Download BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES UNIT 9 Human Body_Body Organization

Unit 9:
Human Body
Part 1 ~ Body Organization and Systems Overview
Mrs. Howland
Biology 10
Rev. Feb 2016
Lesson Objectives:
Learners will be able to…
Identify organs and the system to which they belong.
Identify the functions of the various systems of the
human body.
Explain how cells and tissues are specialized for specific
functions.
Explain how the different organs within an organ
system work together to perform a common function.
Explain how the different organ systems work together
to maintain homeostasis.
How do parts of the human body
work together to maintain life?
Levels of Organization
Organization of the Body
A CELL is the basic unit of structure and
function in a living thing
Cells of the Human Body
Cells of the Human Body
Microscope view
Epithelial cells
Blood cells
Neuron
Columnar epithelial
cells with Goblet cells
Bone cells
Skeletal
muscle
Cardiac muscle cells
Organization of the Body
TISSUES are groups of cells with
similar structure and function
Tissues of the Human Body
FOUR (4) Basic types of tissue:
CONNECTIVE tissue
EPITHELIAL tissue
MUSCLE tissue
NERVOUS tissue
Tissues of the Human Body
Organization of the Body
Organs are groups of tissues arranged to
work together to perform a common function
Organization of the Body
Organ systems are a group of organs that
work together (are interrelated) to perform
one or more functions for the body
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Organization of the body relates how the structure
of the body affects its function
 You’ll soon see that this is a common theme!!
Integumentary System
Excretory System
Skeletal System
Digestive System
Muscular System
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Circulatory System
Reproductive System
Lymphatic/Immune System
Integumentary System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
SKIN
Hair
Subcutaneous tissue
Glands
FUNCTION: External barrier to other organisms,
viruses, and chemicals; thermoregulation.
Skeletal System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Bone marrow
FUNCTION: Support and move body; protect
internal organs; mineral storage (calcium!);
blood formation (cells!)
Muscular System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Muscles
Tendons
FUNCTION: Locomotion (movement!); heat
production
Nervous System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
(eyes, ears)
FUNCTION: Coordinate activities of other organ
systems; respond to sensations
Circulatory System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Heart
Blood (blood cells and plasma)
Blood vessels (veins, arteries,
capillaries)
FUNCTION: Transport oxygen and
nutrients to body tissues; remove
waste products (carbon dioxide,
etc.!)
Excretory System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Urethra
FUNCTION: Elimination of wastes; regulate pH
and volume of blood
Digestive System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Stomach
Intestinal tract
Liver
Pancreas
Esophagus
Salivary glands
FUNCTION: Processes foods; absorption of
nutrients into the body
Respiratory System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Lungs
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Nasal cavities
FUNCTION: Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) gasses to/from blood
Endocrine System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Gonads
FUNCTION: Regulates body functions using
hormones (chemical signal molecules)
Reproductive System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
FEMALES:
Ovaries
Uterus
Mammary glands
MALES:
Testes
Prostate gland
FUNCTION: Produces germ cells (eggs and
sperm); environment for growth of fetus
(females); organism reproduction
Lymphatic/Immune System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
FUNCTION: Returns tissue fluid to blood;
defense against foreign organisms
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis = A means by which an organism
maintains a constant internal environment
EXAMPLES:
Thermoregulation (body temperature)
Fluid levels
pH ( acid/base levels)
Glucose levels
Calcium levels
Negative & Positive Feedback Mechanisms
NEGATIVE feedback mechanisms = Response reverses
a change in the specific, controlled condition
Maintains HOMEOSTASIS
Example: Thermoregulation
Most common type of feedback mechanism in living
organisms, particularly humans
POSITIVE feedback mechanisms = Response
stimulates a change in the specific, controlled
condition
Does NOT maintain homeostasis
Example: Release of oxytocin to move along labor
Not common in organisms
SENSOR
RECEPTOR that detects
changes in a variable and sends
a signal to the integrator.
Constantly monitoring.
Responds to significant change
INTEGRATOR
CONTROL CENTER that
integrates (puts together)
information from the sensor
and the “set point” for the
specific variable
EFFECTOR
MECHANISM that has an
“effect” on the variable. It readjusts the variable back to its
set point.
Homeostasis
THERMOREGULATION
What happens when your body gets too cold or
too warm?
“Set point” for body temperature is
~37 degrees C
Temperature regulation is monitored in the
brain by the hypothalamus
EFFECTOR mechanisms include:
Shivering using body muscles to adjust
temperature back up
Sweating using sweat glands in skin to adjust
temperature back down
Thermoregulation ~ temp too low
Thermoregulation ~ temp too high
Thermoregulation
Example of homeostasis
SENSOR: Temperature receptors in skin
INTEGRATOR: Brain (hypothalamus)
EFFECTOR: Sweat glands or muscles, depending
on the mechanism that is triggered