• Recommendations for how to select the front
view
– Most natural position or use
– Shows best shape and characteristic contours
– Longest dimensions
– Fewest hidden lines
– Most stable and natural position
Isometric Pictorials
Isometric means equal
measure.
The edges that converge at this
point will appear as 120 degree
angles or 30 degrees from the
horizon line.
Line Types
B
A
Type of drawing?
Why is tonal
shading used?
Mean, Mode, Median, Range
Mean – add all data divide by data amount
Mode – most occurring
Median – right in the middle
Range – biggest number – smallest number
Area
Area is the extent or measurement of a surface.
All shapes represent enclosed two-dimensional
spaces, and thus have area.
Standard Deviation
• Measure of data variation.
• The standard deviation is a measure of the
spread of data values.
– A larger standard deviation indicates a wider
spread in data values
– Normal distribution - A function that represents
the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bellshaped graph.
Normal Distribution
Distribution
If the data are
normally
distributed:
• 68% of the observations fall within 1 standard deviation of the
mean.
• 95% of the observations fall within 2 standard deviations of the
mean.
• 99.7% of the observations fall within 3 standard deviations of the
mean.
Math
• Volume
• A cast iron cylinder serves as a counterbalance
that is used in a window manufacturer’s doublehung window design. The cylinder has a height of
5.25 inches and a diameter of 1.75 inches. The
weight density of cast iron is .259 lbs/in.3. Use
this information to answer the following
questions.
• What is the volume of the cylinder? Precision =
0.00
Volume: Indirect Measure
• Volume of an irregular object can be
determined indirectly with fluid displacement
Level
Elevates
Volume: Indirect Measure
•
•
•
•
Record water level with only water
Add samples
What is the weight of the
following object if the
density weight is .259lbs?
Record new level
Difference is sample volume
4.50
3.00
Volume
Change
Read
level
here
Meniscus shape is
exagerated for clarity
Surface Area
• A wood board is one of a dozen different parts
in a homemade robot kit. The width, depth,
and height dimensions of the board are 3.5 x
17 x 1.5 inches, respectively. The board is
made from southern yellow pine, which has
an air dry weight density of .021 lbs/in.3.
• What is the surface area of the wood board?
Precision = 0.00
Check point
• What information can a designer use from a
statistical analysis of a product?
• What are the three main views of a sketch or
drawing that are required to depict an object?
• Who is responsible for establishing measurement
standards that are used by engineers and
manufacturers today?
• What is the difference between a geometric
constraint and a numeric constraint?
Reverse Engineering
• Visual
– Elements and Principles
• Aesthetics
• Color, shape, rhythm
• What is a visual analysis of my coffee tumbler?
• Functional
– How it works
– What does the black box indicate?
– What is a functional analysis of my coffee tumbler?
• Structural
– What is it made of?
– Structural Analysis of my coffee tumbler?
Alternate Views
Tolerances
Group Norms
• Principles of right action, guidelines, protocols
and rules of conduct that teams develop, to
guide control, or regulate proper and
acceptable behavior.
Documentation
• Locating a hole
– Size
– Location (2 edges)
Physical Properties
Examples:
•
•
•
•
Volume
Surface Area
Density
Mass
Geometric Constraints Vs. Numeric
Constraints
• Non-numerical relationship between shapes.
• A measurement, angle, or equation.
Inventor
• Degree Of Freedom (Constraints)
Check Point
• What is normal distribution?
• What is the purpose of a design brief?
– A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved,
its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used
to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem
before attempting a solution.
• What are physical properties?
• What are some examples of geometric/numeric
constraints?
• What does tonal shading to do a pictorial sketch?
• Describe a functional analysis?
• Describe a datum dimension.
• How do engineers narrow down a solution to
a problem?
• Why do engineers need an auxiliary view?
• What is a design brief, what is on a design
brief?
• What are physical properties (examples)?
Global, Human, and Ethical Impacts
Ethics
• A set of moral principles or values; a theory or
system of moral values
• The discipline dealing with what is good and
bad and with moral duty and obligation
Ethical Design Dilemmas
• Situations in which decisions you make are in conflict
with what may or may not be morally correct
• Sometimes this is obvious right away, and other
times it is not
• Solutions to open-ended design problems provide
dilemmas that designers face when creating the
product
• Let’s look at some pictures of products and discuss
the ethics involved
Inventions
• What are the ethical consequences suggested
in these pictures?
Product Lifecycle
• Definition
• Five Steps
Raise and Extract
• All consumer products begin their lifecycle with
a dependence on the natural environment
• Some form of energy is always required to extract
the natural resources from the earth or its
atmosphere
Process
• Raw materials are processed or refined
• Energy is required for the processing and refining
Manufacture
• Additional energy is required as the processed or
refined materials move through the manufacturing
and assembly process
Use
• Consumer products are transported to stores
(consuming additional energy) and are ready for
purchase
• Products remain at this stage as long as they are
usable or repairable
Dispose
• When the product is no longer of use to us, we “get
rid” of it