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Section 5
Roman
Leadership
The
Reformers
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
• 1st reformer
• Became tribune in 133 B.C.
• Wanted to set limits to amount of
land that could be owned
• Ran for re-election (against law)
• Senate staged a riot to stop him
• He and hundreds of followers were
killed
Gaius Sempopronius Gracchus
• 123 B.C.
• Brother of Tiberius
• Moved farmers back to country
• Sold wheat below market price;
eventually was given away
• Senate felt threatened and had
him killed in 121 B.C.
The
Generals
General Gaius Marius
• 107 B.C.
• 1st lower class person to be elected
to high office
• Supported by poor and ex-soldiers
• Set up professional army open to
all
• Offered pay: land, pensions, booty
(things taken from the enemy in
war)
Effects of reforms made by Marius
Positive:
Negative:
Provided jobs Hurt the Republic
– loyalty was to
general not the
Republic
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
•Opposed Marius
•Was given position
that Marius wanted
•Sulla marched
against Rome
The Result…
Civil
War
Result of civil war…
•Sulla made himself
dictator (absolute
ruler)
•Increased power of
Senate
The Roman Senate
•Doubled in size
•Given more duties
•Weakened power of
tribune
•Generals could not hold
same army command for
more than a year
Julius
Caesar
Julius Caesar
• Born July 100 –102 B.C.
• Patrician
• Father died when he was 16 years
old
• Was forced into hiding by
Sulla
• Returned to Rome in 78
B.C. (Sulla was dead)
Caesar returns to Rome
•Elected as tribune
•elected as quaestor 69 B.C.
•praetor in 62 BC
•Caesar and Bibulus were
elected as consuls in
59 B.C.
After rule of Sulla…
• 60 B.C.
• Power was passed to
triumvirate (3 people who
had equal power)
First Triumvirate
•Marcus Licinius Crassus
•Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey) –
rule by upper-class senators
(sealed by marriage to Julia,
Caesar’s daughter)
•Julius Caesar – rule by
one man
Caesar’s Discontent
• 58 B.C. governor of a Roman
province
• 55 BC, his partners Pompey
and Crassus were elected
consuls
• In 54 BC, Caesar's daughter
Julia died in childbirth
Death of Crassus
•53 B.C.
•Romans were
defeated at
Carrhae in Syria
•Crassus was killed
in battle
Caesar’s Rise to Power
• As governor, built large, strong
army that was loyal to him
• Conquered northern France,
Belgium and invaded Britain
• In 50 B.C., he was ordered to
break up legions and return
Why?
Senate, led by
Pompey, feared he
was growing too
strong!
Caesar returned to Rome
• Entered Rome with his troops
• Pompey would not fight; he
fled
• Caesar pursued him into
Greece
• 48 B.C., at Pharsalus,
Pompey’s legions were
defeated
Caesar’s Power
•46 B.C. was appointed
dictator
•9 days later, resigned
and was elected consul
Caesar Goes to Egypt
•Caesar pursues Pompey to
Alexandria
•Pompey was murdered
and his head offered to
Caesar by young
Ptolemy
Problems in Egypt
• Young Ptolemy and Cleopatra
were co-regents of Egypt
• Civil War between two
• Caesar sided with Cleopatra
• Cleopatra moved to estate
outside of Rome and had
a son Caesarian
Caesar’s power continues….
• Was elected consul in 46 B.C. and
in 45 B.C.
• 45 B.C. – named his grandnephew, Octavian, as his heir
• Rome and the Senate
continued to bestow honors
on Caesar
Reforms by Caesar
• Redistributed state lands and established new
colonies for ex-soldiers
• Public works projects – this gave jobs to many
• Planned and paid for gladiatorial games
• Doubled size of senate
• Cut publican activities
• Gave citizenship to Greeks, Spaniards,
and Gauls
• Julian calendar – still used today
Caesar did a great
deal for Rome…
Many feared he would
make himself…
K I
N G
Conspiracy
•About 60 men, most Senators,
plotted against Caesar
•On the Ides of March, March
15, 44 B.C., Caesar was
assassinated
After Caesar’s Death
• Power passed to Second
Triumvirate
• Mark Antony – Caesar’s closest
follower – took control of East
• Octavian – took the West
• Marcus Lepidus – one of
Caesar’s top officers, took
Africa
All three
shared
control of
Rome.
Failure of Triumvirate
• Worked for a while
• Fights broke out
• Mark Antony became involved
with Cleopatra
• Fighting ended in 31 B.C.
when Mark Antony was
defeated in Battle of Actium
Octavian became
the sole ruler of the
Roman Empire