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NUTRITION
By Dale M Forsyth
Purdue University
Nutrition deals with providing
the right nutrients in the right
amounts in the diet.

Definition
– Deals with the nutrients needed, their
metabolism, feeds that supply them, and
feeding systems to provide them
NUTRIENT

DEFINED
– A chemical or chemical compound that
aids in the support of life, and is essential
for the normal function, growth and
reproduction of the animal.
CLASSES of NUTRIENTS

There are 6 Classes of Nutrients
– Water
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Proteins
– Vitamins
– Minerals
ANALYSIS
Water
Carbohydrates
Water
Crude Fiber
NFE
Fats
Ether Extract
Protein
Crude Protein
Minerals
Ash
Vitamins
Too small to weigh
WATER
The most crucial nutrient.
 What % water loss is fatal to animals?

~12%
Unique properties of Water:
What happens to most substances as
they are cooled?
 What happens when water freezes?
 What is the consequence of this?

3 important properties of water
to animals are:

High Dielectric Constant
– High polarity of the molecule
– Water dissolves many things

High Specific Heat
– Takes a lot of heat to change temperature
much
– Helps maintain proper body temp

High Latent Heat of Vaporization
– Takes a lot of energy to change water from
liquid into vapor
– Result is:


lots of heat is removed when sweat evaporates
or
moisture-laden air is exhaled
3 sources of water to animals
Drinking Water
 Water in Feed
 Metabolic Water

– C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O
– Impt to:
 Hibernating animals
 Water conserving animals
% Yield as Water
Glucose
 Protein =
 Fat
=

=
60 %
42 %
100 %
Functions of Water in Animals

Many many functions, which include:
Movement of nutrients and metabolites
 Constant body temperature
 Media for chemical reactions
 Takes part in chemical reactions
 Special roles


Special Roles
– Synovial fluid – lubricant
– Cerebrospinal fluid – cushion
– Sound transmission in ear
– Light transmission in eye
Approximate WATER
CONSUMPTION
Species
 Beef
 Dairy
 Horses
 Swine
 Sheep & Goats
 Chickens
 Turkeys
Liters/Day
26-66
38-110
30-45
11-19
4-15
.2-.4
.4-.6
Factors Affecting H2O Reqmt








Species
Environmental temperature
Protein, salt and dry matter intake
Lactation
Age
Activity
Rate & composition of gain
Health
Effects of Water Restriction
 Food Intake – and production
 Hemoconcentration
  Heart Rate
  Temperature
  Respiration Rate
 DEATH

Practical Aspect

Make good, clean water liberally
available at all times
(EXCEPT certain conditions: Before or After
HEAVY exercise)
CARBOHYDRATES
“The trouble with our food is
that it’s filled with all kinds of
chemicals, like for example
polyhydroxy aldehydes and
ketones and their anhydrides.”
But THAT’S just a description
of CARBOHYDRATE
ALL foods are CHEMICALS
CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are made of the
elements:
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen

H to O ration as in water (2:1)
Carbohydrates are made of
molecules called:
SUGARS
(saccharides)
Function of carbohydrates:
ENERGY
Forms of Carbohydrates

soluble –
– sugars
– monosaccharides
– disaccharides

insoluble
– polysaccharides
There are many monosaccharides. You
are to know just a few

PENTOSES
– Arabinose
– Xylose
– Ribose

HEXOSES
– Glucose
– Fructose
– Galactose
– Mannose
2 simple sugars bond to form:

DISACCHARIDES
– Sucrose
– Maltose
– Lactose
– Cellobiose
DISACCHARIDES

Sucrose
– table sugar

Lactose
– milk sugar
Maltose – repeating unit of starch
 Cellobiose – repeating unit of cellulose

Disaccharides

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
 Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
 Maltose = Glucose + Glucose with  bond
 Cellobiose = Glucose + Glucose
 bond
CHO STRUCTURES

Glucose
CHO STRUCTURES

Glucose
Maltose = glucose + glucose

Connected by alpha bond
Cellobiose = glucose + glucose

Connected by beta bond
POLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH
– Starch is made of repeating units of the
disaccharide MALTOSE
– so it is really all:

GLUCOSE
KINDS OF STARCH

AMYLOSE
– Straight chain polymer

AMYLOPECTIN
– Branched chain polymer
More Polysaccharides

Glycogen
– Like amylopectin. Stored in animals (small
amount)

Cellulose
Glycogen
Storage CHO found in animals, but only
in small amounts
 Readily available supply of energy

THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN STARCH AND
CELLULOSE IS:

Starch is glucose connected with alpha
bonds

Cellulose is glucose connected with beta
bonds

Animals do NOT make the enzyme that
digests beta bonds.

Only bacteria make cellulase
More about cellulose
Part of cell wall
 Analyzed in Crude Fiber, or better, NDF
and ADF
 Only of value to ruminant animals
because it takes bacteria to make
cellulase to digest it.

– (or bacteria in the cecum of nonruminant
herbivores)
LIGNIN

LIGNIN IS NOT REALLY
CARBOHYDRATE, but it is discussed
here because it is in the fibrous part of
the feed associated with cellulose,
which is carbohydrate, and is analyized
along with carbohydrate.
Bad things about lignin
Completely indigestible
 Binds to cellulose and decreases the
digestibility (dramatically) of other feed
components

Good things about lignin
Nutritionally – NONE
 For the plant

– Helps insect resistance
– Provides structural rigidity
Analysis of CHO
Crude Fiber
 NFE

Better
 Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)
 Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
– (more about those later in the course)
LIPIDS

DEFINITION
Lipids are substances that are soluble in
ether (and other organic solvents).
LIPID CLASSIFICATION

Simple lipids - esters of fatty acids with
alcohols
– Fats, Oils, Waxes

Compound lipids - esters of fatty acids
containing groups in addition to an alcohol
and fatty acid.
– Phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins

Derived lipids
 Sterols
 Terpenes (includes Vitamin A)
Largest, most impt category is
Fats and Oils

Fats contain 2.25 X as much energy as
CHO
– Fats
– Proteins
– CHO
– 9 / 4 = 2.25
=
=
=
9 Kcal / g
4 Kcal / g
4 Kcal / g
Fat composition
Lipids are composed of the elements
Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen (just like
CHO)
Difference is Fats contain LITTLE Oxygen
compared to H and C.
– C & H are the real fuel, O can come from
air.

Most fat is composed of GLYCEROL and
FATTY ACIDS
Triglycerides have 1 glycerol & 3 Fatty
Acids
 Diglycerides have 1 glycerol & 2 Fatty Acids
 Monoglycerides have 1 glycerol & 1 Fatty
Acid

Glycerol
OH-C-H2
|
OH-C-H
|
OH-C-H2
A 3 carbon alcohol
Fatty Acid

Example – 16 carbons = palmitic acid

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
Saturated vs Unsaturated

SATURATED (has all the H it can have)
CH3(CH2)16COOH

UNSATURATED (contains double bonds)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=(CH2)7COOH
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s)
2 carbon atoms = acetic acid
CH3COOH
 3 carbon atoms = propionic acid
CH3CH2COOH
 4 carbon atoms = butyric acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH

VFA’s Importance

In Rumen Fermentation
– VFA’s are the end product of the bacteria
breaking down carbohydrate (because
there is no oxygen in the rumen).
Medium Chain Fatty Acids

C-6 to C-14 acids are not real abundant
Long Chain Fatty Acids
C DB
 16 0
 18 0
 18 1
 18 2
 18 3
 20 4

FA
palmitic
stearic
oleic
linoleic
linolenic
arachidonic
"essential"
"essential"
"essential"
Essential Fatty Acids

Essential because they can’t be formed
by the animal and must be in the diet.
– (actually many animals can convert linoleic
to arachidonic acid, but we’ll call all 3 the
EFA’s)
Linoleic Acid
 Linolenic Acid
 Arachidonic Acid

Essential Fatty Acids Symptoms
Skin problems, scaly skin, necrosis
 Necrosis of the tail
 Growth failure
 Reproductive failure
 Edema
 Subcutaneous hemorrhage
 Poor feathering in chicks

EFA’s – Practical Aspects
You will NOT see deficiency on animals
fed practical diets.
 You will NOT see deficiency in ruminant
animals

– (there is enough microbial synthesis in the
rumen, even though microbes hydrogenate
unsaturated fats).
Functions for Fat in Diets
1.
2.

Energy
Provide EFA’s
Also:
–
–
–
Dust control – ½ to 1% does a good job
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins
Improves palatability of some diets
Lipid Categories
Glycerides - most common

Most important dietary fat






~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~
Lipid Categories

Phospholipids

Usually glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + P and
something
 
~~~~~~~~
 
~~~~~~~~

~P~~~~~~~~~
Lecithins -P-choline
Cephalins -P-cholamine
(amino ethyl alcohol)
Part of membranes
Surface active (both hydrophilic & hydrophobic)
Lipid Categories

Glycolipids
 
 
 
~
~
~~sugar


Important in grasses & clovers
 Much of the dietary fat of ruminants (60%) is
galactolipid.


Especially rich (95%) in linoleic acid
Lipid Categories

Cerebrosides

Nerve Tissue

FA - NH2-sphingosine-hexose

Waxes

FA + monohydric alcohol

Steroids - hormones, includes cholesterol

Terpenes - includes Vitamin A
PROTEINS
And Amino Acids
Definitions
Composed of elements C, H, O, N + S,
P
 Composed of molecules: Amino Acids

– Example
Peptides and Polypeptides

Amino acids are connected in chains
Proteins

Proteins are very complex
– Order of every amino acid is important, just
like letters in words, words in sentences,
sentences in paragraphs, and paragraphs
in chapters.
– Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structure

Differences in proteins are what make
individuals unique
Analysis

For feeds just determine N
N
x 6.25 = Crude Protein
10 essential amino acids





Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine





Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine
Most important to know: Lysine, Tryptophan,
Methionine
Some non-essentail amino acids






Glycine
Serine
Glutamic Acid
Taurine
Cystine
Cysteine

Aspartic acid
Protein Quality
Refers to the amount and balance of the
essential amino acids in the protein.
 Important for nonruminant animals but
not ruminants

– For ruminants, quantity of CP is what’s
impt.
“IDEAL PROTEIN”

An “ideal protein” would just exactly
meet the essential amino acid needs of
the animal, with none in excess, and
with the right level of non-essential
amino acids.
Amino Acid
Availability/Digestibility
Not all the amino acids in feeds are
available
 Digestibility is ‘confused’ by microbial
synthesis in the Large Intestine
 Therefore, availability has to be
determined at the end of the small
intestine


More about this later
NPN
Non-Protein Nitrogen
 Ruminants can use NPN because the
bacteria in the rumen can use it to build
their own amino acids.

Functions of Dietary Proteins


Supply the needed amino acids for the
body to make its own proteins.
If present in excess, supplies energy
VITAMINS
Vitamin Classification
Fat soluble vitamins
 Water soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K
– Vitamin C
– B-complex vitamins
 Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin, B6, B12,
Folic Acid, Choline, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin
Vitamin A

3 forms Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid

Precursor:
Carotene

Functions:
+++
Protects epithelial tissues
Vitamin A Structure
Vitamin A

A.Introduction
– 1.Chemically known
as retinol
– 2.It is an unsaturated
monohydric alcohol
with the shown
structural formula:
– 3. It is a pale yellow crystalline solid,
insoluble in water, but soluble in fats and
various fat solvents.
– 4. It is readily destroyed by oxidation on
exposure to air and light.
– 5. Vitamin A does not occur in plants but
rather as its precursor, carotene, or
carotenoid pigments.
Sources of Vitamin A
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
Liver is a rich source of vitamin A.
Egg yolk and milk fat are generally rich
sources.
Green forages, well-made hays and
legume-grass silages are good sources.
Grains, except corn, are low or devoid of
vitamin A activity.
Animal products are poor sources.
1.
Provitamins
Includes -, - and - carotene and
cryptoxanthin
b. Most important is -carotene
a.
a.
b.
c.
red in color
green feeds are excellent sources
Conversion to vitamin A
a.
b.
c.
Occurs in intestinal wall and liver and possibly in
the kidney and lung
In theory one molecule of carotene should yield
two molecules of A
Efficiency is below the expected.
Vitamin A value is defined as
– One I.U. of vitamin A = vitamin A
activity of 0.300 ug of crystalline
vitamin A alcohol
Efficiency of conversion
Species
Rat
Poultry
Beef cattle
Sheep
Swine
Dairy cattle
Horses
Dogs
-carotene
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Vit A, I.U.
1667
1667
400
480
533
400
555 to 333
833
Metabolism

Vitamin A and vision
– Rhodopson (visual purple), the pigment of
the rod cells of the retina of the eye, is
made of the vitamin plus a protein moiety.
When exposed to light, the pigment breaks
down into its constituents and these
chemical changes are accompanied by
stimulation of the optic nerves. Rhodopsin
is regenerated in the dark.
– Ability to see in dim light depends on the
rate of resynthesis of rhodopsin.

Rhodopsin formation is impaired where vitamin
A is deficient
Other tissues

Maintains mucous membranes of the
respiratory tract, intestinal tract, urethra,
kidney and eyes in a healthy condition
– In absence of vitamin A, they become
keratinized and susceptible to infection

Role in bone formation
Vitamin A Deficiencies
Night Blindness
 Xeropthalmia
 Infertility, abortion, fetal abnormalities
 Metaplasia (change of cell type)
 Infections
 Dozens of other symptoms, as Vit A is
involved all over the body

Deficiency symptoms

Adult cattle
– A mild deficiency is associated with night
blindness, roughened hair, scaly skin.
– Prolonged deficiency – excessive watering,
softening and cloudiness of the cornea and
development of xeropthalmia characterized
by a drying of the conjunctiva.
– Constriction of the optic nerve canal in
calves
Deficiency Symptoms (cont)
Infertility in breeding animals
 Abortion or production of dead, weak or
blind calves
 Increased susceptibility to infectioncalves

Deficiency Symptoms (cont)

Ewes
– Night blindness
– Weak or dead lambs

Pigs
– Eye disorders (xerophthalmia & blindness)
– Blind, deformed litters
– Impaired appetite and growth
Deficiency Symptoms (cont)

Poultry
– High mortality
– Retarded growth, weakness, ruffled
plumage and a staggering gait
– Reduced egg production and hatchability
Supplementation
Feed a carotene rich diet
 Supplement by:

– Add to water
– Inject
– Add to supplement or grain mix
– Add to salt or mineral mix
– Add to complete diet
Problem

Ruminants
– Deficiency may occur when pastures are
poor or high cereal rations are used

Swine
– Some concentrate feeds are extremely
poor sourses
Vitamin D
Necessary to use Ca & P
 Deficiency causes RICKETS
 Can be gotten from SUN on Skin
 Active form: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
 Form in plants is D2, in animals D3.

– poultry, cats need D3
Vitamin D Structure
Vitamin D2
Vitamin D3
Vitamin D as a Hormone




Vitamin D is activated by UV light from 7dehyro-cholesterol in the skin, goes to liver
In LIVER, is hydroxylated in the 1 position
Goes to KIDNEY where it is hydroxylated in
the 25 position, forming:
1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol, the active form
Metabolism
Facilitates deposition of calcium and
phosphorus in bone
 Increases the absorption of Ca & P from
the intestine

Deficiency Symptoms

Young animals
– Rickets with weak, easily broken bones, bowed
legs

Young cattle
– Swollen knees and hocks and arching of back

Pigs
– Enlarged joints, broken bones, stiffness of joints,
occasional paralysis
Vit D Deficiency symptoms
In older animals oesteomalacia
(uncommon)
 Poultry

– Soft rubbery bones and beak, retarded
growth, bowed legs, reduced egg
production
Units of vitamin D

One I.U. of vit D = 0.025 g of pure
crystalline irradiated 7dehydrocfholesterol (D3)
Problems
Need is greater for pigs & poultry than
cattle & sheep
 Animals housed indoors may need
suppl.
 More Vit D may be helpful managing
milk fever.

Sources
Most feeds for pigs & poultry are poor
sources
 Cod and fish-liver oils are good sources
 Sun-cured hays are good sources
 Irradiated yeast is a good source of D2

Excessive Vitamin D
High doses mobilize Ca & P from the
tissues causing vitamin D rickets
 It may cause deposition of calcium salts
in arteries, various organs and tissues

Vitamin E
Tocopherols (d--tocopherol mainly)
 Protects membranes
 Interacts with SELENIUM
 Prevents muscle, liver and blood vessel
degeneration.

Deficiency Symptoms
Liver (cells die)
 Stiff lamb disease
 White muscle disease (calves)
 Exudative diathesis (chickens)

Deficiency symptoms
Reproductive failure
 Calves and lambs - muscular
degeneration

– calves called ‘white muscle disease’
– lambs called ‘stiff lamb disease’

Chicks
– nutritional encephalomalacia
E deficiencies

Pigs
– Severe liver damage
– muscular weakness
– heart muscle affected with sudden death
Vitamin E & Selenium




1. Exact interrelationship is not known.
2. Most enzootic muscular dystrophies in sheep
and cattle can be prevented by administering Se
or vitamin E.
3. Necrotic liver degeneration in the rat and
exudative diathesis in the chick can be prevented
by either substance.
4. Nutritional encephalomalacia in chick or
muscular dystrophy by E but not by selenium.
Units of vitamin E

1 I.U. of vitamin E = one milligram of
synthetic a-tocopheryl acetate
Sources of Vitamin E

Good
– a. Wheat germ
– b. Green forages
– c. Soybean, peanut and cottonseed oils

2. Poor
– a. Corn
– b. Soybean, peanut and cottonseed meals
Vitamin K
Necessary for blood clotting
 Normally get enough by microbial synthesis
 Add menadione (Vit K source) to be safe

A number of compounds have
vitamin K activity
phyloquinone, found in green plants
 Naturally occurring naphthoquinone is
vitamin K2
 Menadione (K3) is the most active
synthetic compound

Functions

Necessary for the formation of
prothrombin
– so necessary for blood clotting
Deficiency symptoms
Prolonged clotting time
 hemorrhage

Problems
Seldom really a problem
 Synthesis occurs by microbes, even in
non-ruminants
 Practically, add to non-ruminant diets
anyway
 Beware moldy sweet clover poisoning

– coumerol converted to dicoumarol by mold
VITAMIN C

L - ascorbic acid
Functions

Important role in various oxidationreduction mechanisms in living cells
– ELECTRON TRANSPORT

Impt for normal collagen metabolism
– hydroxyproline from proline &
hydroxylysine from lysine
Other roles

Co-substrate in certain mixed-function
oxidations
– dopamine to norepinephrine
– reqd with ATP for plasma Fe into ferritin
Most Animals Make Their Own
Vitamin C
Required by:
Man
 other primates
 Guinea pigs
 A few other species, including:

– Indian fruit bat, red-vented bulbul, flying
fox, rainbow trout, coho salmon, 2 species
of locust, silkworm
Not required by farm animals

EXCEPT under some specific
conditions:
– debilitated animals
– possibly newborns
– possibly pigs following weaning briefly
– any time metabolism is so altered that
synthesis fails to occur
Deficiency symptoms

SCURVY
– edema
– weight loss
– emaciation
– diarrhea
– structural defects in
teeth, bone,
cartilage, connective
tissue, muscle
– hemorrhages in
–
–
–
–
muscles & gums
capillary fragility
fatty infiltration &
necrosis of liver
enlarged adrenal gland
DELAYED WOUND
HEALING
CONTROVERSY

Linus Pauling
– Vitamin C and the Common Cold
B-Complex Vitamins






Thiamine (B1)
Ribovlavin (B2)
Niacin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pantothenic Acid
Folic Acid

Choline
 Biotin
 B12
 Others?
Thiamine
Can form esters such as thiamin
pyrophosphate, a cocarboxylase
 Coenzyme in oxidative decarboxylation
of pyruvic acid

– Deficiency: accumulation of pyruvic acid
and its reduction product lactic acid
B1 Deficiency Symptoms
BERI BERI in Humans
 Loss of appetite, emaciation, muscular
weakness and progressive dysfunction
of nervous system
 Pigs: appetite, growth, vomiting,
respiratory problems
 Chicks: polyneuritis (nerve degeneration
and paralysis)


Some feeds (bracken, raw fish) contain
thiaminase which destroys thiamin.
B1

Widely distributed in foods
– Particularly cereal grains
– Therefore little problem, usually, for
livestock
Riboflavin (B2)
B2
Part of FLAVOPROTEINS – transport of
H (transfer of electrons)
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions
 Limited storage
 DO NEED to ADD to non-ruminant diets

– Cereals are a poor source
B2 Deficiency Symptoms

Pigs
– Poor appetite, slow growth, vomiting, skin
and eye problems

Chick
– Curled toe paralysis (from nerve
degeneration)

Hen
– Poor hatchability, embryonic abnormalities
Deficiency symptoms (cont)

Ectodermal tissues
– Skin, eye, nervous system
– Cataracts
– Slow growth
– REPRO – increased stillbirth

Requirement proportional to Energy
Intake
Niacin
Nicotinamide Nicotinic Acid

Can be formed from Tryptophan
– (but not the reverse)
– (not best to rely upon – cereals low in Try)

Active group of 2 important coenzymes
– NAD & NADP (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide and its phosphate)
Niacin Deficiency
Pellegra in Humans
 “Black tongue” in dogs
 Pigs – poor growth, enteritis, dermititis


High corn diets are a problem because
corn contains little niacin OR tryptophan
Pellegra
Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia
 Gastrointestinal problems, affected
tongue (swollen, beefy), Anorexia
 Symmetrical appearing dermititis

– Especially parts exposed to light or heat

Mental symptoms
Mental symptoms
Lassitude, apprehension, depression,
and loss of memory.
 Disorientation, confusion, hysteria,
sometimes maniacal outbursts
 It gets worse
 Encephalopathy

– Stupor, delirium, uncontrolled reflexes
B6 Pyridoxine
Three forms: Pyridoxine (OH), Pyridoxal (CHO),
Pyridoxamine (NH2)
B6 Main Functions
Amino Acid Decarboxylation and
Deamination
 C-COOH -- C
COOH
 C-NH2 ----- C
NH2

B6 Deficiency
Poor Growth, etc.
 ANEMIA
 Nervous symptoms – convulsions

– Demyelinization of peripheral nerves
– Other degenerative changes
Reduced antibody response
 Needed for normal reproduction


Rqmt for humans increased during
pregnancy and oral contraceptive use
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic Acid

Component of Coenzyme A
– Fatty Acid breakdown
– CHO oxidation
– Therefore – to use energy!!!
PA Deficiency

Goose Stepping in pigs
– Nervous incoordination
Diarrhea
 Loss of hair, skin problems
 Poor growth, etc.


More, of course, but widely distributed
in plants and not a serious problem
Folic Acid
Folacins
3 associated compounds have activity
 Movement of 1 Carbon residues

– COO- and CH3
– Synthesis of purines and amino acids
– Related with B12
Folic Deficiencies
Anemia – like B12 but not cured w B12
 Poor growth
 Poor feathering

Biggest problem is PEOPLE –
Pregnancy – neural tube defects
 Only Poultry, Pregnant Women and
Kids normally need it added

Choline
Choline

Unlike the other vitamins
– Actually used up
– Can be replaced by other substances, like
betaine and methionine

Methyl Donor
Choline deficiency
Slow Growth
 Fatty Liver
 PEROSIS (also Mn)
 Reduced litter size in pigs

– Therefore add extra to sow’s diets

Add LARGE amounts when needed
– Light and fluffy
– NOT part of regular vitamin mix

Add to Swine (sows) and Poultry diets
– (adds ½ pig/litter for sows)
B12
B12 Cyanocobalamine
Contains COBALT
 APF – Original “Animal Protein Factor”
 Anti-pernicious anemia factor
 Discovered in 1949

B12 Function
Synthesis of RNA and DNA
 Chemistry of Methyl Groups

INTRINSIC FACTOR

In order to absorb B12, need Intrinsic
Factor from the stomach.
B12 Deficiency

Pernicious Anemia
– Pernicious means “leading to death”

All the symptoms of starvation
Biotin
Biotin
Role in Fat Synthesis
 Problems are skin problems

– Dermatitis
– Loss of hair
Avidin (in raw egg white) inactivates it
 Widely Distributed

HYERVITAMINOSIS

Water Soluble Vitamins
– Unusual, reach renal threshold
– High enough doses can be pharmocologic

Fat Soluble Vitamins – A & D
– TOXIC
End of Vitamins
View Vitamin Deficiency Slides
MINERALS
Following is only an overview
Minerals

Macro Minerals
– Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S

Trace Minerals
– Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Mn, Cr, Mo, F

Ultra Trace Minerals – maybe more
Macro Minerals
Calcium – bones, teeth, muscle
 Phosphorus – bones, soft tissue

– Needs proper Ca:P ratio and Vitamin D
Magnesium prevents Grass Tetany
 Na (sodium), K (potassium), Cl
(chloride)

– Osmotic balance, Na pump, muscle, nerve

Sulfur – in proteins & other moleules
Trace Minerals
Iron (Fe) – prevents anemia
 Copper (Cu) – need it to use Fe,
connective tissue formation
 Zinc (Zn) – prevents parakeratosis
 Iodine (I) – prevents goiter
 Manganese (Mn) need for proper bone,
activates enzymes

Trace Minerals continued
Need only tiny amounts of these,
almost unmeasurable
 Chromium (Cr) – CHO metabolism
 Molybdenum (Mo) – toxic but essential
 Fluorine (F) – toxic but benefits teeth
Ultra Trace Elements
Things in this category MAY be
essential but that has not been proven
(and accepted generally)
 Includes many elements, including: B,
As, Ba, Ni, Sr, Va and others
 Text book (Church & Pond) accept
some (Va) as essential that I do not
