Download ML Antraks 1 Okt 2013

ANTHRAX
Primal Sudjana
Center for Food Security and Public
Health, Iowa State University, 2008
20,000-100,000 cases estimated globally/year
http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm
CAUSES
Bacteria
 Bacillus anthracis

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Bacteria
 Phylum: Firmicutes
 Class: Bacilli
 Order: Bacillales
 Family: Bacillaceae
 Genus: Bacillus
 Species:B. anthracis

STRAINS (TYPES)
Cutaneous (skin)
 Inhalation (lungs)
 Gastrointestinal (digestive)

ANTHRAX TOXIN
Anthrax toxin is made up of three proteins: protective
antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor
(LF).
 PA binds to specific cell receptors, and following proteolytic
activation it forms a membrane channel that mediates entry
of EF and LF into the cell.
 EF is an adenylyl cyclase; with PA it forms a toxin known
as edema toxin.
 LF plus PA form lethal toxin, which is a major virulence
factor and cause of death in infected animals.

HUMAN TRANSMISSION

Industry





Tanneries
Textile mills
Wool sorters
Bone processors
Slaughterhouses
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
HUMAN TRANSMISSION

Cutaneous



Inhalational


Contact with infected
tissues, wool, hide, soil
Biting flies
Tanning hides,
processing wool or bone
Gastrointestinal

Undercooked meat
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
THROUGH ANIMALS
Humans can
become infected
after handling
infected animals
 Breathing anthrax
spores from
infected products
(like wool)
 Eating
undercooked meat
from infected
animals

(Undercooked meat)
HOW IS IT TRANSMUTABLE? AS A
BIOLOGICAL WEAPON
Anthrax spores can be distributed
 Ex. USA 2001, anthrax spores spread through
postal system via letters containing spores

ANTHRAX SPORES
WHO GETS IT?
Animals primarily
 Common in…
 South & Central America
 Southern/Eastern Europe
 Asia
 Africa
 Middle East

INCUBATION PERIOD
symptoms appear within 7 days of initial contact
 For inhalation anthrax, anywhere from a week to
60 days

STRAINS (TYPES)
Cutaneous (skin)
 Inhalation (lungs)
 Gastrointestinal (digestive)

CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
Raised itchy bump (resembles incest bite)
 1-2 days, develops into a vesicle (cyst)
 Develops into painless ulcer (1-3 cm diameter)
 Ulcer has black center
 Swelling of surrounding tissues
 Swelling of adjacent lymph glands

GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
Initial signs: nausea
 Loss of appetite
 Vomiting blood
 Sever diarrhea
 Lesions & soreness in throat
 Difficulty swallowing
 Swelling of neck &lymph glands
 50% of all patients develop meningitis

INHALATION ANTHRAX
Flu/cold like symptoms
 Cough
 Chest discomfort
 Shortness of breath
 Tiredness & muscle
aches

Meditational widening with inhalation anthrax
DIAGNOSIS
Bacterial cultures
 Measuring specific antibodies in blood
 Positive cultures are unlikely after antibiotic treatment has
been started


Anthrax is acute (of abrupt onset, of short duration,
rapidly progressing & in need of urgent care)
People can’t become immune to anthrax
 Can get anthrax multiple times

WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY ARE AFFECTED?
In cutaneous anthrax:
 Skin, surrounding tissues & lymph glands

In gastrointestinal anthrax:
 Digestive system, neck & lymph glands

In inhalation anthrax:
 Respiratory & immune system

TREATMENST
Anthrax vaccine
 Avoiding contact w/ animals
 Don’t eat improperly
slaughtered/cooked meat

FURTHER TREATMENT
Prevention after exposure:
 Antibiotic & vaccine combo

Treatment after infection:
 60 day course of antibiotics



Success depends on type of anthrax & how soon
treatment was started
Anthrax is terminal if left untreated