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Mesopotamia: Civilizations between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers 1. Innovation – a new way of doing things. Mesopotamia lied within the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia lied within the present day countries below. 2. Controlling the Tigris and Euphrates rivers allowed farmers to grow enough food for the Sumerian city–states. 1) Controlled flooding by building dikes and dams. 2) Irrigated land during droughts using canals. 3) Filled man-made lakes or reservoirs for later use. 3. Division of Labor – the sharing of a large job so that each worker does only part of the work. This allowed the city-states to produce enough food. 4. Surplus – extra product left over after needs have been met. 5. En – Sumerian leader who ruled as king and was believed to be chosen by the gods. 6. Sumerian rulers held absolute authority or complete control over the city-state. 7. Monarchy – a governing system ruled by a king or queen. 8. Sumerians created the st world’s 1 written language to keep government lists and records called Cuneiform. 9. Cuneiform – writing that used wedge-shaped symbols. Cuneiform Alphabet 10. Sumerians are remembered for many innovations. 1) Acre – measure land. 2) Quart – measure volume. 3) Calendar 4) Sailboat 5) Used bronze to make tools and weapons. 6) Potter’s wheel 7. Cuneiform 8. Dikes and reservoirs 9. Wheeled cart pulled by animals. 11. Social Classes A group of people who have a particular level of importance. Ruling Class King, government officials, priests and warriors. Middle Class Less important government officials, craftworkers, farming supervisors and merchants. Lower Class Slaves, farmworkers, prisoners of war, people paying off debts or committed a crime. 12. Men held nearly all the leadership roles in the Sumerian government. 13. The oldest woman in the family ruled at home. Other rights: 1) Religious leaders 2) Could own property 3) Could run a business 4) Some could read or write. 14. Sumerian city-states fought over control of: 1) Water 2) Limited resources 3) Riches 4) Land 15. Sargon conquered the Sumerians and built the world’s first empire. 16. Empire – vast lands and varied people that come under control of a single government. 17. Standing Army – an army with paid, full-time soldiers. 18. Sargon held the Akkadian Empire together by: 1) Keeping a standing army. 2) Carefully selecting government officials. 19. The Amorites gained control of southern and central Mesopotamia and built the Babylonian Empire. 20. The Babylonian Empire maintained order with a: 1) Centralized government. 2) Code of Laws. 3) System of Taxation. 21. Code of Hammurabi – a set of laws written down in a clear and orderly way. There were 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. 22.Hammurabi – King of the citystate of Babylon. His laws helped provide justice for the wronged and protect the weak.