Download ____1. Learning can be defined as a. a change in behavior. b. an

____1. Learning can be defined as
a. a change in behavior.
b. an observable change in behavior resulting from experiences in the environment.
c. a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.
d. the relatively permanent acquisition of information through study.
____ 2. __________ is a process by which the sense organs convert energy from
environmental events into neural
activity.
a. Anatomical coding
b. Psychophysics
c. Weber's fractionation
d. Transduction
____ 3. As light enters the retina, the first layer of cells it encounters contain the
a. photoreceptors.
b. ganglion cells.
c. bipolar cells.
d. transductive cells.
____ 4. A(n) __________ is a perception of something that differs greatly from reality.
a. delusion
b. illusion
c. saccade
d. perceptual organization
____ 5. Stimuli which act as reinforcers because they are related to basic biological needs are
called
a. primary reinforcers.
b. conditioned reinforcers.
c. secondary reinforcers.
d. conditioned stimuli.
____ 6. Allyson begs for candy every time her mother goes to the store. Usually, her mother
doesn't give in, but once
in a while Mom is too tired to fight and buys the candy. You can predict that
a. the candy has become a secondary reinforcer.
b. Allyson learned to beg initially through classical conditioning, the behavior is being
maintained through operant conditioning.
c. Allyson's begging will be hard to extinguish.
d. Allyson's operant strength will be weak.
____ 7. Our vision is diminished under conditions of very low levels of light. If we look directly at
an object, we may
not see it clearly because we are focusing the available light onto the __________ are most
abundant.
a. fovea, where the rods
b. fovea, where the cones
c. periphery, where the rods
d. periphery, where the cones
____ 8. The left and right eyes receive slightly different images of objects in the environment.
This fact is known as
a. stroboscopic perception.
b. superposition.
c. binocular parallax.
d. binocular disparity.
____ 9. The concept of learned helplessness refers to the case in which responding has no
effect on escape or
avoidance of aversive events. When this happens, organisms tend to give up even when the
situation changes
so that a response could result in escape or avoidance. This giving up is thought to be caused
by the
organism's
a. belief that the situation is not under its control.
b. inability to learn behaviors which are not initially instinctual.
c. exposure to multiple conflicting associations at the same time.
d. inability to understand temporal contiguity.
____ 10. If you want to teach your dog to ring the doorbell with her nose, you should
a. be very careful to reinforce only button-pushing responses.
b. reinforce her any time anybody rings the doorbell.
c. probably use the shaping technique.
d. punish her any time she moves away from the door.
____ 11. If an organism is on a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement, the number of
responses necessary for a
reinforcement to occur is the same from trial to trial; if an organism is on a(n) __________
schedule of
reinforcement, the number of responses necessary for the reinforcement to occur changes from
trial to trial.
a. continuous; partial
b. partial; continuous
c. fixed; variable
d. variable; fixed
____ 12. Your Aunt Phyllis has prepared an enormous Thanksgiving dinner, including spicy
chicken wings, sweet
corn, salty sauerkraut, and a bitter-tasting drink that's been in your family for years called "gagme." Which
of these tastes doesn't have a corresponding classic basic taste quality?
a. salty
b. sweet
c. spicy
d. bitter
____ 13. In the visual system, transduction takes place in the
a. ganglion cells.
b. optic nerve.
c. blind spot.
d. rods and cones.
____ 14. Which of the following statements is true of geons?
a. Interfering with an object's geons makes recognition of the object less difficult than does
interference with its primitive features.
b. Geons are geometric forms that can be combined to create any natural object.
c. Objects which are composed of fewer geons are more easily recognized after a brief
presentation than are objects created by a greater number of geons.
d. All of the above are true.
____ 15. In figure-ground organization,
a. the figure is actually in front of the ground.
b. our sensory system provides more information than our perceptual system in judging
which object is the figure.
c. the figure and ground can reverse.
d. All of the above are true.
____ 16. When you see your professor in the supermarket, you have trouble recognizing him.
What best explains this?
a. The relations between geons are contrary to your expectations.
b. A familiar stimulus in an unfamiliar context is difficult to recognize.
c. You have used bottom-up processing instead of top-down processing.
d. Ambiguous stimuli are easiest to judge in familiar surroundings.
____ 17. In a painting, objects which are closer appear to be __________, while objects which
are farther away appear
to be __________.
a. moving more quickly; moving more slowly.
b. more colorful; more subdued in color.
c. larger; smoother.
d. remaining still; moving away from us.
____ 18. When a sound wave enters the ear, it first strikes the __________ which move(s) the
__________ which
stimulate(s) the __________ and forces the __________ to move.
a. middle ear bones, ear drum, cochlea, hair cells
b. hair cells, middle ear bones, cochlea, ear drum
c. cochlea, middle ear bones, ear drum, hair cells
d. ear drum, middle ear bones, cochlea, hair cells
____ 19. If a child is looking for a dinosaur and incorrectly identifies a rhinoceros as a dinosaur,
that is a
_________________.
a. correct rejection c. hit
b. miss d. false alarm
____ 20. The more often Nancy's mother scolds her for throwing a temper tantrum, the more
tantrums Nancy throws.
In this example, the mother's scolding is serving as a __________ for her tantrums.
a. punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. cue for extinction
d. positive reinforcement
____ 21. Kohler's experiments with chimpanzees illustrate the process of learning through
a. trial and error.
b. shaping and extinction.
c. insight.
d. conditioned association.
____ 22. Two-year-old Tess learned to answer the front door when she heard the "ding-dongding" sound. At
Grandma's house, the doorbell rings "dong-dong; dong-dong" and Tess runs to the door. Tess's
behavior
illustrates
a. extinction.
b. generalization.
c. discrimination.
d. second-order conditioning.
____ 23. A picture of a long, dark object, roughly hose-shaped, with both ends underwater, is
shown to two groups.
The picture is labeled "Loch Ness" for one group; they call the object a serpent. The photo is
labeled
"somewhere in Indiana" for the other group; they see a submerged tree. This best illustrates
a. the effect of context in perception.
b. a perceptual illusion.
c. bottom-up processing.
d. the difficulty of identifying a familiar object in an unfamiliar surrounding.
____ 24. Your psychology instructor knows that student success in her class requires that
students keep up with the
textbook and lecture material on a daily basis. In order to get her students to do the work
necessary, what
kind of reinforcement schedule could she institute for her exams?
a. Give an unspecified number of unannounced "pop quizzes" throughout the semester.
b. Let students take the course exams when they feel ready for them.
c. Get rid of exams altogether.
d. Announce an exam date only two class-days in advance of the exam.
____ 25. Classical conditioning has occurred if the learner exhibits the __________ in the
absence of __________.
a. CR to the CS; the UCS.
b. UCR to the UCS; the CS.
c. CR to the UCS; the CS.
d. CR; both the UCS and CS.
____ 26. Your dog, Scooby, sleeps near the front door. Every time the doorbell rings, Scooby
gets kicked by your
children in the rush to answer the door. Now, Scooby puts his tail between his legs and howls
when the
doorbell rings. Which is a true statement?
a. The doorbell is an unconditioned stimulus.
b. Scooby's howling is a conditioned response.
c. Getting kicked is a conditioned stimulus.
d. The children's rush to the door is an unconditioned response.
____ 27. Mina's cat, Fritz, runs to the front door of the apartment to greet her when she hears
the sound of Mina's car,
but not when she hears the neighbor's car. Fritz is showing
a. operant conditioning.
b. discrimination.
c. generalization.
d. effects due to differential punishment.
____ 28. When you blow cold air on the skin, the hair will stand on end (this is called
piloerection). If a bell is rung
before the cold air blows, eventually the bell alone may cause piloerection. If this happens,
a. piloerection to the bell is a UCR.
b. piloerection to the cold air is a CR.
c. blowing the cold air is a CS.
d. ringing of the bell is a CS.
____ 29. Theories of hearing that emphasize the displacement or movement of specific sections
of the basilar
membrane and hair cells are called __________ theories.
a. place
b. pitch
c. frequency
d. temporal
____ 30. According to signal detection theory, we are constantly trying to detect a __________
embedded in
environmental __________.
a. hits; false alarms
b. bias; sensation
c. signal; noise
d. criterion; responses
____ 31. The __________ theory suggests that the eye must have three different types of
cones, some sensitive to red,
some to green, and some to blue. According to the __________ theory, one type of retinal cell
in the eye can
transmit messages for red and green.
a. volley; place
b. dichromacy; monochromacy
c. trichromacy; opponent-color
d. opponent-color; trichromacy
____ 32. At its highest point in the sky, the moon looks __________ than the moon near the
horizon.
a. bigger
b. smaller
c. more distorted
d. less circular
____ 33. Which of the following is an example of selective attention?
a. reading a book and watching a football game simultaneously
b. eating a candy bar while watching a movie
c. walking and talking with a friend
d. listening to a professor's lecture when others around you are whispering to you
____ 34. The learning exhibited by Kohler's chimpanzees had three characteristics that are not
easily explained in
terms of simple conditioning. Which of the following was not one of these characteristics?
a. discriminability
b. suddenness
c. availability
d. transferability
____ 35. If you are listening for enemy submarines using sonar, and you identify a sound made
by a submarine as a
humpback whale, that is a ______________.
a. hit c. correct rejection
b. false alarm d. miss
____ 36. When the ability to detect a stimulus is plotted as a function of the intensity of the
stimulus, absolute
threshold is defined as the intensity at which the stimulus is detected __________ of the time.
a. 50%
b. 90%
c. 100%
d. 10%
____ 37. __________ can be summed up as "Organisms tend to repeat behaviors that have
satisfying outcomes."
a. Partial reinforcement
b. The Rescorla-Wagner model
c. The law of effect
d. Second-order conditioning
____ 38. In escape learning
a. We make a response to stop or turn off an aversive event.
b. We learn to make a response in order to prevent an aversive event.
c. We learn to suppress an unwanted response.
d. We learn to repeat a rewarded response.
____ 39. Weber's fraction is 1/5 for salt (saline) solutions. This means that in order for two
solutions to be noticeably
different they must
a. have 1/5 of their volume as salt.
b. be at least 500% different in salt content.
c. be discriminated on at least one in every five trials.
d. differ by 1/5 in salt content.
____ 40. The possibility of an unpleasant event occurring can cause an organism to experience
a constant state of
anxiety if the organism
a. knows that each time a buzzer sounds, for example, the unpleasant event will occur.
b. doesn't know what signals the occurrence of the unpleasant event.
c. isn't aware that an unpleasant event is possible.
d. isn't reinforced for remaining calm when the unpleasant event does occur.
____ 41. Advertisers utilize classical conditioning when they
a. emphasize the good qualities of their product over their competitor's.
b. emphasize the benefits to us of owning or using their product.
c. associate their product with objects or scenes which elicit positive feelings from the
viewer.
d. make us feel as though we're lacking some good quality if we don't use or own their
product.
____ 42. Your geology instructor has announced that your exams are scheduled to occur every
two weeks throughout
the semester. What study patterns should your instructor most likely expect for the exams?
a. a consistent amount of studying each day for the two weeks between exams
b. a greater amount of studying immediately after each exam, if the student does well on the
exam
c. very little if any studying immediately after an exam, with study time increasing as the
next exam gets closer
d. a great deal of studying immediately after each exam, if the student does not do well on
the exam, a slight dip in study time in the middle of the two-week period and increased
studying again just before the next exam
____ 43. If earphones simultaneously present a recording of two different people, one speaking
to each ear, and you
repeat aloud what your left ear hears, you will have great difficulty
a. describing the content of the message in the right ear.
b. deciding whether the speaker in the right ear was male or female.
c. deciding whether the voice in the right ear was high or low.
d. doing any of the above.
____ 44. Connectionist models suggest that a letter is easier to perceive when briefly presented
in a word than when
presented briefly alone because
a. of top-down feedback connections.
b. augmented integration features.
c. associated characteristics.
d. modifiable augmentation activation.
____ 45. After you sit in a room for a short period of time, you become unaware of the
background noises, such as
those made by air conditioners, clocks, refrigerators, etc. This is a form of learning called
a. escape learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. associative learning.
d. habituation.