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Unit 3
Chapters 8, 9, and 10
Chapter 8
Securing the New Nation
1789–1800
First order of business for the
new government:
• Establishing precedents according
to Constitutional guidelines
Naturalization Act of 1790
• Only “free white persons” could become
citizens of the United States
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America, in Congress assembled, That any Alien being a free white person, who
shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States
for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof on
application to any common law Court of record in any one of the States wherein
he shall have resided for the term of one year at least, and making proof to the
satisfaction of such Court that he is a person of good character, and taking the
oath or affirmation prescribed by law to support the Constitution of the United
States, which Oath or Affirmation such Court shall administer, and the Clerk of
such Court shall record such Application, and the proceedings thereon; and
thereupon such person shall be considered as a Citizen of the United States.
First Capital of the US
Federal Hall in New York City
Four major tasks of the first Congress
1.
2.
3.
4.
Setting up a system of federal courts
Securing the Bill of Rights
Establishing the executive department
Raising revenue
Courts
• Judiciary Act of 1789
– Created three circuit courts and thirteen district
courts to accompany the Supreme Court
established by the Constitution
Bill of Rights
• James Madison proposed 17 amendments
• Congress approved 12 of those
• Ten of the twelve were ratified by the states
and are known as the Bill of Rights.
• One of the two that were not ratified at the
time was finally ratified and added to the
Constitution in 1993 as the 27th Amendment
Ratification dates
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The Congress proposed this amendment on
September 25, 1789 and the following states
ratified the amendment:
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Maryland (December 19, 1789)
North Carolina (December 22, 1789, re-ratified in 1989)
South Carolina (January 19, 1790)
Delaware (January 28, 1790)
Vermont (November 3, 1791)
Virginia (December 15, 1791)
Kentucky (1792, re-ratified in 1996)
Ohio (May 6, 1873)
Wyoming (March 6, 1978)
Maine (April 27, 1983)
Colorado (April 22, 1984)
South Dakota (February 21, 1985)
New Hampshire (March 7, 1985)
Arizona (April 3, 1985)
Tennessee (May 23, 1985)
Oklahoma (July 1, 1985)
New Mexico (February 14, 1986)
Indiana (February 24, 1986)
Utah (February 25, 1986)
Arkansas (March 6, 1987)
Montana (March 17, 1987)
Connecticut (May 13, 1987)
Wisconsin (July 15, 1987)
Georgia (February 2, 1988)
West Virginia (March 10, 1988)
Louisiana (July 7, 1988)
Iowa (February 9, 1989)
Idaho (March 23, 1989)
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Nevada (April 26, 1989)
Alaska (May 6, 1989)
Oregon (May 19, 1989)
Minnesota (May 22, 1989)
Texas (May 25, 1989)
Kansas (April 5, 1990)
Florida (May 31, 1990)
North Dakota (March 25, 1991)
Missouri (May 5, 1992)
Alabama (May 5, 1992)
Ratification was completed on May 5, 1992. The
amendment was subsequently ratified by the following
states:
Michigan (May 7, 1992)
New Jersey (May 7, 1992)
Illinois (May 12, 1992)
California (June 26, 1992)
Rhode Island (June 10, 1993)
Hawaii (April 26, 1994)
Washington (August 12, 1995)
The following states have not ratified the amendment:
Massachusetts
Mississippi
Nebraska
New York
Pennsylvania
Congress created 5 executive posts
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5.
Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson)
Secretary of War (Henry Knox)
Secretary of the Treasury (Alexander Hamilton)
Attorney General (Edmund Randolph)
Postmaster General (Samuel Osgood)
Patronage
• Cabinet appointed by the President
(Postmaster General not included)
• Granting rewards for assisting with political
victories
• In these early years, these jobs were not
viewed as lucrative because the federal
government was so small
Raising Revenue
• Hamilton Tariff of 1789
– Imposed a 5 to 10 percent tariff on certain imports
• Freed the government from constant worry about
economic shortfalls
• raise revenues for the new government by
placing a tariff on the importation of foreign
goods (averaging more than 8 percent)
• encourage domestic production in such industries
as glass and pottery by taxing the importation of
those products from foreign sources.
First President
Election of 1789
Camdidates
Party
Electoral Vote
Popular Vote
George Washington
(Va)
Federalist ???
69
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John Adams (MA)
Federalist
34
John Jay (NY)
Federalist
9
John Rutledge (SC)
Federalist
6
John Hancock (MA)
Federalist
4
George Clinton (NY) Antifederalist
3
Others
7
Electoral Votes Not
Cast
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George Washington P arty: FEDERALIST Home State: VA Electoral Votes: 69
John Adams Party: FEDERALIST Home State: MA Electoral Votes: 34
John Jay Party: FEDERALIST Home State: NY Electoral Votes: 9
Robert Hanson Harrison Party: FEDERALIST Home State: MD Electoral Votes: 6
John Rutledge Party: FEDERALIST Home State: SC Electoral Votes: 6
John Hancock Party: FEDERALIST Home State: MA Electoral Votes: 4
George Clinton Party: DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN Home State: NY Electoral Votes: 3
Samuel Huntington Party: ? Home State: CT Electoral Votes: 2
John Milton Party: ? Home State: GA Electoral Votes: 2
James Armstrong Party: FEDERALIST Home State: PA Electoral Votes: 1
Benjamin Lincoln Party: FEDERALIST Home State: MA Electoral Votes: 1
Edward Telfair Party: ? Home State: GA Electoral Votes: 1
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Not Cast Electoral Votes: 44 Actual electors/electoral votes - 69/138 (from all or part
of 10 states)
Majority needed to win – 35
Popular vote totals not kept until 1824
• *Popular vote totals were not retained until
the Election of 1824.
• Washington took the oath of office on April
30, 1789 in New York City, the site of the
capital for the next eighteen months. North
Carolina would not ratify the Constitution
until November 1789 and Rhode Island until
1790.
Type of people Washington wanted in
cabinet?
• Those with differing viewpoints
4 key components to Hamilton’s
financial plan
1. Consolidating loans that Congress took out
during the revolutionary war into one
national debt, which would commit the
wealthy people who were owed money to
the success of the federal government
(funding)
2. Consolidating the individual state’s loans into
the national debt (paying them off at full
value), making the states beholden to the
federal government (assumption)
3. Raising revenue
– Sale of bonds
– Sale of public lands
– Establishment of tariffs
– Excise tax on whiskey
4. Creating the First Bank of the United states
– It would hold the government’s revenue and issue
bank notes (paper money) that would be the legal
tender throughout the country
– The Bank was the Linchpin of the plan
Implied Powers
• Congress’ power to do anything “necessary
and proper” to carry out its delegated powers,
even if those actions are not explicitly named
in the Constitution
• Sometimes referred to as loose
constructionism
Opposition to Hamilton’s plan
• Thomas Jefferson
• James Madison
• Came to be called the Jeffersonians, but
preferred to be called Democratic-Republicans
Another capital city?
• Capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790 – larger building in 1793
• On December 6, 1790, the United States Capital officially moved
from New York City to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The capital
remained in Philadelphia until 1800 when it permanently settled in
Washington, D.C.
• The United States government spent its first year (1789-1790)
under the Constitution in the city of New York. During much of the
preceding confederation period (1776-1787), however, Congress
had resided in Philadelphia. Upon the formation of a new national
government under the Constitution, the city campaigned vigorously
for the federal government to return. While Congress chose to
establish the nation's capital along the Potomac River in the District
of Columbia, it also rewarded Philadelphia; it chose the
Pennsylvania city to house the federal government until 1800 while
its offices in Washington were under construction.
Hamilton obtains Jefferson’s support
• Hamilton would work to get the seat of the
government relocated to the Potomac River
(Washington, DC) in the South
Whiskey Rebellion
Main result was that it
strengthened the
federal government
In 1795 Baltimore sign painter and
miniaturist Frederick
Kemmelmeyer painted this rousing
canvass of Washington reviewing
the troops near Fort Cumberland.
Maryland, before their march to
western Pennsylvania to suppress
the "Whiskey Rebellion" of
protesting farmers. Washington led
the troops all the way to Bedford
County. Learning that the rebels
had disbanded, he then turned
over their command to General
Harry Lee and returned to
Philadelphia.
Pinckney Treaty of 1796
• Gave Pennsylvania farmers as easier way to
get their crops to market
• Opened the Mississippi River to American
shipping and allowed Americans the “right of
deposit” at New Orleans
Citizen Genet Affair
• 1789 French Revolution brought conflict
between France and England
• Public opinion in American divided
• Genet’s mission was to raise support for the
new French Government
• Washington declared neutrality
• Genet still tried to recruit American soldiers
and to advocate American attacks on British
ships
• Washington issued proclamation that France
recall Genet
• Genet allowed to stay in America
• Jefferson disagreed with Washington’s
neutrality and resigns as secretary of state in
July 1793
Impressment
• British policy of capturing and forcing
American sailors into service in the British
navy
Jay’s Treaty
• British agreed to evacuate military post along
the frontier in the Northwest Territory and to
make reparations for the cargo seized from
American ships
• US lifted duties on British imports for ten
years
• Treaty avoided addressing the issue of
impressing of American Sailors
Treaty of Greenville
• Forced the Indian tribes of the Old Northwest
westward, across the Mississippi
• Signaled peace in and white settlement of the
Ohio River Valley
Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts
• Made it illegal for Americans to trade with
Native American tribes without formal
consent from the federal government
• Illegal to sell land or buy land from Native
Americans without federal consent – began
the process of defining “Indian territory”, the
lands where Indians could live and work
Two Party Politics
• Democratic-Republicans
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Thomas Jefferson
Favored limited government
No national bank
Sided with France over Great Britain
Southern landholders and free workers and laborers
everywhere
• Federalists
– Alexander Hamilton
– Supported strong national government
– Wealthy merchants, large property owners, conservative
farmers
– New England and the Middle States
Results of the Haitian Revolution in the
South
• Southern lawmakers tightened black codes
• Hardened planters’ conviction that the South
was meant to maintain slavery – this idea
deepened after the invention of the cotton gin
in 1793
• Underscored France’s reluctance to maintain
their possessions in the New World
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Encouraged Americans to come together
under a non-partisan system
• Two-party system in the election of 1796
– Democratic-Republicans
– Federalists
– John Adams v Thomas Jefferson
– Partisan campaign – Adams won
United States presidential election,
1796
Nominee
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Federalist
DemocraticRepublican
Massachusetts
Virginia
Running mate
Thomas
Pinckney
Aaron Burr
Electoral vote
States carried
Popular vote
71
9
35,726
68
7
31,115
Percentage
53.4%
46.6%
Party
Home state
XYZ AFFAIR
• French had interpreted Jay’s Treaty as an indication
that the US was siding with Great Britain in the trade
wars, so they (the French) retaliated by raiding
American merchant ships
• Adams sent three envoys to France to diffuse the
situation
• French foreign minister sent three agents (X, Y, and Z)
to meet the three Americans
• X, Y, and Z’s intent was to extort money from America
• Americans became outraged because they thought
they were showed a lack of respect
• Quasi-War was the result
Alien and Sedition Acts
• Alien Enemies Act
– Authorized the deportation of the citizens of enemy
nations
• Alien Friends Act
– Allowed the government to detain and deport
noncitizens for almost any cause
• Sedition Act
– Set fines and prison sentences for anyone found guilty
of writing, speaking, or publishing “false, scandalous
and malicious” statements against the government
– This was the most explosive of the three acts
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Proclaimed the Sedition Act to be an
infringement on rights protected by their state
constitutions
• The resolutions declared that each state had
the right to nullify federal laws within their
borders (doctrine of nullification)
Presidential Election of 1800
• Jefferson and Burr tied in
the Electoral College
• House of Representatives
had to choose the President
• Burr did not give in and it
took 36 ballots to elect
Jefferson – Burr was his
vice-president
• 12th amendment added
allowing electors to vote for
president and vice president
separately
Chapter 9
Jeffersonian Democracy
1800–1814
Democratic-Republicans
• First political party to be heavily involved in
campaigning for office
Jeffersonian Democracy
• Innovation introduced by Jefferson’s
Democratic-Republicans when they eagerly
cultivated popular opinion by campaigning at
the grass roots
Jefferson proposes cutbacks
• Reduce the number of federal employees
(especially the tax assessors)
• Military cutbacks – only needed a small army
and navy
Marbury v Madison (1803)
• Outgoing Adams appoints federal judges
• Jefferson repeals the appointments
• Marbury sues Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary
of State
• Doctrine of judicial review (established the
Supreme Court as the ultimate interpreter of
constitutional questions)
Samuel Chase case
• Jefferson wants to impeach Chase (Federalist
justice on the Supreme Court)
• Senate refuses to convict on purely political
grounds – partisanship is not a crime and that,
one appointed, judges could be as partisan as
they wished in their decisions without facing
rebuke or retribution
Jefferson and Citizenship
• Jefferson believed that farming provided the
moral basis for good citizenship
• Territorial expansion allowed every American
the change to be a self-sufficient farmer
• First step was to buy New Orleans from the
French
Louisiana Purchase
• From France for $15 million (3 ½ cents per
acre)
• Jefferson did not believe the Constitution gave
him the power to purchase – gave in and
bought it anyway
Lewis and Clark
• Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase
(all the way to the Pacific)
• Sacajawea (Shoshone woman who served as
their guide)
• Geographic and scientific information
• Inspired many to move westward
Land Act of 1800
• Set up land-selling offices in the west
• Made parcels smaller (thus more affordable)
• Allowed for payment over time
Tecumseh and The Prophet
• Shawnee brothers who tried to united tribes
from the Old Northwest to resist the
encroachment of American settlers
• Preached a revival of the old ways –
revitalization movement
• William Henry Harrison attacked the Indian
town of Tippecanoe and burned it to the
ground
Burr Conspiracy
• Federalists wanted to separate New York and
New England from the rest of the nation (1804)
first serious plot of succession – persuaded Aaron
Burr to run for governor of NY
• Hamilton learned of the plot and politicked
against Burr in New York, leading to his defeat
• Burr challenged Hamilton to duel – shot and
killed him
• Burr caught and tried – Chief Justice John
Marshall found him no guilty
Embargo Act of 1807
• American ships being raided by French and British
(they were at war with each other)
• Act stopped American exports from going to
Europe and prohibited American ships from
trading in foreign ports
• Purpose was to force England and France to
respect Americas rights and to leave America out
of their fight
• Results = hurt American economy and Americans
began smuggling goods out of the country
Non-Intercourse Act
• Embargo Act repealed and replace by this one
• Allowed American ships to trade with all
nations except Britain and France
• Authorized the president to resume trade with
those countries once they began respecting
America’s neutral trading rights
War with Britain
• “war hawks” – westerners who wanted war
with Britain (led by Henry Clay in Congress)
they blamed Britain for increased Indian
violence in the West
• Republicans favored war
• Federalists condemned the war
Major Causes of the War of 1812
• British
impressment of
American sailors
• Britain would not
recognize
America’s rights
as a neutral
nation
• Britain’s support
of the Indians in
the West
Invading Canada
• Major mistake was splitting into three forces
(each too small to do much) instead of striking
directs at the St. Lawrence River – the lifeline
that linked Canada’s principal cities to the
Atlantic
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• Andrew Jackson forces the Creek to accept a
treaty that ceded their best lands to the
Americans
The Star Spangled Banner
• Written by Francis Scott Key while on British
ship watching the shelling of Ft. McHenry
Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson defeats the British – war
already over
• Americans 21 casualties – British more than 2
thousand
• Turned Jackson into an instant military hero
Era of Good Feelings
• Period of nonpartisan politics following the
implosion of the Federalist Party
Treaty of Ghent
• Treaty that formally ended the war of 1812
• Nothing really changed
Significance of the War of 1812
• Changes by Madison in order for the country
to be successful
– Need for stronger army and navy
– Need for a new national bank to centralize
banking
– New protective tariffs designed to support the
growth of American industries
– Need for a system of national improvements, such
as roads and canals to facilitate transportation
Chapter 10
The Market Revolution
Market Revolution
• Aided by numerous transportation,
communication, and technological
innovations, the Market Revolution refers to
the time when an increasing number of
farmers willingly turned away for the ideal of
being self-sufficient, in order to focus on a
single croop that could be sold at market
By the 1880s, less than half of
America’s work force was engaged
in farming
The American System
Economic plan based on the idea that the federal
government should encourage economic
enterprise
1. Creating roads and canals, collectively called
internal improvements
2. Developing secure economic institutions, a new
national bank
3. A national currency
4. Providing for the security of America’s economic
interests through high protective tariffs = Tariff
of 1816 – 25%
Boundaries
• 1818 – northern boundary of the US
established at the 49th parallel
• 1819 – US won from Spain both Florida and
lands extending nearly to today’s Oregon, all
in exchange for parts of Texas
Monroe Doctrine
• Declared that any European nation attempting
to colonize Latin America would be treated as
a party hostile to the United States
• The Western Hemisphere was the domain of
the United States
• The US would stay out of European affairs
Turnpike
• Private roads with
tolls
• Cumberland road
was the best
known – it ran
through the states
of Maryland and
West Virginia
Erie Canal
• Built by New York from Buffalo to Albany (Hudson
River)
• 364 miles long – 40 ft wide
• Built in 8 years
• Important for 4 reasons
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2.
3.
4.
Moving goods faster, cheaper, and more efficiently
Encouraged other states to invest in transportation
Spurred the growth of New York City
Encouraged farmers to specialize
The Steamboat Era
• Robert Fulton – first successful steamboat
• Made southerners not want to fund other
internal improvements
The Railroad Era
• Railroads were the cornerstone of America’s
transportation system by the 1850s
Communications Revolution
• Key development was the telegraph
• Samuel F. B. Morse
Cotton Gin
• Revolutionized southern agriculture
• Eli Whitney
Revival of Domestic Slave Trade
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2.
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4.
The cultivation of short-staple cotton
The development of the cotton gin
The westward movement of farming
Southern planters’ refusal to cut back on
cotton production
Land Act of 1820
• Helped promote settlement of land west of
the Appalachians by setting affordable prices
for manageable plots of land
• By 1840, 1/3 of the population lived west of
the Appalachians
Slavery in Missouri
• Issue of whether slavery would be allowed in
Missouri was pivotal for 2 reasons
1. Missouri lay along the same latitude as several
free states , and its entry into the Union as a
slave state would have moved slavery northward
2. The admission of Missouri as a slave state would
have upset the congressional balance of eleven
slave states and eleven free states
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
• Maine would be separated from
Massachusetts and become a free state
• No slavery would be allowed north of the
southern boundary of Missouri – 36° 30´ north
latitude
Cyrus McCormick
• Mechanical reaper
John Deere
• Steel plow
Interchangeable Parts
• Eli Whitney
• Made inexpensive household goods a reality
by 1840
“Putting Out” System
• Family or artisan – based manufacturing
• Large manufacturers would pay one family to
perform one task, then pass the item on to
the next family or artisan to perform the next
taks
Samuel Slater
• The first to develop the working of a factory
on American soil
• 1789 – factory to spin cotton into thread
Francis Lowell
• Textile mill – cloth making
• Brought all the processes of clothmaking
under one roof
• Hired young, single farm women to work in his
factory
4 social changes associated with the
market revolution in America
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2.
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4.
The growth of cities
Impact on the environment
Change in the composition of the labor force
Increase in the number of Catholics (Great
Irish Famine)
– First sizeable religious minority in American
history
Protest Movements of the Early 19th
Century
1. An organization of middle-class reformers
seeking to safeguard the morality of workers
2. Laborers fighting for economic and workrelated protections, such as a shorter work
day
The most significant change in
America during the 1800s was the
rise of the middle class.
Cult of Female Domesticity
• Women transitioning from income providers
to guardians of the home and family
A woman’s first priority was
making the family home a
sanctuary for her laboring
husband, a “haven in a
heartless world.”
The Second Great Awakening
• Protestant religious revival that began in the
West but shortly moved to the Northeast and
South
• Lasted from the 1790s to the 1840s
Transcendentalist Movement
• Group of thinkers and writers in the Northeast
who believed that ultimate truths were
beyond human grasp – these truths
transcended our capacity for understanding
Lyceum Circuit
• A touring lecture circuit that was made
possible by the transportation breakthroughs
of the Market Revolution
John Humphrey Noyes
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Oneida – utopian community
Open sexual mores
Communal child rearing
Unique division of labor
Constructive criticism
Shakers
• Mother Ann Lee
• Abstinence
• Furniture making
Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter
Day Saints
• Joseph Smith – founder – also known as
Mormons
• Killed in Illinois
• Led by Brigham Young to the Great Salt Lake in
Utah
• Most persecuted religious group during the
19th Century
Temperance Movement
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Largest and most vehement reform movement
Consumption of alcohol
Mostly female
American Temperance Society
1851 – Maine prohibited the sale of alcohol
18th Amendment
Education
• Horace Mann
• Fought to establish public elementary schools
Prison Reform
• Dorothea Dix was crucial in focusing public
interest on the criminal justice system and its
removing large numbers of the mentally ill
from prisons
American Colonization Society
• Advocated sending all black Americans to
Africa
• Established the colony of Liberia on the West
African coast for this purpose
William Lloyd Garrison
• White journalist who advocated immediate
emancipation of slaves
• Published anti-slavery newspaper The
Liberator
• Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society
– Organization that serves as a point of contact for
escaped slaves
Gag Rule
• A legal provision adopted in 1836 that
automatically tabled any discussion of slavery
in the House of Representatives
Seneca Falls, New York
• 1848 Women’s Rights Convention
• Declaration of Sentiments