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RENNAISSANCE
The 5 W’s
What is the Renaissance?
THE ”REBIRTH” OF CIVILIZATION AFTER 1000
YEARS OF THE MIDDLE AGES ALSO REFERED TO
AS THE DARK AGES.
Rebirth refers to both a rediscovery of ancient
classical texts and learning (mostly ancient Greek
and Roman) , and to the widespread revitalization
of European culture resulting from the application
of this classical knowledge in the arts and
sciences. Thus Renaissance can refer to this
rebirth of classical learning and knowledge or to
the ensuing rebirth of European culture.
WHY Did It Happen?
The Black Plague theory for the rise of the
Renaissance
In the 14th Century, it is estimated that up to one-third or
more of the population of Europe died of the plague.
• The plague was indiscriminate; it affected kings and
serfs, priests and peasants, the pious and the sinful.
• Fervent Christian beliefs did provided protection from it.
• This led people to think more about life rather than the
afterlife. During the Middle (Dark) Ages the people of
Europe believed their time on earth was to prove there
worth for entering heaven. There emphasis was more on
the hereafter than the here and now.
• This, together with the invention of the printing press by
Gutenberg (1450s) and the rediscovering of the
humanistic philosophies from the Ancient Greek Roman
era ( such as Aristotle, Plato and Socrates) created the
intellectual climate for the emergence of Humanism- the
interest in man and his relationship with the world around
him.
More on the WHY and some of the
WHERE-The Dawn of a New Age
• About 1450, European scholars became more interested in studying
the world around them. Their art became more true to life. They
began to explore new lands -to seek life and new civilizations-to
boldly go where no man has gone before . These are the stories of
explorers like: Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Christopher
Columbus-this was the beginning of the Age of Exploration.
Handbooks, guides, and charts, along with the invention of more
sophisticated and practical nautical instruments. Crucial to these
innovations were Muslim and Jewish contributions in mapmaking
and navigational instruments.
• The Renaissance began in northern Italy and then spread through
Europe. Italian cities such as Naples, Genoa, and Venice became
centers of trade between Europe and the Middle East. Arab scholars
preserved the writings of the ancient Greeks in their libraries. When
the Italian cities traded with the Arabs, ideas were exchanged along
with goods. These ideas, preserved from the ancient past, served as
the basis of the Renaissance. When the Byzantine empire fell to
Muslim Turks in 1453, many Christian scholars left Greece (and
Constantinople) for Italy.
Humanism
• Many Renaissance scholars looked to the past for
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inspiration. In the works of the classics they found a spirit
similar to theirs that valued innovation in this world rather
than looking forward to the next world after death.
A person who studied the classics was called a humanist.
Humanists recreated classical styles in art, literature, and
architecture. Humanists believed that by studying the
classics, they could understand people and the world
better. One humanist wrote, “To each species of creature
has been allotted a peculiar and instinctive gift. To horses
galloping, to birds flying, comes naturally. To man only is
given the desire to learn.”
The humanists emphasized the importance of human
values instead of religious beliefs. Renaissance
humanists were often devout Christians, but their
promotion of secular, or non-religious, values often put
them at odds with the church.
Today we refer to the study of literature, philosophy and
art as the humanities.
Islam and the Renaissance
• We have underestimated the importance of 800 years of Islamic society and
culture in Spain between the 8th and 15th centuries. The contribution of
Muslim Spain to the preservation of classical learning during the Dark Ages,
and to the first flowering of the Renaissance, has long been recognized. But
Islamic Spain was much more than a mere larder where Hellenistic
knowledge was kept for later consumption by the emerging modern world.
Not only did Muslim Spain gather and preserve the intellectual content of
ancient Greek and Roman civilization, it also interpreted and expanded
upon that civilization, and made a vital contribution of its own in so many
fields of human endeavour … Islam nurtured and preserved the quest for
learning. In the words of (the Prophet's) tradition "the ink of the scholar is
more sacred than the blood of the martyr." Cordoba in the 10th century was
by far the most civilized city of Europe. We know of lending libraries in
Spain at the time King Alfred was making terrible blunders with the culinary
arts in this country. It is said that the 400,000 volumes of its ruler's library
amounted to more books than all the of the rest of Europe put together.
That was made possible because the Muslim world acquired from China the
skill of making paper more than four hundred years before the rest of nonMuslim Europe. Many of the traits on which Europe prides itself came to it
from Muslim Spain. Diplomacy, free trade, open borders, the techniques of
academic research, of anthropology, etiquette, fashion, alternative
medicine, hospitals, all came from this great city of cities. Mediaeval Islam
was a religion of remarkable tolerance for its time, allowing Jews and
Christians to practice their inherited beliefs, and setting an example which
was not, unfortunately, copied for many centuries in the West.
http://www.twf.org/Library/Renaissance.html
Sounds lovely this must have been
a peaceful time….NOT !
City-states in Italy-Where the Renaissance started.
• Northern Italy was divided into a
number of warring city-states, the
most powerful being Milan, Florence,
Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, and
Venice.
• Northern Italy was further divided by
the long running battle for
supremacy between the forces of
the Papacy and of the Holy Roman
Empire. Each city aligned itself with
one faction or the other, yet there
was internal divisions within the
cities. They used mercenaries.
• There were also wars with France
(supporter of the Emperor) 1494
•It was a time of the bloody
• The Sack of Rome by Holy Roman
Inquisition of the marranos and
Emperor, Charles V 1527.(Spanish
Jews of Spain 1478-92
German troops)
The Italian City-States
• At the time of Renaissance, Italy was made up of numerous city-states
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that were geographically situated to benefit from the revival of trade that
had developed as a result of the Crusades.
The northern city-states of Florence, Venice, and Genoa acted as
middlemen in the lucrative
trade with the East. These Northern independent city-states marketed
goods such as wool, silk, and other products to countries in Europe and
Asia. They became prosperous centers of banking, trade, and
manufacturing.
The cities of Northern Italy also benefited from being able to absorb
stimulating new ideas from their advanced Byzantine and Muslim
neighbours on the Mediterranean Sea. By 1350, the city-states of Florence,
Venice, and Genoa were urban regions with a population of about 100,000,
a large figure by medieval standards. The conditions were right for these
cities to undergo a cultural explosion.
Venice
• Venice was founded in the fifth
century by people fleeing from
Attila the Hun. They settled on a
group of islands on the north-eastern
edge of the Italian peninsula.
Shipbuilding was the primary industry
in Venice. During the Crusades,
Venetian ships provided transportation
to the Holy Land. By the 13th century,
Venice was the most prosperous city
in Europe. The city became rich by collecting taxes on all merchandise
brought into its harbour. Venice built huge warships that protected the
valuable cargo of its merchant ships from pirate raids. With the vast
wealth from trade, many of the leading families of Venice vied with one
another to build the finest palaces or support the work of the greatest
artists.
…ever heard of Marco Polo?
Florence
• Florence, the “city of flowers,” was located in the hill
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country of north-central Italy. It prospered because of
the wool industry. Sheep were raised in the rock hill
country of central Italy, and Florence was a center of
wool processing. During most of the Renaissance,
wealthy merchants dominated Florence.
The merchants competed with one another by building
grand palaces for themselves. The merchants were
patrons of the arts. Patron comes from the Latin word
for father. They hired artists to fill their homes with
beautiful paintings and sculptures. Patrons bought rare
books and paid scholars to teach their children. The
money and encouragement of patrons together with that
of the church, made the masterpieces of Renaissance art
possible.
WHAT was the influence of the
Renaissance on the ARTS?
• The Renaissance was much more than simply studying the
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work of ancient scholars. It influenced painting, sculpture,
and architecture. Paintings became more realistic and focused
less often on religious topics. Rich families became patrons
and commissioned great art. Artists advanced the
Renaissance style of showing nature and depicting the
feelings of people.
Learning and the Arts began to flourish during the
Renaissance
Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding
of the world.
The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and
helped to spread new ideas.
Wealthy families (usually merchants/successful businessmen
and bankers) and the church had amassed enough wealth to
become patrons.
The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping
and credit allowed merchants to prosper.
Points to Remember
•flourishing of artistic and scientific activities
beginning in Italy in the mid 1300s
•The rise of the individual (The great invention of the Italian
Renaissance was the creation of the "individual," the notion that human
experiences and abilities should not be trivialized but in fact celebrated—
that man was, in fact, "the measure of all things.)"
•a reconnection of the west with classical antiquity
• the absorption of knowledge: mathematics, science(Copernicus and the Heliocentric Universe-1514 ) and Inventions
(Gutenberg’s printing press-1448)
•The awakening of a desire for beauty
•Start of the age of exploration
•a focus on the importance of living well in the
present
Renaissance- WHEN and WHERE
was it again?
The Renaissance has no set starting point or
place; it happened gradually in different
places at different times. Generally it can
be divided into three periods:
Early RenaissanceHigh RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance-
Early Renaissance
The start of the Renaissance is almost universally
ascribed to Central Italy, however, especially the
city of Florence- (remember the wool capitalMedici controlled).
This 'Florentine Enlightenment' was a major
achievement. It was a classical, classicizing
culture which sought to live up to the republican
ideals of Athens and Rome. Sculptors used
Roman models and classical themes. This society
had a new relationship with its classical past — it
felt it owned it and revived it. Florentines felt
akin to 1st century BC republican Rome.
Italian Social Classes
• The people of Renaissance Florence,
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like most city–states of the era, were
composed of four social classes. The
nobles owned much of the land, and
lived on large estates outside the city
walls. They behaved according to the
rules of chivalry and distained the
merchants.
The merchants were the newly rich,
who gained wealth in industries like
wool processing, boat making and
banking. The merchants sought to
protect their wealth by controlling the
government and marrying into noble
families. They became patrons of great
artists in order to gain public favour.
The middle class of Florence was
composed of shopkeepers and
professionals
• At the lowest level were the workers, who did not have job protection and
were very dependent on their employers. Workers who violated rules could
have their wages withheld or could be discharged from their jobs. As
difficult as their lives were, however, these urban workers were better off
than the peasants who lived in rural areas.
•
The Medicis-(Rise of the
Merchants)
In the 15th century, the leading families of
Florence decided they needed a strong
person in charge to lead them against the
growing threat of rival cities. They chose
Cosimo de Medici, a wealthy banker, to take
control of the government (the original
business of the Medicis was pharmaceuticals
which are reflected in their coat fo arms).
Cosimo maintained the appearance of
republican government, but he appointed his
relatives and people he could control to
important positions. When Cosimo died in
1464, his son and grandson continued his
policies. The Medici maintained control by
exiling people who disagreed with them and
encouraging other Italian cities to form
alliances with Florence.
•The best known of the Medicis was Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo, who
was known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent.” Lorenzo was not only a shrewd
banker and clever politician; he was also a scholar and a poet. Under
Lorenzo’s leadership, Florence became one of the most beautiful and
prosperous cities in Italy, as well as a center of the Renaissance.
Who- the Artists
• The Renaissance patrons wanted art that
showed joy in human beauty and life’s
pleasures. Renaissance art is more lifelike
than in the art of the Middle Ages.
Renaissance artists studied perspective, or
the differences in the way things look
when they are close to something or far
away. The artists painted in a way that
showed these differences. As a result,
their paintings seem to have depth.
Remember the beauty of the Greek and
Roman sculpture
I remember, I saw them close this
summer.
The world went from the expression of idealized beauty of
Greek sculpture and the realism of Roman sculpture to the
symbolic and decorative (?) art of the Middle Ages.
Art is going to evolve bringing
back the beauty, proportions and
realism of the classics.
Retro Greek/Roman art with a
modern humanistic twist
The following slides illustrate the
evolution from Gothic art to Early
Renaissance.
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Cimabue
GothicMadonna of
Sana Trinita
GIOTTO
•1280 Byzantine•gold background
(symbol of heavenly
light)
•Flat chair
•All the angels have
the same faces and
the prophets have
the same faces they play the same
role
•Modonna face not
natural (looks like
an alien)
Giotto was an
apprentice to
Madonna-1310
Cimbue
An artist from Florence named Giotto was one of the first to paint in this new style.
Giotto lived more than a century before the beginning of the Renaissance, but his
paintings show real emotion. The faces are more individual and realistic. The bodies
look solid( more shading as well), and the background of his paintings shows
perspective. The art produced during the Renaissance would build upon Giotto’s style.
Student beats the Master
Giotto-The student beats the
master (just a little story)
• Giotto was born in poverty in the countryside near Florence,
the son of Bondone, a peasant, and was himself a shepherd.
• The legend (as reported by Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the
Artists) holds that at the age of 12, whilst his father was
tending the sheep, Giotto was drawing on rocks with chalk.
The artist Cimabue happened along and saw young Giotto
drawing a sheep, so natural and so perfect that Cimabue
immediately asked Giotto's father if the boy could come
with him as an apprentice to study art. His father agreed,
and thus Giotto's career would have started in Cimabue's
bottega. Another story in Vasari's Lives depicts Giotto as a
playful apprentice, painting a fly on the nose of a figure
with such skill that his teacher Cimabue made numerous
attempts to brush the fly away. This legend foreshadows
the life-like painted figures that would come to characterize
Giotto's work.
• He stands as the key link between the Byzantine art of the
late middle ages, and the more realistic and humanistic art
which flowered in the Renaissance.
Gentile Da FabriarioAdoration
of
the
Maji
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Painted for the Strozzi
family, another merchant
family in Florence
(textiles) and rivals of
Medici. Strozzi was
exiled from Florence by
Cosimo Meici.
Fabriario lived three
years in of the Strozzi’s
houses while painting
this commission
(remember the artists
worked for commission,
they had little say in the
subject manner).
The painting is very
vibrant with real gold
and silver in a relief form
( this image does not do
it justice). Carved
plaster would first be
placed on the painting,
then gold leaved. The
painting would happen
after.
1423 3mx 2.8mTempra on wood
• Landscape is painted
• Realistic- real animals
• Depth- spatial perspective
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and some lineal
perspective
Mary is in blue- shows
importance, blue was
made from ground Lapis
Luzure from Afghanistanextremely expensive
Commissioned by Strozzi
so the Magi are wearing
the rich clothes from their
company (a very
expensive ad- you want to
be important enough to
meet the Virgin Mary
wear Strozzi fabrics)
The artist is looking
forward, and the patron is
beside him holding a bird
Masaccio- Tribute Money (1427)Fresco
• use of linear perspective in the buildings
•The figures are arranged according to horizontal lines, but the overall
disposition is circular( three separate scenes of the story)
•The characters are entirely classical: dressed in the Greek fashion
Paolo Uccello : Battle of San Romano,
c. 1455, tempera on wood, 3.2 x 1.8 m, National Gallery, London.
•Where the Florentines beat the Duke of Milan (fighting between city-states)
•Use of Perspective and Foreshortening
Paolo Uccello : Battle of San Romanoc.
1438, tempera on wood, 2.2 x 1.8 m, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Commisioned by Cosimo Medici
Flippo Lippi (what a character)
• Parents died when he was young and he was brought up by
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his aunt from the ages of 2- 8 years old
She couldn’t handle him so she sent him off to the
monastery to become a monk
It is also said that-Early on he was captured by Moors whilst
out boating and sold into slavery in Africa, then later freed
and returned to Italy
He was not a very good monk- he had many, many,
girlfriends
But he was an excellent artist, but he could not stick to it
(ADD?). Cosimo (the elder) Medici commissioned a painting
by Flippo it took hem 7 years
Once Cosimo locked him in his room for days but he climbed
out of the window using sheets to visit his love- Lucrezia
Buti (who was also a nun)
It’s said they had two children together
Coronation of the Virgin – 1439-47
Filippo Lippi and Assistance
John the Baptistpatron saint of
Florence and chosen
personal saint of the
patron (always
wears fur)
The bored Monk is Flippo,
bored of the painting,
what else?
We’re suppose to be looking att he Virgin Mary above, but we are drawn to
the woman looking at us on the bottom right (also many angels are looking at
her- that’s Lucrezia Buti , his lover (also wearing the same colours as Mary)
This was the
patron- he died
before Flippo
finished so he
looks dead-it
reads in latin- “He
finished the
work”
Filippo LippiMadonna with Child
and Two Angels1465
•Belief that the young
woman is Lucrezia , the
num scandalously loved by
the friar/painter, who gave
him a daughter and a son
(it has been suggested the
little boy angel is Filipino
who grew up to be a
famous painter himself)
•Notice how they are
stepping out from the
frame
•Very delicate composition
•The background (painting
within a painting) seems to
anticipate the future
expressive landscapes of
Leonardo da Vinci
Fashionable look in the Renaissance
Duke and Duchess of Urbino 1472 (realism of Rome-Humanism)
Piero della Francesca
•High forehead (plucked or shaved hairline
•Blonde hair (dyed hair using________)
•Pale skin (the high class did nto work in the field) used white makeup with______
•She was unusually pale because she was already dead and he was using her
death mask
Andrea Mantega- Dead Christ
(c. 1490Tempera on canvas, 68 x 81 cm, Milan
•He used extreme
foreshortening. (Parts get
smaller as the recede in
space)
•Looking in we see an
almost monstrous
spectacle: a heavy
corpse, seemingly
swollen by the
exaggerated
foreshortening. At the
front are two enormous
feet with holes in them;
as well as the nail holes
in the hands; on the left,
some tear-stained,
staring masks.
•Strong realism-the
wrinkled face of Christ
Sandro BotticelliFlorentine painter neglected for
centuries but now probably the
best-loved painter of the Early
Renaissance.
Sandro trained with Filippo Lippi,
who was the most important
influence on his style. By
temperament he belonged to the
current of late 15th-century art
whose art sometimes bordering on
sentimentality, a feminine grace,
and an emphasis on the
ornamental and evocative
capabilities of line.
Adoration of the Maji- 1475 1.11m x 1.34 m
Who’s who- If you’re a Medici your’re good enough to meet the Holy Family
(remember the Strozzi’s commissioned artwork on the same theme)
1. Lorenzo the Magnificent
2. Poliziano
3. Pico della Mirandola
4. Gaspare Lami
(a broker who footed the bill)
5. Cosimo the Elder
6. Piero the Gouty
(Lorenzo's Dad)
7. Guiliano de' Medici
(Lorenzo's younger
brother, later murdered
in the Pazzi Conspiracy)
8. Giovanni de' Medici
(younger brother of
Piero the Gouty)
9. Filippo Strozzi
10. Joannis Argiropulos
11. Sandro Botticelli
12. Lorenzo Tornabuoni
Botticelli-Primevera
Uffizi Gallery Florence(1481-82)- Tempra on wood 2.0 m x 3.1 m
Mercury- herald of Jovesymbol of knowledgewisking away the clouds of
winter
Cupid- blidfolded god of Love
Winged Zephyrus
who chased and
possessed the nymph
Chloris and them
married her giving
her the gift of
germinating flowers
Smiling figure –
transformation of
Chloris into Flora,
the Roman
goddess of
Spring
Venus as a symbol of
Three Gracesspring, being adorned with
may be a
the flowers of the three
symbol of
Graces
Liberality
• Example of the Roman/Greek culture on the Renaissance- not a Christian
related theme
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It’s seen as the return to a golden age in Florence
Botticelli- Birth of Venus
(1482)- Tempra on canvas 1.8 m x 2.8 m
•Scene based on traditional mythology. The god of the winds, Zephyr, and the
breeze Aura are in a tight embrace, and are gently driving Venus towards the shore
with their breath. She is standing naked on a golden shining shell, which reaches
the shore floating on rippling waves. There, a Hora of Spring is approaching on the
tips of her toes, in a graceful dancing motion, spreading out a magnificent cloak for
her. More creative than realistic, she looks more like a statue.
•Pastel colours (added white alabaster to paint) SERENE and GRACEFUl
Sculpture- Donatello
(the first of our Ninja Turtles)
• Donatello’s bronze "David"
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is believed to be the first
free-standing nude statue
since Greco-Roman times.
Almost Life size (1.6 m)
"David's" stance suggests
a new self-awareness of
his physical form a
combination of classic
style and renaissance
expression (pride, dignity)
Symbolizes the victory of
the small and self
sufficient against the brute
force of the larger
opponents
Sculpted in the Greek’s
contraposta style (the
weight of the on one leg,
the shoulders and the hips
counterbalanced each
other in a natural way so
the figure does not fall
over).
•David (1430-1432)- Bronze
Architecture(or Mrs. Amor’s trip
to Florence)
The Cathedral or
Duomo of Florence as
we see it today is the
end result of years of
work that covered
over six centuries of
history..
Its basic architectural project was designed and constructed at the end of
the 13th century; the cupola that has made it a symbol for the whole of
Florence was created by that genius of the Renaissance, Filippo
Brunelleschi, while the facade that completed it was carried out as late as
the late 19th century
The building of the Dome
• They had designed the cathedral so large
that it was beyond their knowledge how to
construct a large dome over the top, and the
area was already built up so there was no
room for Flying Buttresses.
• Bruneschelli had lost the commission for the
Gates of Paradise (next slide) he was so
upset he went to Rome to study architecture
(he knew they would have to build the dome
eventually. He studied the Pantheon in Rome
and with his new knowledge he came upon a
solution- a Double Dome. An inner dome of
lightweight material, and an outer shell of
heavier wind- resistant material.
• To support the dome Brunelleschi devised an
ingenius ring and rib support from oak
timbers. Although this type of support
structure is common in modern engineering,
his idea and understanding about the forces
needed to sustain the dome was
revolutionary. The rings hug both shells of
the dome, and the supports run through
• Another fear that a lot of people observing the construction had was
how to actually get the bricks on the dome to stay up in the dome,
and not fall to the ground during the construction. Once again,
Brunelleschi had an ingenious idea that is common practice today,
but revolutionary in its time. He created a herringbone pattern with
the bricks that redirected the weight of the bricks outwards towards
the dome's supports, instead of downwards to the floor. By
observing carefully the curve of the dome as it took shape,
Brunelleschi was able to place this bricks in key areas.
• It took 16 years to build the dome with 50
workers working 16 hour days. Working on
scaffolding that had washroom and food stations
on top.
The Baptistery
The origins of the temple dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, later patron saint of the
city, are still uncertain. According to
tradition, it was founded in Roman times
and dedicated to the god Mars.
The Bell Tower
Gates of Paradise
(on the Baptistery door)
• Lorenzo Ghiberti- (1425-52)
• All panels depict stories of the
Christian Old testament or
Jewish Bible (Torah) (some are
in the Koran as well)
• gilded cast bronze, each panel
of the doors is about 79.4 cm
square
• This sculpture employs linear
perspective, differences in
figure size, overlapping, and
varying depths of relief, to
create the illusion of great
space.
• The panels show clearly the
brilliant modeling technique
and perfect perspective, so that
the figures stand out against
the architectural background
and the work seems almost a
painting in bronze.
Genesis
Cain and Abel
Noah
Abraham and Issac
Issac
Joseph
Moses
David
Solomon
YOUR PROJECT
Bas Relief Sculpture of a unified moral topic
You are to pick on of
“the seven virtues” or the “ seven sins”
pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, sloth.
humility, generosity, chastity, kindness,
abstinence , patience (peace), diligence
Patience-Peace
WRATH
ENVY
LUST
Name:_________________________
Criteria
Technical Use
of Material
CompositionEvidence of
Depth
Visual
Composition
Incomplete
(0-50%)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
It blew up
-clay work looks
sloppy, not
properly attached,
looks unfinished,
cracks where
items have been
attached
Clay is adequately
used. All items
appear to be
attached wellevidence of
scoring and
slipping
Evidence of proper
technique-attached
items appear as part
of the sculpture
Good craftsmanship
Evidence of texture
Sophisticated use of
clay in a complete
manner (variety of
texture, finished-look,
detail work)
6.5
8
0-6
No depth, flat
0-5
A mish mash of
objects.
No consideration
has been given to
the arrangement
of components of
the sculpture. The
images are very
simple and under
developed.
0-4
7
7.5
Two levels of
depth
Three levels of
depth
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
The composition is
dull. Little
consideration has
been given to the
arrangement of
components of the
sculpture. The
images are
somewhat
developed but
appear unfinished
and still a bit two
dimensional
4.5
Theme-Artwork
related to the
seven virtues
and vices
Glazing
technique
No relation to
seven vices and
virtues
0-6
Glaze did not
enhance the
artwork at all,
sloppily
done…or...
Glazing was not
done
0-4
8.5
9
9.5
10.5
Three levels of
depth, easily
distinguished
7.5
8.5
Some
consideration has
been given to the
arrangement of
the image.
Images are clear
and somewhat
developed but
appear unfinished
and still a bit twodimensional.
5.5
10
6
11
12
11.5
/12
Deep visual depth
done in a sophisticated
manner ( use of
perspective, many
levels etc)
8
9
9.5
10
The composition is
well planned and
interesting.
Consideration has
been given to the
arrangement of the
components of the
artwork. Images are
well executed and
three-dimensional.
The composition is
sophisticated and
innovative.
Sophisticated thought
has been given to the
arrangement of the
components of the
image. Images are
extremely well
executed and detailed.
6.5
7
7.5
8
/8
5
Some relation to
the seven vices
and virtues (with
explanation)
With explanation
the theme is
evident in this
artwork
6.5
8
7
7.5
8.5
9
Theme is easily
recognized and
content relates
directly to the theme.
Treatment of the
theme is appropriate
Theme is directly
conveyed in a
sophisticated and
complete manner.
Detailed web map
included.
9.5
11
10
10.5
Glazing was
adequately done.
Glazing did not
enhance the
artwork.
Glazing was
adequately done.
Glazing
emphasized the
texture.
Glazing was well
done and
emphasizes the
texture and added to
the artwork.
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
5
/10
6
11.5
12
/12
Glazing enhanced the
original artwork
Excellent glazing
technique
7.5
8
/8
/50
/100
Renaissance tidbits
• Did you know that the last non-Italian pope until John
•
Paul II served during the Renaissance? Unfortunately,
Adrian VI was so unpopular that, after he died, happy
Romans carried his doctor through the streets because
they thought he had helped to kill the pontiff.
Did you know that, in wars between Italian city-states,
hardly anyone was hurt, let alone killed? Renaissance
cities hired mercenary armies to do their fighting for
them, and mercenary captains fought not to lose
soldiers, whom they considered to be investments
• Ironically, in Humanist republics like Florence and Venice,
•
•
where political freedom was greatest, social and
personal freedom for women was most restricted. Most
Humanist authors advised that women not be taught
classical languages, rhetoric, and other Humanist skills.
But in principalities, noble fathers often found it
beneficial to educate their daughters in order to attract a
suitor. In addition, duchesses or princesses often ruled
when husbands were away at war, a role unimaginable
in Florence or Venice.
In Renaissance cities, women had four options:
marriage, domestic service as a maid, the convent, or
prostitution. Florence ran state-approved brothels so that
"honest" women would not be assaulted. Many women
chose the convent because of a fear of childbirth
In Venice, trials were held secretly, and most of the
sentences were carried out at night. If you were accused
of a capital offense, of which there were many, you
would often just disappear. You'd be sewn in a sack and,
at midnight, dropped over the side of a boat.
• In the Italian Renaissance, you will also study a period in which
•
•
•
•
popes tended to be truly extraordinary, both in their
accomplishments and in their personal behavior. They include:
Sixtus IV, who probably did more than anyone to rebuild Rome, and
for whom the Sistine Chapel is named. But he was also a
conspirator to murder, plotting with the Pazzi family to kill the
Florentine leader Lorenzo de'Medici and his brother Giuliano at Mass
during Holy Week.
Innocent VIII, who presided over the marriages of his children in
front of the high altar at St. Peter's.
Alexander VI Borgia, who had four children with his primary
mistress, known as the Queen of Rome. His teenage mistress
convinced him to make her brother a cardinal, who eventually
became one of the great popes of the 16th century, Paul III. (It’s
also rumoured he slept with his daughter).
Julius II, who built the current St. Peter's Basilica, commissioned
Michelangelo to paint the vault of the Sistine Chapel, and was
probably the 16th century's greatest art patron. He took his name to
honor Julius Caesar, and was known as "the warrior pope." In his
sixties, he would walk with common soldiers through waist-deep
snow, and said he preferred the smell of gunpowder to the smell of
incense.