Download Texto - AP European History

The Age of
Discovery
Causes of the Commercial
Revolution
• Population growth- more consumers existed
• “Price Revolution”- long slow upward trend in
prices
– Increased food prices, volume of money and gold/silver
– Increase in supply of goods
• Emerging states want to increase their power
• Rise in capitalism
– Led by the middle class
New Features
• Banking
– Fuggers in Germany, Medicis in Italy
– Antwerp banking center in the 16th century
– Amsterdam takes over at the beginning of the
17th century
• Hanseatic League- German states in the
middle Ages
– Controlled trade in Northern Europe into the 16th
century
New Features
• Chartered Companies
– State provide monopolies
• Had large fleets and military power
• Became their own state in a sense
• British East India Co. and Dutch East India Co.
• Joint Stock Companies
– Investors pooled resources for a common
purpose
– Today’s corporations
New Features
• Stock Markets Emerged
– Bourse- Antwerp
– Investors financed a company through stock
• Enclosure Movement
– Landowners enclosed their land to improve
sheep herding
– Boost to textile industry
• The “putting-out” industry emerged
– Produce items at home to supplement income
New Features
• New industries: cloth production, mining, printing,
book trade, ship building, cannons and muskets
• New consumer goods: sugar, rice, tea
– Sugar production results in the slave trade in the
Atlantic
• Mercantilism- 17th century
– Nations seek a self sufficient economy
– Create a favorable balance of trade where one
exports more than they import
• Bullionism- acquire as much gold and silver as
possible
Significance
• Slow transition from almost entirely rural
society to one that relies on towns
• More powerful nation-states
• Age of exploration
• The “price revolution”
– Spurs on more production because sellers could
gain more money for their goods
• Middle class (bourgeoisie) grows in political
and economic importance
• Increased standard of living
Motivations for Exploration
•
•
“God, Glory, and Gold”
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to
Asia.
–
•
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands
and peoples.
–
•
•
•
Creates interest in Asia and the middle East
Search for new knowledge
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Fame and fortune.
Technological Advances
• Cartography
– Martin Behaim- terrestrial globe, 1492
– Waldseemuller’s world map, 1507
– Mercator’s map, 1575
The Mercator Projection
New Technology
• Astronomy helps chart locations at sea
• Magnetic compass
• Quadrant, Astrolabe, Cross Staff
– Used to find latitude
• New ship technology
– Portuguese Caravel
– Lateen sail and rope riggings
– Axial rudder
– Gunpowder and cannon
Caravel
Portugal
• Motivations-
Portugal
– Economic-all water route to
Asia for spice trade
– Religious- sought to find the
mythical Prester John (a
Christian king somewhere in
the East) for an alliance
against the Muslims
• Prince Henry the Navigator
– Financed expeditions to the
west coast of Africa
– Wanted to find gold
Portugal
• Bartholomew Dias- rounded
the southern tip of Africa in
1488
• Vasco da Gama- took Dias’s
route and completed a trip to
India in 1498
– Brought back Indian goods- new
market in Europe
– Blow to Italian monopoly of trade
with Asia
• Political decline of Italian citystates
Portugal
• Amerigo Vespucci- explored
Brazil (perhaps the first to
realize he’d found a new
continent)
– Cabral had sighted Brazil earlier
– America is named after Vespucci
• Brazil
– Major Portuguese colony
– Large numbers of slaves imported
for sugar, cotton and coffee
production
– Significant racial mixing resulted
Spain
Spain
• Christopher Columbus– Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella
– 1492- reaches the Bahamas- believes he
reaches the “Indies” somewhere west of India
– Four expeditions chart most of the Caribbean
and Honduras
– Ushers in a new era of domination and
exploration of the New World
Columbus's Four Voyages
Spain
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– To secure Columbus’s discoveries in the New
World
– Divided between Spain and Portugal
– Portugal gets exclusive trade rights to the
African slave trade
– North-south line drawn down the Atlantic
• Portugal gets Brazil and claims in Africa
• Spain gets the rest of the Americas
The Line of Demarcation (Pope Leo V)
Spain
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa
– Dicovered the Pacific Ocean
• Ferdinand Magellan
– His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe
– Charted the size of the Pacific
• Conquistadores
– Created empires by conquering Indians
• Cortes- Conquers the Aztecs
• Pizzaro- Conquers the Inca
Cortez v. Montezuma II
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
The Spanish Empire
• Outright conquering of natives and
subjugating their populations
• Merchantilist philosophy
– Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother
country
– Mining of silver and gold- 25% of the crown’s
total income
– Shipped manufactured goods to America and
discouraged native industry
The Spanish Empire
• Structure
– Divided into four vice-royalities each led by a
viceroy
– Audiencias- board of 12-15 judges served as
advisor
• Highest judicial body
Encomienda System
• Spanish government sought to reduce
savage exploitation of Amerindians
– Poorly enforced
• Amerindians worked for an owner for a
certain number of days per week but
retained other land for themselves
• Spain imported few slaves because they
could compel Amerindians to work
The Spanish Empire
• Mestizos
– Spaniards married Amerindian women
creating a mixed race of white and Indian
children
• Creoles
– Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish
parents
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
The Dutch
The Dutch
• Dutch East India Company (1602)
• Expel the Portuguese from Celyon (Sri
Lanka) and other Spice Islands
(Indonesia)
• By 1650- began challenging Spain in the
New World and controlled much of the
American and African trade
France
The French
• Jacques Cartier- In
search of the
Northwest Passage
– Explored the St.
Lawrence River region
of Canada
• Quebec- France’s first
settlement in the New
World founded in
1608
England
England
• Came into exploration
relatively late
• John Cabot- (1425-1500)Explored the northeast coast
of North America
– Henry VII not interested in
settlements
• First permanent settlementJamestown (1607)
• Tens of thousands emigratemore than France, Spain, and
Portugal
Empires in
the New
World
The Old Imperialism
• Africa and Asia
• Not focused on the acquisition of property
but rather trade
– Built trading stations
• Usually did not remove local leaders but
rather worked with them or “puppet”
regimes
The Columbian Exchange

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Discussion Questions
• How did disease lead to the colonization of
the New World?
– Would Europe have been able to conquer
without the aid of disease?
– What did the Europeans attribute their
success to?
– How does this lead to attitudes of racial
superiority?
• Why would the Columbian Exchange be
considered a form of bio-terrorism?
Free Response Question
• What if the pattern of exploration was
reversed? What if the “New World”
discovered and attempted to colonize the
“Old?” Assuming they had the technology
to launch this effort, could the people of
the western hemisphere have succeeded
in such an attempt?
– Due Monday
– 1-2 pages- typed and double spaced
Triangle Trade
The Slave Trade
The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
•
•
Existed in Africa before the coming of the
Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with
Africans.
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•
•
•
Sugar cane & sugar plantations- Brazil
Dutch West India Co. after 1621
England’s Royal African Co.- late 17th century
By 1800- 60% of Brazil’s population and 20%
of US
Estimated 50 million Africans died or became
slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries
The “Middle Passage”
The “Coffin” Position
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Impact of European Expansion
•
•
•
•
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
Europe created an inflationary economic
climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the
continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.
New Patterns of World Trade