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• 30 January1933Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany. • 28 February1933Suspension of freedoms of speech, assembly, press, and other basic rights. • 20 March1933First concentration camp opens at Dachau. 1 April1933Naziorganized boycott of Jewish-owned businesses. • 7 April1933Jews excluded from government employment, including teaching jobs at all levels. • 14 July1933New law provides basis for forced sterilization of handicapped persons, Gypsies, and Blacks. October1934First major wave of arrests of homosexuals throughout Germany. 16 March1935Military conscription introduced. April1935Many Jehovah's Witnesses arrested throughout Germany. 15 September1935Anti-Jewish racial and citizenship laws issued at Nuremberg. 7 March1936German troops march unopposed into the Rhineland. 16 July1936Some 800 Gypsies interned near Berlin. 1 August1936Summer Olympics begin in Berlin. Drifting Towards War League of Nations is weak. WHY???? • 3 countries that pose the greatest threat to peace are all membersGermany, Italy, and Japan • Two of the other strongest nations were not members (US and Soviet Union) • Burden of the League falls to Britain and France-both still hurting from Depression/WW1 Rise of Dictatorships • Japanese militarists and cult of the emperor in Japan • Mussolini in Italy • Hitler in Germany • Stalin in the USSR • All of these places abandon collaborative, democratic leadership aside for totalitarianism Japan • Attempts at democracy – all men can vote for members of the Diet – a legislative body • Emperor – figure-head leader, symbol, descended from the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Problems for Japan • Devastating earthquake in 1923 – 140,000 victims Japan, as a new industrial country still heavily dependent on export earnings for financing its imports of essential fuel and raw materials, was hit hard too. The Japanese silk industry, an export staple, was already suffering from the advent of artificial silk-like fibers produced by Western chemical giants. Now luxury purchases collapsed, leading to severe unemployment and, again, a crucial political crisis. Between 1929 and 1931, the value of Japanese exports plummeted by 50 percent. Workers' real income dropped by almost one-third, and there were over three million unemployed. Depression was compounded by bad harvests in several regions, leading to rural begging and near-starvation. Ultranationalist Solutions • Ultranationalists – extremists who wanted the glory of Japan at all costs • Government became more conservative • People reminded of their obligations to obey emperor and government • Schools reinforced this • Talk of building an empire (think back to mercantilism) to obtain resources and have more markets to sell goods • Talk of military glory, bushido – the spirit of the samurai Japan invades China • 1931—puppet gov’t in Manchuria controlled by Japanese • 1937 (what is going on in China?) shots exchanged between Chinese Nationalists and Japan • Chiang-Kai Shek has a million men, but they are beaten by Japan’s modern equipment with ease What is a genocide? The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group. Rape of Nanking • Chinese cities fall quickly • Nanking has up to 200,000 citizens executed in 6 weeks400,000 in a year • Chinese fight on • Warning—the next few slides are graphic—turn away if you like The HORROR • Poured gasoline and people and shot them so they flickered like candles • Cut out eyeballs and then burned them alive • Poured acid on them • Castrated men and beat women in the pelvic region until they died The HORROR • Children were skewered and tossed into boiling water • Mass rape—over 20,000 women and then brutally killed • Medical tests on Chinese performedinjected with bacteria, fetuses cut from women, bubonic plague released in certain areas, people put into pressure chambers until their eyes would pop out Prisoners were used to practice the bayonet How do we lose track of these things? In 1982, Japan tried to remove mention of the massacre from their textbooks, since they say that the event was “not historically well established”Japan has still not apologized for these events Fascists Come to Power in Italy • Italy in a depression after WWI • Mussolini promised order and • • • • • prosperity Introduced “fascism” Fascism: dictatorship, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of opposition, and extreme nationalism Used “Black Shirts” to impose his rule. Invades Ethiopia Makes a pact with Hitler Benito Mussolini • Il-Duce – Title of Mussolini • Wanted to turn the Mediterranean into an Italian lake • Reminded Italians of their great history • What famous ancient empire was based out of Italy? Ethiopia •Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to begin his quest for an “empire” •Tanks, guns, planes, gas vs. old rifles and spears •A test of collective security —but nobody stops it Haile Selassi “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow” Axis powers • Germany, Italy, and Japan form the Axis Powers • Hitler and Mussolini says Europe will rotate around the alliance formed between Rome and Berlin Civil War in Spain • Weak democracy from 1931-1936 • Army calls for a fascist gov’t and is led by General Francisco Franco • 3 years of civil war before aid from Germany and Italy turns the tide • He rules through 1975 Remember these restrictions set by Treaty of Versailles? • No ANSCHLUSS (unification) between Germany and Austria in the future • Germany is not permitted to send soldiers into the RHINELAND, even though this territory is within their boundaries – too close to France RHINELAND • In 1935, Hitler will violate the Treaty of Versailles by remilitarizing the Rhineland. GERMANY BELGIUM FRANCE The final steps to war • Austria is annexed by Germany— breaking the anschluss—once again ignored by France and Britain • Munich Conference—1938 • Hitler demands the Sudetenland • Look back to page 700 What argument did Hitler make for wanting the Sudetenland? The final steps to war • On the brink of war as France and Britain want to protect Czechoslovakia , Hitler calls for the Munich Conference • Hitler promises Neville Chamberlain (prime minister of England before Winston Churchill) that the Sudetenland will be his last request Sudeten Germans Greeting Hitler with fascist salute • "My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep." Discuss the meaning of this cartoon. Include historical references. • "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonour. They chose dishonour. They will have war." - From Churchill’s speech in House of Commons about Munich settlement (1938) Drifting Toward War Review • Who were the Axis Powers and their leaders? • What did they have in common? • What is appeasement? • Give three examples of appeasement. • What happened during the Munich Conference? What piece of land were they discussing? What was the outcome? • How can ordinary people play a role when their country is under Iraq? • Consider the role of the insurgents (rebels) in Iraq. • Write down three steps that they can take in your notes. Blitzkrieg • “Lightning war” • Spear-head movement – bypass enemy strong points and go through weak points • Airplanes – damage enemy air force before they can take off, bombing strategic locations, machine gunning people – causing terror and confusion Blitzkrieg • Rapidly advancing tank groups – best trained • • • • soldiers and commanders Precision bombing by Luftwaffe (German air force), included dropping elite paratroopers behind enemy lines Paratroopers captured bridges before the enemy could destroy them Radio – tanks and airplanes equipped with it, connection back to German High Command – 1940, French High Command was not equipped with radio. Blitzkrieg’s Qualities • Flexibility – German commanders could alter movements on the spot – target weaker areas and avoid stronger • Possible because of better technology • Initiative and surprise – Speed and intensity of the attack overwhelmed enemy • Tanks, aircraft, and radio • Strong leaders, well-trained and experienced soldiers, and great weapons – overwhelming German victories Weaknesses of Blitzkrieg • At this pace, Germany should have won the war. Why does blitzkrieg not win the war? • Short term, good weather and roads – Poland, France, and Yugoslavia • Not good for long-term – Why not? • It relies extensively on machines. What do machines require? What happens to machines over time? Shortcoming of Blitzkrieg – Soviet Union invasion • Germans advance to Moscow winning many • • • • victories. Distances too long to effectively transport supplies Machines run out of fuel or breakdown – Germans did not plan out logistics (ex. How to get parts to the front to repair machines) Russia’s poor roads and bad weather affect blitzkrieg’s effectiveness German army overextended • Where would you attack? • From which location do you think the French and British were expecting the attack? • Through which territory does the German advance? • Why was this a surprise to the French? • What do you notice about the upper arrow? Dunkirk Evacuation – May – June 1940 The Miracle of Dunkirk • Missed opportunity for German Army – Hitler orders the assault delayed for three days • Relied on Luftwaffe to finish off Allied forces – a favor to his friend Hermann Goering, commander of Luftwaffe • Not all bombs exploded – sunk into the sand • Had German relied on tanks and infantry, Allies could not have escaped. • Over 300,000 Allied troops escape to Britain, live to fight another day Dunkirk Evacuation • All available British naval vessels • Many boats were non-military (fishing boats, pleasure boats) and piloted by civilians • Consider of the bravery of the common people involved – the important role they could play in helping their nation and the side of right • Winston Churchill referred to the event as a “miracle of deliverance.” France Falls • June 22, 1940 – French leaders sign surrender documents in the same railroad car in which the Germans signed the armistice ending World War I – symbolic significance. Hitler was in his glory. • Why did he do this? • Why were he and Germany so bitter? Southern Zone also known as Vichy France after its capital. The French Did Not Completely Give Up • Charles de Gaulle led French government in exile from Britain. • Brave citizens became spies and provided valuable information to Allied forces which would help on D-Day. • French resistance used guerilla warfare. • Some French families hid Jews. • Many French people felt no other choice but to cooperate with the Germans. Review • What is blitzkrieg? • What was the name of the German air force? What was its role in blitzkrieg? • How did the German army conquer France? • Why was Dunkirk a miracle for the Allies? • How was France politically reorganized after surrendering to Germany? • How did common people make a difference? America Goes to War • How do you feel when someone goes back on his word?