Download blood - Miss Gleason`s Science

Blood
 Transports substances
 Maintains homeostasis
 Type of CT composed of cells w/in a noncellular matrix
 Hematophobia= fear of blood
Blood and Blood Cells
 2 components
1. cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) 45%
2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste)
55%
Hematocrit- volume of blood cells in a sample, should
be 45%. The remaining fluid is plasma 55%.
3 types of blood cells
 Red blood cells- erythrocytes
 White blood cells- leukocytes
 Platelets- therombocytes
Red Blood Cells
 Biconcave shape
 5 mil/ cubic millimeter
 Lacking nuceli
 Do not divide
 Formed in bone marrow= Hemotopoeisis
 Live 120 days phagocytized by liver and spleen
RBC Function
 Transports O₂ throughout body, picks up CO₂
 Hemoglobin= molecule which combines with O₂ to
transport it
Oxygen Levels
 Oxyhemoglobin- oxygen rich- bright red
 Deoxyhemoglobin-not carrying O₂- bluish red
Elements Critical to RBC
Production
 Folic Acid
 Vitamin B12
 Iron- needed to synthesize hemoglobin
 Anemia= too few RBC
 Erythropoietin secreted by kidneys stimulates RBC
formation
White Blood Cells
 Function- defend the body against disease- causing
agents
 Granulocytes- granular cytoplasm
 Agranulocytes- lacking granular cytoplasm
Granulocytes- 3 types
1.

Neutrophils- very active in phagocytosis of bacteria
and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds
60% WBC- most common
2. Eosinophils- attack parasites
 Control allergic reaction
 2 % WBC
3. Basophiles- produce Heparin(prevents blood clots)
 Produces Histamine(causes inflammatory reaction)
 1% WBC
Agranulocytes- 2
1. Monocytes- precursors of macrophates
 Phagocytosis- bacteria, debris, other cells
 6% WBC
2. Lymphocytes- main constituents of the immune
system which is a defense against the attack of
pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria,
fungi, and protista
 Yield antibodies/ arrange them on their membrane
 30% WBC
Platelets (thrombocytes)
 Help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in
damaged vessels
 Arise from cell in bone marrow called megakaryocytes
 These cells fragment and release small sections
(platelets) of cytoplasm into circulation
 Less that ½ the size of a red blood vessel
HOMEWORK
 Pg 530 1-3
 Pg 533 1-3
 Pg 534 1-2
 Pg 537 1
 Pg 539 2-4
Blood Plasma
 Liquid portion of blood
 92% water
 Transport nutrients, gases , vitamins, maintain fluid
and electrolyte balance, and pH
Plasma Proteins
1. Albumins- made in liver , maintain osmotic pressure
and blood volume(blood pressure)
2. Globulins- 3 groups: alpha, beta, gamma
 Alpha& Beta- from liver, transport lipids and fat soluble
vitamins
 Gamma- from lymphatic tissues, antibodies for
immunity
3. Fibrinogen- from liver, largest molecules of plasma
proteins- important for blood clotting. Major event in
blood clotting is the change of fibrogen into fibrin.
Hemostasis
 Process of stopping bleeding
 Coagulation causes the formation of blood clots
 3 key events
1. Blood vessel spasm- damaged vessels stimulate muscle
tissue in wall of blood vessels to contract. Slows or
stops blood flow, lasts several minutes. Platelets
release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains
the muscle spasm longer
 Platelet plug formation- platelets stick to surfaces of
damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a
plug
3. Blood coagulation- most effective, forms a blood
clot(hemotoma) . Injury causes an increase in the
release of coagulants.
Main event- conversion of fibrinogen into long
protein threads called fibrin.
 Tissue damage= production of prothrombin activator
 Prothrombin- converted to thrombin
 Thrombin acts as a enzyme to cause change of
fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets and blood
cells to form a hemotoma
 Thrombus= blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
 Embolus= clot moves and becomes lodged in another
place
 Coagulation- thickening of blood to form a clot
 http://www.dnatube.com/video/2680/Hemostasis
Blood Diseases
 Anemia- iron deficiency
 Sickle Cell Anemia- genetic disorder
 Sickle shaped blood cells
 Pain, lethargy, organ failure, stroke
 Leukemia- type of cancer
 Overproduction of wbc- take place of rbc
 treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy,
radiation
 Infectious Mononuclosis Mono viral infection
 Blood Poisoning- Septicemia
 infection enters blood stream- can be deadly
 treated with antibiotics
 Thrombocytopenia- low production of platelets
 Bleeding and bruising
 Hemophila- genetic disorder
 Failure of blood to clot
 Treated with blood transfusions that include clotting
agents
 Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome
 Females XH XH normal
 XH Xh carrier
 Xh Xh hemophiliac
 Males X HY normal
 X h Y hemophiliac
HEART
 Systemic Circulations- delivers blood to all body cells
and carries away waste
 Pulmonary circulation- eliminates CO₂ and oxygenates
blood (lung pathway)
Structure of The Heart
 Heart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist).
 Located in the mediastinum
 The distal end of the heart is called the apex.
Coverings of Heart
 Pericardium- encloses the heart (like a bag)
 Visceral- inner
 Parietal- (outer, attached to diaphragm, sternum and
vertebrae)
 Pericardial cavity- contains fluid for the heart to float
in, reducing friction
Wall of Heart
 Epicardium – outer layer, reduces friction
 Myocardium – middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle
 Endocardium – thin inner lining, within chambers of
the heart
Heart Chambers and Valves
 Your heart is a double pump. Circulation is a
double circuit:
 Pulmonary (lungs only)
 Systemic (rest of the body)
Heart has 4 chambers:
 2 Atria – thin upper chambers that receive blood returning
to the heart through veins.. Right and Left Atrium
 2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive
blood from the atria above them. Force (pump) blood out
of the heart through arteries. Right and left ventricle.
 Septum – separates the right and left sides of the heart
Valves of the Heart
 – allow one-way flow of blood.
4 total
 2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
 bicuspid valve or mitral valve- Between left atrium and
ventricle
 tricuspid valve- Between right atrium and ventricle
 2 semilunar Valves
 Aortic Semilunar – or just aortic valve. Between the left
ventricle and the aorta
 Pulmonary Semilunar, or just pulmonary valve. Between the
left ventricle and the aorta
Arteries/Veins
 Superior and Inferior Vena Cava- lead to right atrium




carrying deoxygenated blood from all parts of body.
Pulmonary Trunk- divides into left/right pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary Arteries- carry deoxygenated blood to
lungs
Pulmonary Veins- bring oxygenated blood from lungs
to left atrium
Aorta- large artery carrying oxygenated blood to body
from left ventricle
Path of Blood through Heart
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the
vena cava
Deoxygenated Blood moves into the right ventricle
Deoxygenated Blood goes out the pulmonary arteries
and heads to the lungs
Oxygenated Blood returns from lungs and enters the
left atrium
Oxygenated Blood moves into the left ventricle
Oxygenated blood moves out of the left ventricle
through the aorta and to the body
Superior
vena cava
Inferior
Vena Cava
 http://www.mydr.com.au/heart-stroke/animation-
how-your-heart-pumps
 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/h
hw_pumping.html
 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12504
 Skeleton of the Heart- dense connective tissue holding
the heart and valves in place
Name the Valves
 The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords”
called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by
papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being
pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole.
Heart Actions
 Cardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The
contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and
the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole.