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Renaissance and Discovery (1375-1527) Chapter 2 A. What Was the Renaissance? • 1. Definition – Rebirth – Renewed interests in Ancient Greece and Rome – Contrast with the Middle Ages – Europeans recovering from Plague – New ways of looking at the world, government, art, religion, etc. B. Renaissance Society • 1. An Urban Movement – Italian cities independent – Engaged in overseas trade, wealthy economies – Gave rise to powerful families like the de Medici family • 2. Social Status – a) Wealthy merchants (new rich) • Patrons of artists • Art for purpose of entertainment and status, not for glorification of God (medieval), secularism – b) Nobles (old rich) • Conflict with merchants for power • Land owners – c) Popolo (lower classes) • Ciompi Revolt 1378 – Non-guild artisans, laborers, and craftsmen – Heavy taxes – Results in creation of Republics – Republics of Florence, Rep. of Vatican, Rep. of Venice C. What was Humanism? • 1. Medieval Ideas – Religious motivations for everything (art, reading, writing, etc) – Focus on God • 2. Renaissance Ideas – a) Humanism • Focus on potential of man (Individualism) • Education based on Greek and Roman ideas • Well-rounded humans, knowledgeable in all subjects • 3. Famous Humanists • a) Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) – Interested in Greek and Roman wisdom on government • Civic Humanism • The idea that humans should use knowledge to be active in politics and culture – b) Platonism • Study of Plato – Ideal world exists, superior to reality – Use of logic and reason allow humans to gain ideal knowledge • 4. Effects of Humanism –a) History • Lay people could write history • Secular documents accepted as sources –b) Education • New subjects encouraged (Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, Poetry, Math, Music) • 5. Humanism and Women – a) Middle Ages • Few literate women, education not encouraged – b) Renaissance Women • Humanist encourage = access of women to education • Women reading, writing, grammar, etc. • Christine de Pisan (13641430) D. Changes in Art • 1) Medieval Art – Church powerful, controlled art, education – Religious oriented, flat, 2 dimensional • Maddona with Child, anonymous, c. 1200 • The Virgin Orans, 1037-61, Mosaic, St. Sopha Cathedral, Kiev • Rose Window, Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris France, c. 1260 • Simone Martini, The Miracle of the child attacked and rescued by Augustine Novello 1285-1344 • 2) Renaissance Art – Church no longer dominant, art becomes secular – Shading and perspective create 3 dimensional images – Perfect symmetry of man – Subjects often poor, peasants, everyday life – a) Leodardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • Vitruvian Man (1490) • Mona Lisa (1503-1504) – b) Raphael (1483-1520) • School of Athens (1509-151) – c) Michelangelo (1475-1564) • David (1501-1504) • Sistine Chapel E. The Printing Press • 1) Johannes Gutenberg – Invented c.1440 – Moveable type – Mass production of documents – Bibles, then secular works – Increased literacy and spread of ideas F. The Northern Renaissance • 1) Characteristics – Late 15th Century – N. of the Alps – Both Humanist, both Northern focused on xianity, while Italian Renaissance focused on secularism and individualism • 2) Examples – a) Albrecht Durer (14711528) • Self Portrait, 1500 – b) Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441) • Arnoltini, Wedding Portrait, 1434 F. Renaissance Slavery • 1) Origins – Crusades – Spanish and Portuguese • 2) Characteristics – Property – Plantation slavery, domestic slavery – Ethnically varied – Generally treated as family during renaissance – Female slaves often had master’s children Short Answer Practice • Directions: Answer a) and b) • a) Describe the style of painting depicted. – The style being depicted is that of Northern Renaissance Art of the 15th and 16th Century. Northern Renaissance art reflected religious symbolism such as the removal of the subject’s shoes and the allseeing eye of God. • b) Provide one different example of a painting in the similar style as the one depicted. – Another example of Northern Renaissance Art is Albrecht Durer’s Self Portrait (1500). In his work, Durer paints himself in the image of Jesus of Nazareth. G. Italy’s Decline • 1) Italian Unity – Treaty of Lodi (1454-55) • Alliance btwn Naples, Florence, and Milan • 2) Ludovico il Moro (1494-99) – Milanese dictator, threatened Milan – Asked France for help – Ultimately a world war, with many nations taking parts of Italy – France conquer much of northern Italy, but expelled in the end, Italy in shambles • 3) Niccolo Machiavelli (14691527) – Humanist, idealized Roman society, virtue, Republicanism – Believed in unity at any cost – Believed strong rulers were needed in society (dictators) – a) The Prince 1513 • Cynical outlook on behavior of rulers OR advice on how to rule people? • Advocated any means necessary to create unity • 4) Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) – Northern Humanist – Wanted to reform church, less dogmatic, more piety – Translated New Testament into Greek and Latin – “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched” H. The New Monarchies • 1. Role of the Renaissance – European monarchs interested in Italian Ruling methods – Limited noble power, church under control of Monarch • 2. England – Defeated in 100 Years War – a) War of the Roses (1450s) • House of York vs. House of Lancaster • 1) Henry Tudor – Established the Star Chamber » Court with no jury, torture commonplace • 3. France – Nationalism after 100 Years War – Charles VII (1403-1461) • Took admin powers away from Estates General • Monarch control over Church – Louis XI (1423-83) • Imposed the Taille or property tax • 4. Spain – a) Isabella and Ferdinand • United Spain • Instituted Hermandades to better control lawlessness • 1) The Inquisition – Political and religious tool to monitor converted Jews and Muslims in Spain I. The Age of Discovery • 1. The Portuguese Empire (1415-1976) – Goal was gold, slaves, and spice trade – Italy and Ottoman Empire dominated spice trade – a) Bartholomew Dias • Rounded Cape of Good Hope (1487) – b) Vasco da Gama • Est. trade in India (1497) – By 1571, Portuguese empire stretched to Nagasaki, Japan • 2. Christopher Columbus – 1492, landed in Haiti, renamed Hispaniola – Believed he had reached India – a) Consequences of Columbus • Established trade link btwn new and old world • Spurred other nations to conquer • The Columbian Exchange – Plants, animals, goods, and disease btwn new and old world – Native American population diminish, European population grows bc more food • 3. The Spanish Empire – a) Hernan Cortes • Conquered Aztecs in Mexico (1519) • In search of Gold, defeated Moctezuma 1521 – b) Francisco Pizarro • Conquered Incas in Peru • Defeated Atahualpa 1533 – Conquests of Mexico and S.A., large #’s of natives defeated by small armed European armies • 4. The Role of the Church in Spanish America – Missionaries believed in Erasmus “philosophy of Christ” – Struggle btwn conquest and conversion – Bartolomeo de Las Casas • Outspoken critic of harsh Native American treatment • The Black Legend • 5. Spanish Society in America – Forced labor in mining and agriculture – The Encomienda • Spanish system of controlling Native American labor • Harsh conditions, debt peonage, exploitation • 6. Impact on Europe – Questioning of old ideas – Inflation of currency – Emergence of Capitalism