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U.S. History to Reconstruction Unit 1 – Age of Discovery Native Histories Before Conquest Roughly 20,000 years ago, Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants Crossed over the land bridge created between Russia and Alaska May have crossed following migration of hunted animals Small hunter-gatherer societies By c. 12000 BCE, reached tip of South America Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases May have been do to geographical isolation They also did not domesticate animals Migration routes c. 18000 BCE Native Histories Before Conquest Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Agricultural Revolution (c. 3000 BCE) Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift to permanent villages and large cities Adena and Hopewell peoples (1000 BCE – 700 CE) Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network Native Histories Before Conquest Anasazi culture (c. 700-1130) Based out of Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) Built impressive pueblo structures Sophisticated irrigation systems Well-built roads for transportation Cahokia (c. 600–1400) Mississippi River Valley Large ceremonial mounds Built over 120 mounds (only 80 still survive) Far-flung trade network Monk’s Mound near Collinsville, Ill. Native Histories Before Conquest Mayans (c. 2000 BCE – 1500 CE) Settled in the Yucatán Peninsula and central America Built vast cities Large government bureaucracies Developed astronomy and mathematics Developed a solar calendar Incas (c. 1200-1533) Settled in the Andes Mountains Created a vast empire with government bureaucracy Built Machu Picchu (c. 1450) Terrace-styled agriculture and irrigation Native Histories Before Conquest Aztecs (c. 1300-1500) Warrior culture that settled in the Valley of Mexico Ruled through fear and force Created a large, powerful empire Highly-organized social and political structure Capital city was Tenochtitlán (modern day Mexico City) and held approximately 250,000 people Participated in human sacrifice to please their gods Practiced cannibalism possibly as a way to commune with the gods Aztec sacrifice and cannibalism (Florentine Codex, 1570) Native Histories Before Conquest Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Eastern Confederacies Formed mainly in response to the invasion of the white man Huron - Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois - Central New York Powhattan - Chesapeake Locations of Major Indian Groups c.1600s Vikings and the New World The first European “discoverers” of the New World were the Vikings Germanic people based in Scandinavia A warrior class society known for its superior ship building Known for their explorations throughout the north including Russia to the east In 860, they began exploring the north Atlantic Discovered Iceland in 874 Eric the Red (950 - c. 1003) Parents were exiled to Iceland on charges of manslaughter Eric was banished from Iceland for murder in 982 Decided to travel west to Greenland Vikings and the New World A number of Vikings had already been to Greenland When he returned to Iceland, he encouraged other Vikings to settle this new territory Erik created the first permanent settlement there in 985 By 1000, there were approximately 1,000-3,000 Vikings living in Greenland An epidemic reduced the population dramatically after 1002 The colony remained viable until the 15th century Problems with Inuit tribes, pirates, and lost communications with Norway led to its demise Vikings and the New World Leif Eriksson (c.970 – c.1020) Son of Erik the Red According to the Saga of the Greenlanders, he traveled west of Greenland Leif had heard the story of Bjarni Hergelfson who had gotten lost while out at sea and discovered land farther west than Greenland In 1000, he led an expedition to find these lands Helluland (“Land of the Flat Stones”) First land he came to in his exploration Most likely modern day Baffin Island Vikings and the New World Markland (“Tree-land”) Vinland (“Land of the Grapevines”) The land here was flat, wooded, with white sandy beaches Because of the shortage of trees in Greenland, Eriksson’s crew cut down many trees to bring the wood back to Greenland Most likely modern day Labrador He and his crew spent the winter at L’Anse Aux Meadows in Newfoundland Archaeologists discovered the remnants of a Viking settlement from the 11th century Unfortunately, very few Vikings ever returned to North America This is why the discovery was unknown for so long Viking expansion routes European Colonization Portuguese expansion During the 15th century, were slowly working their way down the west coast of Africa Extended their influence and increased their trade routes Wanted to find an eastern sea route to the Far East to bypass the Muslim controlled near east Set up colonies along their trade routes Were able to build profitable trade markets for gold, ivory, and slaves Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1451-1500) In 1488, he was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope European Colonization Vasco de Gama (c. 1460-1524) Spanish expansion In 1498, successfully rounded the Cape and landed in India Now the Portuguese had found their eastern sea route In1469 Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married This united Spain, launching it into its golden age First they had to rid their country of the Moors Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) He was an Genoese sailor Believed the distance from Europe to Japan sailing west was 3,500 miles Differed from contemporary estimates of 10,000 to 12,000 miles Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Where did he get the estimates from? Based on the maps of the 9th century Arab astronomer and engineer Afraganus Columbus based his calculations using Italian miles (1,238 meters) Afraganus had used Arabic miles (1,830 meters) Thus he thought the world was smaller than it actually was Many of his peers disagreed with his calculations They felt that no ship could carry enough supplies for the distance Basically this would be a suicide mission Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) In 1484, Columbus met with King John II of Portugal to get funding for his voyage This was before de Gama’s trip Columbus knew that John wanted a sea route to the Far East He requested three ships and the title of “Great Admiral of the Ocean” John criticized his calculations and believed the trip would be too costly He was rejected a second time in 1488 Columbus also attempted funding from Genoa and Venice Both refused as well Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) In 1486, he approached Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to fund his trip They too was refused Part of it was due to their war with the Moors Kept him on retainer to prevent him from taking his plans elsewhere When he asked a second time, he was rejected again In 1491, Columbus made his last plea to Ferdinand and Isabella On January 2, 1492, they finally granted him an audience This was just after the final defeat of the Moors Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Ferdinand and Isabella were about to reject him a third time Their treasurer intervened saying that this may be profitable if Columbus succeeded Ferdinand agreed to partially fund the voyage Could not afford to fully finance the trip because of the debt incurred from their war with the Moors Instead they agreed to the following terms: Columbus would be given the rank of Admiral of the Sea (Atlantic Ocean) He would be appointed Viceroy and Governor of any newly discovered lands He would receive 10% of any new wealth discovered Columbus’ First Voyage (1492-1493) First Voyage (1492-1493) First Voyage (1492-1493) Discovery of San Salvador (October 12, 1492) Only had three ships: the Pinto, Niña, and Santa Maria Also had 120 men for his first voyage Landed in the Bahamas and named it San Salvador Called the natives “Indians” because he believed he reached the Indies He spent the next 10 weeks exploring the area Discovery of Cuba (October 28, 1492) Landed on October 28 Thought was mainland China even though his guides told him it was an island First Voyage (1492-1493) Discovery of Hispaniola (December 6, 1492) Landed on the island of Hispaniola Exploring the coast and set up a fort in the newly created town of La Navidad The fort there was created with the wood from the Santa Maria when it grounded on a coral reef Of his men, 39 stayed behind to man the new town Columbus returned to Spain on March 15, 1493 He returned with cinnamon, coconuts, parrots, gold, and kidnapped natives for slaves Columbus was considered a hero and had no problems receiving financing for his next voyage Columbus’ Second Voyage (1493-1496) Second Voyage (1493-1496) Columbus set sail again on September 25, 1493 This time he took a more southerly route This time he had more than 1200 Spaniards in 17 ships Along with establishing trade routes, the objectives of this voyage included colonization and spreading Christianity Traveled through the Lesser Antilles and to Puerto Rico On the island of Guadalupe, Columbus learned of the Caniba tribes who supposed ate their enemies On November 22, 1493, the fleet arrived at La Navidad When they got their, they discovered the inhabitants had been massacred and the fort burned down While no one knows what exactly happened, many believed the extreme greed of the inhabitants angered the natives who retaliated Second Voyage (1493-1496) Columbus had the new colonists start building a new town 100 km to the east known as Isabella He then explored Hispaniola and Cuba searching for gold However, many of these colonists were either ill or balked at doing manual labor When he did not find sufficient quantities, he took captives as slaves instead He captured over 1,200 Taino Indians from Hispaniola and put them into forced labor 550 were crammed into ships to be sent back to Spain, of which only 350 survived Second Voyage (1493-1496) Many settlers complained to Spanish authorities about Columbus’ mismanagement of the colony Part of this had to do with the lack of opportunities Part of this had to do with him putting his brother Diego in charge of La Navidad while he was exploring, and he was very ineffective In October 1495, a Spanish official was sent to Hispaniola to investigate the complaints against Columbus On March 10, 1496, Columbus had to return to Spain to preempt any formal charges against him He was eventually cleared and was able to prepare for his third voyage Columbus’ Third Voyage (1498-1500) Third Voyage (1498-1500) On May 30, 1498 Columbus set sail once again Had a smaller fleet of only six ships and traveled further south His ships became trapped in the Doldrums Part of the expedition went to help aid the settlement at Hispaniola Columbus took the other part and sailed further south to continue his explorations Went on to discover Trinidad and the Orinoco River in Venezuela This was the first time that Columbus had any hint that this might not be Asia Third Voyage (1498-1500) When Columbus returned to Isabella, he found the colony in the midst of rebellion Many colonists were unhappy that they had not found immediate riches and demanded land and slaves in return Columbus had to promise each colonist a plot of land and the Indians who lived on it in order to end the rebellion In 1500, Columbus and his brother were arrested by Spanish authorities Charged with mismanagement and were once again forced to return to Spain This time, when Columbus arrived at the royal court, all his titles stripped from him as well as most of his wealth Columbus’ Fourth Voyage (1502-1504) Fourth Voyage (1502-1504) De Gama’s route to India allowed the Portuguese to colonize the region Reached modern Indonesia and southern China by 1513 By this point, the Portuguese had also captured African gold trade With discovery of an eastern sea route to the Far East, the Spanish Monarchs were willing to finance a fourth voyage for Columbus Columbus was forbidden to return to Hispaniola and was only given four ships and 150 crewmen Fourth Voyage (1502-1504) Columbus reached Central America Trip was plagued by skirmishes with the Indians and severe storms Two of the ships were destroyed (one ran aground and the other at sea to sea worms) Wanted to seek refuge in Hispaniola before a hurricane hit but it was too far away to travel He moved on to Jamaica where the crew beached the two ships The wood from the ships was used to build a fort to protect the crew from the natives The crew was stranded on the island for a year Columbus and his crew were finally rescued in 1504 and he returned to Spain Voyages of European Exploration Religious Conflict in Europe Commercial center of Europe shifted away from the ports of the Mediterranean to Atlantic ports, In the process it magnified religious conflict Movement to return the Christian church to the purity of early Christianity Europe was in the middle of the Reformation The countries most involved in the reformation were not able to focus as much attention to colonialism as Spain or Portugal Included England, France, and the Netherlands Spain and Portugal helped spread Catholicism to the colonies Dominant religion in the New World during the 16th century Spanish Conquest of the New World From 1492 to 1518 only modest attempts were made at settlement Three decades after 1518 became decades of conquest where the Spanish: Nearly exterminated native peoples of the Caribbean Islands Toppled and plundered the great Aztec and Inca empires Controlled territories 10 times its size Discovered silver mines Built an oceanic trade The Portuguese, on the other hand, focused its attention on an eastern trade route with Asia Spanish Conquest of the New World When Columbus had returned to Spain after his first voyage, he wrote to Pope Alexander VI Inter caetera (May 4, 1493) Issued by the pope after hearing about the discovery Drew a north-south line 100 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands giving all lands west to the Spanish The Portuguese were unhappy as they were not mentioned and thus could not claim any new lands to the east of this line Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Signed between Spain and Portugal Line of demarcation was moved to 270 leagues farther west No one knew that this would give Portugal claim to Brazil Demarcation Lines for Spain and Portugal Spanish Conquest of the New World Independent adventurers were commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands Motivated by religion, nationalist pride, and dreams of personal enrichment “We came here to serve God and the King, and also to get rich” – Spanish foot soldier By 1510, Spanish immigration to Caribbean was underway Over the course of the 16th century, over 250,000 Spaniards came to the New World Most of those were young men looking for opportunities in the New World This was followed with the importation of African slaves for sugar plantations Spanish Conquest of the New World Encomienda System Labor system used by the Spaniards in the New World A person would receive large land grants and a certain number of natives to “educate” Natives would provide labor or tribute Major reward for Conquistadors Became a very corrupt system Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church Protected some Indian rights Performed mass conversions Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) Spanish Conquest of the New World Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) He was a Spanish conquistador Conquest of Mexico He left from Cuba in 1519 with the goal of conquering Mexico Had 11 ships, 550 Spanish soldiers, several hundred native Cubans, some enslaved Africans, and horses Technically, the trip was illegal since he had been recalled by the Cuban governor When he arrived on the mainland, he gained the support of local people who had been oppressed by Aztecs He was also given an interpreter, a Nahuatl woman named Malinche Spanish Conquest of the New World Destruction of the Aztects Spanish extended their dominion over the Mayan people Done through the combination of by horses, firearms and a smallpox epidemic Cortés destroyed the Aztec empire within two years After a four month long siege, he took the capital of Tenotichtitlán Disease killed off and weakened the native populations even before the Spanish had arrived More expeditions were launched into Chile, New Granada (Colombia), Argentina, and Bolivia in the 1530s and 1540s By 1550, most of the major centers of native populations had been overwhelmed by the Spanish Spanish Conquest of the New World Francisco Pizarro (c. 1471-1541) From 1524 to 1532, led three expeditions to Peru By 1533, he conquered the Incan Empire This was done with an army of only 168 men Empire had been riddled by smallpox and weakened by violent internal divisions Captured Incan capital of Cuzco in 1533 Reconstruction of a Taíno village in Cuba Impact of the Spanish Conquest The native populations were forced to endure subjugation, biological disease, and major ecological changes By the late 15th century, it is estimated that the population of the New World had been between 50 and 70 million Spanish used military force to subdue the native populations In many cases, they were turned into slaves who were forced to work in these colonies Impact of the Spanish Conquest Native Americans lacked immunity that the Europeans had to most diseases When the Spanish arrived in the Caribbean, they brought along such diseases as smallpox and typhus This triggered smallpox epidemics in the 16th century throughout the Americas In the Caribbean, only 1,000 of the original 3 million Taínos survived the 1518 outbreak Half of the 15 million inhabitants in central Mexico died within 15 years of contact In Valley of Mexico, the heart of Aztec empire, the population of 1.5 - 3 million before Spanish arrival, was reduced to 70,000 by 1600 Impact of the Spanish Conquest Over the next 300 years, 2/3 of the native populations of the Americas were killed by disease Usually within a few generations of contact with the Europeans Ecological Impact Spanish brought grains, fruits, and vegetables with them to be grown in the New World Included European grains, such as wheat, rye, and barley Various European fruits and vegetables were also brought over, including salad greens, lemons, melons, and grapes Because these foods were not originally found in the New World, this also dramatically changed the diets of the native populations Impact of the Spanish Conquest The Europeans also brought over herd animals Included cattle, goats, horses, pigs and sheep which had the biggest impact Animals were allowed to graze safely in the grasslands with no natural predators They were able to quickly and easily reproduce The grasslands became overgrazed, stripped away of plant life This in turn led to topsoil erosion and desertification Europeans brought over weeds and pests as well Weeds traveled in the bags with the seeds for the crops Included hard to control plants such as clover Rats and rabbits also came across the ocean along with the diseases they carried Impact of the Spanish Conquest Europeans were introduced to many new product Spanish ships brought back to Europe: Tomatoes, potatoes, pumpkins, pineapples, squash, peanuts, beans, and corn (maize) Guinea pigs, turkeys, llamas, and alpacas Some of these plants had huge impacts on Europe: Tomatoes became a staple of European cuisine Potatoes helped to quadrupled the yield of calories per acre and helped contribute to population increase in some areas of Europe Maize (Corn) became a staple in Spain, Greece and the Balkans and spread to Africa and China as early as the 1550s The Spanish and Silver Another big import from the New World was silver The Spanish forced natives into mining the silver While Spain had hoped to find more gold in the New World, they were much more successfully in discovering silver, especially in South America In areas around the mines, the native communities were allowed to control their own affairs as long as they provided labor for the mines After 1550, most of Spain’s effort was put into extracting as much silver as possible From 1500 to 1650, 16,000 tons of silver was mined This tripled the amount of European silver The Spanish and Silver The flooding of all this silver led to a “price revolution” in Europe Farmers and merchants did well in this economy Decline in the value of silver coins because the supply exceeded the demand for goods and services Prices doubled between 1550 and 1600 and rose another 50% in the next fifty years Due to the price of food and goods going up Majority of the population’s wages failed to keep up with prices There was a major redistribution of wealth and increased the number of people living in poverty This helped to encourage people to immigrate to the Americas Ponce de Léon (1460-1521) Spain’s Northern Frontier Third area of Spain’s empire was the Northern borderlands of New Spain Present-day Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California and the Gulf region Spanish control of this region began in the early 1550’s Continued until 1821 when Mexico gained its independence Juan Ponce de Léon (c. 1460-1521) Spanish conquistador responsible for the discovery of Florida He supposedly heard of Fountain of Youth on the island of Bimini from the natives of Puerto Rico and went in search for the Fountain Spain’s Northern Frontier Real reason for Léon’s travels: In 1513, he launched an expedition and discovered Florida He had been removed from office as the Governor of Puerto Rico Sought to reclaim his good name by exploring the land to the north of Cuba He landed at St. Augustine on April 2, 1513 Named it Tierra La Florida because he landed on Palm Sunday Palm Sunday is Pascua Florida in Spanish In 1521, he led a second expedition to Florida He wanted to create a colony on Florida His group was attacked by natives and he was mortally wounded Spain’s Northern Frontier Lucas Vasques de Ayllón (c. 1475-1526) Spanish explorer who created a short lived settlement in South Carolina in 1526 His original intent had been to find a northwest passage In the process, he traveled up the southeast coast into the James River and Chesapeake Bay areas In 1523, King Charles I of Spain granted him the ability establish a settlement in the area within three years He was also given the duty of Christianizing the natives there Spain’s Northern Frontier In June 1526, Ayllón sailed from Santo Domingo, with three vessels and 600 people They founded San Miguel de Guandape in present day South Carolina (near Jamestown,Va.) First colony in the U.S. to use African slaves Ayllón died from fever on October 18, 1526 Because of the spreading fever, hostilities with the natives, and slaves escaping, the colony was abandoned in December 1526 Of the 600 original settlers, only 150 made it back to Hispaniola Spain’s Northern Frontier Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c. 1490-c.1557) He was one of only four survivors of the Narváez Expedition From 1527 to 1536 he explored what are now the states of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona on foot from coastal Louisiana to Sinaloa, Mexico Had been an expedition into Florida from 1527 to 1528 Was devastated by a hurricane, battles with native populations, and the death of 596 men De Vaca lived as a slave to a number of native tribes Eventually he gained his freedom and became a trader which allowed for him to travel between tribes During this time he developed sympathies for the native populations Spain’s Northern Frontier In 1537, de Vaca made his way to Mexico City and returned to Spain When he returned to Spain, he wrote about his experiences It was published as La Relación (“The Report”) in 1542 When he was not given leadership of the next expedition into the area, he refused to give any information to Spanish officials about the areas he traveled in For next half century, Spaniards planted small settlements along the coast as far north as Chesapeake Bay Spain’s Northern Frontier Hernán de Soto (c. 1496-1542) From 1539 to 1542, led a military expedition into the homelands of the Creek and Choctaw In search of gold, silver, and a western land route to China Traveled throughout the southeast, going as far west as eastern Texas and north through Tennessee His expedition was responsible for the deaths of thousands of Native Americans due to conflicts and disease De Soto died of a fever enroute His body was sunk in the Mississippi at night to keep the pretense that he was an immortal sun god Spain’s Northern Frontier Beginning in 1559, the Spanish began to build settlements in the Gulf Region The French attempted to settle the area as well Many of the Native Americans were enslaved by the settlers They built a settlement in modern-day Jacksonville, Fl. In 1565, the Spanish wanted to secure Florida They destroyed the settlement in Jacksonville and then built a fort at St Augustine This was the first permanent European settlement in North America It also became the base of operations for the spread of Spanish territory and Roman Catholicism Spain’s Northern Frontier Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (1510-1554) From 1540 to 1542, explored American southwest Huge entourage including several hundred Spanish soldiers, a number of Africans, and a baggage train of 1,300 friendly Native Americans, servants and slaves His travels included Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado, and he even got as far north as Great Plains He failed to find the riches he was after but did open up much the southwest to Spanish control Spain’s Northern Frontier Don Juan de Oñate (1552-1626) In 1598, led an expedition into Pueblo territory The expedition included 129 soldiers, 500 Spanish settlers and 10 Franciscan friars Part of this expedition’s objectives was to spread Catholicism The monks had to blend Catholicism with native culture for them to accept it Many Pueblo’s were willing cooperate with the Spanish in return for their military protection against the Apaches and access to Spanish livestock Spanish Exploration Routes French Expansion First French explorer of the St. Lawrence river was Jacques Cartier in 1533 and again in 1535 He had hoped to find a water route to the Orient He discovered the Indian villages of Stadacona (Quebec) and Hochelaga (Montreal) Expansion came to a halt for the rest of the century France became involved in a religious civil war (1562–98) Prevented them from sending any more explorers to the New World French Expansion Samuel de Champlain (c. 1567-1635) From 1601-1603, was sent to explore Cartier’s territories in greater detail by the French King Henri IV Champlain was a veteran sailor, a valued cartographer, and had religious zeal Helped established the small settlement at Port-Royal, Nova Scotia in 1605 Established small settlement in Québec in 1608 which became his base for a number of years Allied with the local Hurons and Algonquians to help boost the French fur trade in the area French became embroiled in the long time dispute between them and the Iroquois French Expansion Conflicts with the Iroquois Champlain and other French settlers supplied the Huron and the Algonquian with firearms to gave them the advantage over the Iroquois First encounter was in 1609 when Champlain and his allies met the Iroquois at Lake Champlain The Iroquois were defeated Two more encounters led to two more defeats of the Iroquois In the 1620s the Dutch began to settle the Hudson River area They began trading guns to the Iroquois for fur Map of New France by Champlain (1612) English Expansion England was the slowest European power to begin expansion in the New World The first expedition to the New World under the English flag was by an Italian In 1497, the explorer Giovanni Caboto (aka John Cabot) attempted to find a northern sea route to Asia He discovered Nova Scotia and Newfoundland This became England’s first claim in North America However, for the first half of the 16th century, England did not have the desire nor the means for colonization Mainly, the government was interested in fishing rights and having small home ports for pirates against the Spanish English Expansion In the second half of the 16th century, the economy forced England to venture in colonization The rising production of wool encouraged merchants to look outside of England for new markets Also the economic conditions of the average Englishman were worsening, which encouraged some to look to colonization as a way to improve their lives During the reign Elizabeth I (1558-1603) England could not put the time or money into colonialism In 1571, Elizabeth was excommunicated from the Catholic Church This increased tensions between her and King Philip II of Spain England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers Philip II of Spain (1527-1598) English Conflict with Spain Involvement in the Revolt of the Netherlands (15681609) Philip II had sent 20,000 troops into the Netherlands to suppress the growing Protestant movement there To support the Protestants in the Netherlands, Elizabeth began providing covert aid to Dutch resistance Philip vowed to punish her once he found out In 1585, Elizabeth got more actively involved Sent 6,000 English troops to Netherlands It was at this point that England was now unofficially at war with Spain English Conflict with Spain In the New World, English ships were terrorizing Spanish ships Sir Francis Drake and other seamen were shipping contraband to the Spanish colonies in violation of Philip II’s policies Also attacked Spanish ships and colonies and taking their booty Drake actually sailed around the world seizing Spanish treasure In 1586, he bombarded St. Augustine, looted the city and started an epidemic among the natives Spanish Armada (1588) Sent by Philip to defeat England It consisted of 130 ships, 30,000 men and 2,400 artillery pieces The battle resulted in defeat of Spanish Gave England dominance of the seas which they needed to seriously begin colonizing the new world Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596) English Colonialism England’s first effort at colonization occurred in Ireland English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same way Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward During the 1560s and 1570s, England engaged in a series of brutal campaigns to increase its control over Ireland English employed brutal methods, such as massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish English Colonialism By the 1580s, the opportunities of the New World had to offer began to permeate all levels of English society The first attempts at colonization were approved by the government but were funded by trading companies Richard Hakluyt and his nephew advertised about what life was like in the Americas and what it offered to each group in society Interested more in economic expansion than territorial claims These first attempts were weak and unprofitable Only two colonies were attempted during Elizabeth’s reign The first was in 1583 when Sir Humphrey Gilbert formally took Newfoundland as an English colony The second was the Roanoke Colony in 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh (c. 1552-1618) Roanoke Colony Sir Walter Raleigh (c. 1552-1618) Sir Richard Grenville was put in charge of the expedition In 1584, was given a royal charter for the settlement of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia He named it after the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth I When they were scouting for a location for the colony, he got into a skirmish with the natives After a silver cup was stolen, he order the natives’ weroance (leader) killed and their village burned The first settlement was on Roanoke Island It lasted for one year (1585-1586) Roanoke Colony The settlers arrived too late for the planting season and thus ran out of food They traded with the local natives for a bit When the natives refused to trade with them, the settlers began stealing the food Soon, the settlers and natives were at war Sir Francis Drake came to the island in April 1586 By this point the supply ships were overdue Drake offered the colonists transportation back to England which they accepted Roanoke Colony Grenville’s supply ship arrived a week later and found the colony abandoned In 1587, a second group of colonists left England to settle in Virginia After searching the area, he left behind 15 men (and enough supplies for two years) to hold possession of the island It consisted of 117 settlers, including women and children They were originally going to settle in the Chesapeake Bay area but were forced to settle in Roanoke When they arrived, the fort had been burned down They only found the bones of one man, with no sign of the other 14 men Roanoke Colony Settlers attempted to renew relations with the natives On August 18, 1587,Virginia Dare was born A few tribes were friendly with them but they were unable to rectify the problems Grenville had created One settler had been killed soon after arrival when he had been exploring the area The settlers responded by attacking a village but the natives there had already fled First English child to be born in the New World The settlers realized that they would need additional aid from England to keep the colony going On August 27, the governor, John White, sailed back to England The “Lost Colony” Because of a growing war with Spain, White was unable to return to the colony until August 1590 When White did return, he found the colony abandoned and the word “Croatoan” carved into the wood He believed the settlers went to the friendly Croatoan tribe However, a hurricane blew in before he was able to search for the settlers He never was able to return to Roanoke before his death When the Spanish raided the Croatoan village in 1588 they found it abandoned The “Lost Colony” So what happened to the Lost Colony? Modern scholars believe that the colony split into two groups after White left One group headed to their original destination of Chesapeake Bay An account by Chief Powhatan to John Smith in 1607 said that there were settlers near Jamestown but Powhatan killed them The other group went to the Croatoans and integrated themselves into the tribe Map of the Roanoke area By John White (1584) African Slave Trade One of the major components of colonialism became the slave trade with Africa During the four centuries after the discovery of America by Columbus, over 96 million Africans were brought to the Americas as slaves Millions more perished on voyage over At the same time, roughly the same amount were traded into the Red Sea and Indian Ocean slave markets between 650 to 1900 Slavery had long been part of African life Many prisoners of wars were sold into slavery and wars were fought specifically to capture slaves African Slave Trade African slave trade came to Europe first as an attempt to compensate for a labor shortage in the Mediterranean region In 1442, Portuguese merchants became the first European African slave traders Moors and Arabs were directing the trade The Portuguese began trading for slaves with guns, horses, copper and brass, and textiles By 1500, close to 200,000 African slaves were in European possession With Columbus’ discovery, there was now a new market for these slaves African Slave Trade Thousands of slaves poured into North America in 15th century with Spanish explorers The Spanish relied more on the native populations to provide most of the hard labor force For example, Moroccan-born Estevan was indispensable to Coronado’s expedition in the Southwest Therefore, their demand for slaves was not nearly as high as the Portuguese Most of the Spanish-owned slaves worked as field hands and in fort and church construction They also worked as soldiers, guides, and linguistic go-betweens with native populations African Slave Trade Unlike in the later English colonies, the Spanish had a much more flexible relationship with their slaves In the English colonies in North America, there originally was no dependence on slavery The English relied more on “indentured servants” For example, the Spanish would breed with both Native Americans and Africans These were people who sold themselves for a certain period of time in exchange for free passage to the colonies and in some cases land The first African slaves were not brought into the English colonies until the 17th century
