Download The SIX Grand Theories of Psychology (Psyc 20)

The SIX Grand Theories of Psychology (Psyc 20)
Theory
Theorists
PSYCHODYNAMIC Sigmund Freud
-Psychoanalytic
Erik Erikson
-Psychosocial
BEHAVIORAL
John B. Watson
Outer person
Ivan
Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
COGNITIVE
Jean Piaget (4
stages)
How we think
Lev Vygotskysociocultural
theory (takes into
cultural
influences)
HUMANISTIC
The Unique Human
Being
Carl Rogers &
Abraham Maslow
Date:
Major Beliefs or Descriptions (What are the key/big ideas?)
-Free Association-> allowing patients to freely speak, and analyze their conversation
Id-basic primitive needs (hunger & aggression), our pleasure principle, suggests that unconscious
forces act to determine personality and behavior, unconscious part of personality about the person is
unaware.
Ego-rational and responsible, buffer between the real world and the ID. Ego’s job to meet the needs
of the id while taking into consideration the reality of the situation
Superego- a person’s conscious, distinguishing right and wrong, keeps us on the right path social
interactions with other people, each of us passes through a set of stages and we have to resolve the
crisis we encounter in each stage
-8 stages of Social Development; emphasizes our social interactions with other people, each of us
passes through a set of stages, and we have to resolve the crisis we encounter in each stage.
-A person’s development is due to the environment they are raised in, controlling the environment a
person can be trained to act a certain way.
-We model behavior around us
Classic conditioning- organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally doesn’t produce
that result (ie. Dog salivating to the sound of a bell).
Operant Conditioning- behavior is changed due to the response we get from others, positive/negative
reinforcement.
Name:
Examples, Interesting Facts, etc.
B.F. Skinner trained pigeons through operant
conditioning.
Pavlov- Classical conditioning (dogs)
Watson-Little Albert
-How people internally represent and think about the world
-How children and adults process information
-How their way of thinking and understanding affects their behavior
-Piaget suggests that all people pass through a series of development
-Human thinking is arranged into schemes or organized mental patterns
2 big Ideas:
1. Assimilation (process by which people understand or experience in terms of their current way of
thinking)
2. Accommodation refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounter with new
stimuli or events.
• Believe that humans strive for growth, dignity, and self-determination.
• Optimistic and concerned with human nature
• Emphasize personal responsibility & personal growth
• Focuses on the future instead of dwelling on the past.
• Traumatic events from the past can affect us but do not have to shape our remaining lives. Our
Self-actualization: one has reached
their full potential, accept themselves
for who they are, recognize their
shortcomings and strengths.
capacity to overcome such
experiences is powerful
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Physiological, Safety, Love & Belonging, Esteem, SelfActualization), holistic views
Example: Rick Hansen – ‘Man in
Motion’ or Terry Fox. Both overcame
extreme obstacles and still did
something amazing in their lives.
Rogers-Theory of Defenses (when a threatening situation occurs your response is to protect your selfimage:
Distortion-> reinterpret the situation
Denial-> block out threatening situations
Key terms: Self-concept, Unconditional & Conditional Positive Regard
EVOLUTIONARY/
BIOLOGICAL
Heredity & Genetics
ECOLOGICAL
(also called
Sociocultural Model)
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting Geese
From Charles Darwin->Natural Selection
Based on bio, anthropology, neurosciences, cognitive science
Heredity and genetics
Inclusive Fitness-> goal for all humans to reproduce
Parental investment-> parents caring for children over long periods of time
Urie
 Emphasizes the roles of societal changes affecting the systems. Thus effecting development
Bronfenbrenner, Microsystem (direct influences)
Exosystem (environmental influences you don’t have control over)
Marcrosystem (cultural beliefs and attitudes).
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Cultural Influences
PUTTING THEORIES TO WORK
Part 1 - Violence
Part 2 – The Wild Boy of Aveyron