Download I. New World in the Western Atlantic A. Explorations of Columbus 1

McClure 1
I. New World in the Western Atlantic
A. Explorations of Columbus
1.
Christopher Columbus
a. Born 1451 ________,________
b. Went to sea at 14
c. Moved to Lisbon; married Felipa, daughter of Bartolomeu Moniz—
connections to Prince Henry the Navigator
d. Like other educated Europeans, Columbus believed the earth a sphere;
rejected ________ teaching that earth too big to sail
e. CC set out to prove he could sail to Japan
f. Moved to Spain; 1492: King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella finance
2.
1st Voyage 1492-1493
a. Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
b. Landed on San Salvador (Jesus, The Savior)
c. Catapulted Spain past Portugal in race for sea route to Asia
3.
Pope Alexander VI granted Spanish claim to New World
4.
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
a. Line of ________ separated Spanish & Portuguese claims on New
World
5.
Columbus made total of 4 voyages to New World
a. CC never gave up on idea of sailing to East Indies
b. But he proved it possible to sail to rim of Atlantic and return to Europe
B. Exploration & Columbian Exchange
1.
England 1497
a. King Henry VII sent Italian ________; found “Northwest Passage” to
Newfoundland
2.
Spain 1499
a. Spain sent Italian ________ Vespucci
3.
Portugal 1500
a. Cabral landed on Brazilian coast
4.
Germany 1507
a. Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller published first map of North
America; names continent for Vespucci
5.
Spain
a. 1513 Balboa crosses isthmus of ________; reaches Pacific
b. 1519-1522 Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe
6.
“Columbian Exchange”
a. Spaniards brought Christianity, iron technology, sailing ships, wheels,
horses, communicable diseases
b. From New World came corn, potatoes, pineapples, tobacco, venereal
diseases
III. Spanish Exploration & Conquest
A. Conquest of Mexico
1.
________ Cortez
a. Became the richest & most famous conquistador
b. 1519 organizes army of 600 in Cuba to invade Mexico
c. Utilized interpreter/mistress Malinali/Marina
McClure 2
2.
Mexica (Aztec) led by Emperor ________
a. Montezuma believed Cortez the god Quetzalcoatl & paid tribute
3.
Spanish Victory, 1521, Explained
a. Spanish Advantages
i. Military technology & organization
ii. Military philosophy—destroy the enemy’s will to fight
iii. Militant & confident Christianity
iv. Cortez’s use of Indian allies
b. Mexica’s Weaknesses
i. Inferior weapons
ii. Undisciplined attacks
1. took time to sacrifice
iii. Philosophy of taking captives
iv. Epidemic of ________ & measles
v. Hesitant to fight Cortez if he were a ________
B. The Search for Other Mexicos
1.
Francisco Pizarro conquered ________ Empire in Peru 1523
a. Pizarro executed Atahualpa after receiving his ransom of gold &
silver fortune
2.
Juan Ponce de Leon killed in ________ 1521battle
3.
Hernando de Soto explored Mississippi River 1542
4.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explored US Southwest 1542
C. New Spain in the 16th Century
1.
Spain dominated the New World
a. Portugal claimed only ________
2.
Spanish monarchy encouraged plundering of New World; took “royal
fifth”
3.
________ system was supposed to encourage Indians to convert to
Christianity in return for Indian labor
a. Indians subjected to overwork, mistreatment, & abuse
b. De Las Casas: “What will the Indians think about the God of the
Christians?…(p. 21)
4.
stratified social status system
a. based on parentage (see pp.25-26)
D. Toll of Spanish Conquest
1.
by 1560, major Indian civilization conquered
a. leaders overthrown, religion in contempt, people in forced labor
b. 90% of Indian population wiped out by European epidemics
c. dwindling Indian population caused import of ________ ________