Download Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global

AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA
Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the
century, global competition caused the United
States to expand.
Imperialism: Policy in which stronger nations
extend their economic, political, or military
control over weaker territories.
GLOBAL IMPERIALISM

Imperialism was a trend around the world

European nations were establishing colonies
overseas for centuries.


Britain controlled 25% of world’s land and people.
Other nations wanted pieces for themselves.
AFRICA AS A PRIME TARGET


Rich in natural resources…provided new
markets.
Ethiopia and Liberia were the continents only
independent nations.
PARTITION OF AFRICA
COMPETITION FOR ASIA


Begins in late 15th Century in India with
hopes of direct trade between Europe and
Asia for spices.
China



16th Century brings Jesuit missionaries.
Western science is introduced and Chinese
culture is learned.
Merchants and the opium trade.
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN
CHINA
EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN
CHINA

A shocked Mandarin in
Manchu robe with
Queen Victoria (UK)
in background, with
William II (Germany),
Nicholas II (Russia),
Marianne (France), and
a Samurai (Japan).
AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM

New American Imperialism
1.
2.
3.
Desire for military strength
Thirst for new markets
Belief in cultural superiority
DESIRE FOR MILITARY
STRENGTH



Other nations were building a global military
presence.
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges government
to build up navy.
Construct modern battleships.
THIRST FOR NEW MARKETS




Technology produces surpluses
Raw materials needed for factories
New markets needed for agricultural and
manufactured goods
Could foreign trade help with overproduction
and problems of unemployment and economic
depression? Imperialists thought so…
BELIEF IN CULTURAL
SUPERIORITY

Combination of Social Darwinism and racial
superiority of Anglo-Saxons.
THE WHITE MAN’S
BURDEN
SEWARD’S FOLLY



William Seward, Sec. of State under Lincoln
and Johnson.
Bought Alaska from Russians in 1867 for
$7.2 million.
2 cents an acre gave us land rich in timber,
minerals, and oil.
HAWAII




Midway Islands, 1867.
Hawaii was an important stop on way to
China and East India.
American-owned sugar plantations made up
75% of island’s wealth.
McKinley Tariff of 1890…cries for
annexation.
END OF A MONARCHY




Queen Liliuokalani
Revolution led by marines overthrew the
queen.
President Cleveland refused to annex unless a
majority of Hawaiians favored it.
McKinley replaces Cleveland in 1897 and
proclaimed Hawaii a territory.
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
US Troops Near Manila
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
In 1898, the United States went to war to help
Cuba win its independence from Spain.
US involvement in Latin America and Asia
increased greatly as a result of the war and
continues today.
AMERICAN INTEREST IN CUBA



90 miles south of Miami.
1854, diplomats suggest US purchase Cuba
from Spain.
Cuban revolt against Spain in 1868 and 1878


Slavery abolished
Americans invest in sugar cane
JOSE MARTI




Cuban poet and
journalist
Launches revolution
from exile in NY, 1895
Guerilla campaign
American public
opinion split
WAR FEVER


Spanish General Valeriano Weyler sent to
restore order.
Headline Wars


William Randolph Hearst vs. Joseph Pulitzer
Yellow Journalism
THE DE LOME LETTER

McKinley tries diplomacy.


Seems to work at first.
Spanish Minister to the US, De Lome
criticized McKinley for being “weak”.


Letter was leaked to the press.
America gets angry over insult to their President
THE USS MAINE EXPLODES



American are outraged with Spain by now.
U.S.S. Maine sent to Cuba to pick up
American citizens and to protect property.
Feb. 15, 1898 the ship blew up in Havana
harbor.
HEARST’S NEW YORK JOURNAL

“The warship Maine
was split in two by an
enemy’s secret infernal
machine.”
“REMEMBER THE MAINE”



Despite Spanish concessions, public opinion
favored war. (4-20-1898)
War in the Philippines
War in the Caribbean
Commodore George Dewey
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
ROUGH RIDERS



Forces land in Cuba and converge on port city
of Santiago.
Volunteer cavalry under command of T.
Roosevelt and Leonard Wood.
San Juan Hill


Rough Riders
Two African-American Regiments
ROUGH RIDERS
“San Juan was the greatest day of my life.” T.R.
TREATY OF PARIS


Cease-Fire agreement August 12, 1898.
Meet in Paris December 10, 1898 to sign
treaty.



Spain freed Cuba
Spain turns over Guam and Puerto Rico to US
Spain sells Philippines to the US for $20 million.
NEW LANDS FOR AMERICA

Cuba


Puerto Rico


Military Occupation
Foraker Act (1900)
Philippines


Emilio Aquinaldo
Philippine-American War (1899)
Platt Amendment (1901)

Added to new Cuban Constitution




Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its
independence or permit a foreign power to
control any part of its territory.
The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
Cuba was not to go into debt.
The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for
naval stations and refueling stations.
THE “SICK MAN OF ASIA”


China carved into “spheres of influence”.
U.S. Sec. of State John Hay issued a policy
statement in 1899 called the Open Door
Notes.
(1)
(2)
Give all nations equal access to trade in China
Prevent the political takeover of China by any one
foreign power.
THE BOXER REBELLION

The Boxers murdered
hundreds of missionaries
and converts.

A Chinese nationalist
rebellion was put down by
the combined forces of
Great Britain, Russia,
France, Japan and the US,
which furnished 2,500
troops.
SECOND SERIES OF OPEN DOOR
NOTES

The U.S. would
“safeguard for the
world the principle of
equal and impartial
trade with all parts of
the Chinese Empire”
--John Hay
America as a World Power
ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY

“In foreign affairs the principle
from which we never deviated
was to have the Nation behave
toward other nations precisely as
a strong, honorable, and upright
man behaves in dealing with his
fellow-men…it is folly of the
criminal type for the Nation not
to keep up its navy, not to fortify
its vital strategic points, and not
to provide an adequate army for
its needs.”
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

Monroe Doctrine (1823)


European Nations should stay out of the affairs of
the Western Hemisphere, particularly Latin
American Nations.
Roosevelt Corollary states that disorder in Latin
America might “force the U.S….to the exercise
of an international police power.”
PANAMA CANAL
More than 43,000 workers
More than 5600 die
Total Cost for U.S. is $380 million
PANAMA CANAL LOCKS
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

U.S. policy of using the nation’s economic
power to exert influence over other countries.

Nicaragua (1911)

President Taft
MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY


Wilson’s policy of
missionary diplomacy
pressures nations in the
Western Hemisphere to
establish democratic
government.
Wilson refuses to
recognize governments
that come to power
through violence.
WWI BEGINS
CAUSES OF WWI
1.
2.
3.
NATIONALISM!
IMPERIALISM!
MILITARISM!
NATIONALISM

A devotion to the interests and culture of
one’s nation.


Leads to competitive and antagonistic rivalries
among nations.
Ethnic groups resent domination.
IMPERIALISM


Britain and France had built large empires in
late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Germany joins in the scramble for colonies
leading to conflict among imperial nations.
MILITARISM

The development of armed forces and their
use as a tool of diplomacy.


The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to
increased military spending.
1890, strongest nation in Europe is Germany.
ALLIANCE SYSTEM
Triple Entente: (Allies)
•France
•Britain
•Russia
Triple Alliance:
•Germany
•Austria-Hungary
•Italy
THE “POWDER KEG OF EUROPE”
Balkan Peninsula
•Ethnic Rivalries
•Russia wants access to
Mediterranean Sea
•Germany wants a rail
Line to Ottoman Empire
•Austria-Hungary controls
Bosnia
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND




June 1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
heir to the Austrian throne,
visits Bosnian capital of
Sarajevo.
Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo
Princip, assassinates
Ferdinand and wife Sophie.
Black Hand (Organization
promoting Serbian
nationalism)
THE POWDER KEG OF EUROPE.
Black Hand’s goals
included detaching
Bosnia from AustriaHungary and attaching
it to Serbia.
ALLIANCE SYSTEM INTENSIFIES
CONFLICT

Germany



1 August 1914, obligated by treaty to support
Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia.
3 August 1914, Germany declared war on
Russia’s ally France.
Britain

Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary
after Germany invaded Belgium.
THE FIGHTING BEGINS

Schlieffen Plan

Hold Russia, while
driving through
Belgium to Paris,
France. After France
had fallen, the two
German armies would
defeat Russia.
TRENCH WARFARE


Belgium is a loss, so the Allies retreated to the
Marne River in France where they halted the
German advance in September.
Both armies dig in with two parallel systems
of deep, rat-infested trenches across France
from Belgian coast to Swiss Alps.

Front line, support, and reserve trenches.
LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
“NO MAN’S LAND”



Area between the
trenches.
Barren expanse of mud
pockmarked with shell
craters and filled with
barbed wire.
When soldiers charged
enemy lines, they
would be mowed down
by machine gun fire.
AMERICANS QUESTION
NEUTRALITY




Public opinion is strong, but divided.
Socialists call the war a capitalist and
imperialist struggle between Germany and
England to control markets and colonies.
Pacifists thought war was evil.
Naturalized citizens follow the events of the
war closely.
AMERICANS QUESTION
NEUTRALITY



America’s economic ties were stronger with
the Allies.
Before the war, trade with Britain and France
was double that with Germany.
First two years of the war, the Allies flooded
American manufacturers with orders for war
supplies.
THE WAR HITS HOME

By 1917, Americans mobilized for war
1.
2.

The British Blockade




To Ensure Allied repayment of debts to the U.S.
To prevent Germans from threatening U.S. shipping
Blockade German coast
U.S. ships did not challenge blockade
Famine strikes Germany in 1917
German U-Boat Response


Any ship in the waters around Britain would be sunk
British liner Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
U.S. DECLARES WAR

1916, Wilson is reelected: “He kept us out of
war”


Tries to mediate peace among nations
German Provocation


Ignore Wilson and resume unrestricted submarine
warfare
Zimmerman Note
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
DECLARATION OF WAR
AGAINST GERMANY


Democratic newspapers
called for war, stating,
"The only difference
between war and what we
have now is that we are
not fighting back."
2 April - Wilson asked a
special session of
Congress for a declaration
of war against Germany
DECLARATION OF WAR
AGAINST GERMANY

Woodrow Wilson’s War Resolution (April 2, 1917)


“Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent
people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare
against commerce is a warfare against mankind…We are
glad…to fight…for the ultimate peace of the world and for the
liberation of its peoples…The world must be made safe for
democracy….we have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no
conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities…It is a fearful
thing to lead this great peaceful people into war…But the right is
more precious than peace.”
YOU HAVE THIS READING!
AMERICAN POWER TIPS THE
BALANCE


U.S. was not prepared for
war.
Raising an army

Selective Service Act


Requires men between 21
and 30 years old to
register with the
government in order to be
randomly selected for
military service.
By 1918; 24 million
register, 2 million get
called up.
MASS PRODUCTION

Needed to find a way to transport men, food,
and equipment over thousands of miles of
ocean.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shipyard workers given deferments.
Emphasized importance of shipyard workers.
Shipyards used prefabricated techniques.
Government took over commercial and private ships.
AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE

Convoy System



Heavy guard of destroyers
escorted merchant ships
back and forth across the
Atlantic in groups.
230 mile barrier of mines
across the North Sea
Fighting in Europe

U.S. troops are a fresh and
enthusiastic addition to
Allied troops that were
worn out from 2.5 years of
fighting.
GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING


Gen. John J. “Black
Jack” Pershing ,
commander of American
Expeditionary Force
(AEF ), which supported
the French and British but
not integrated into their
forces, remaining separate.
Infantrymen were
nicknamed “doughboys”
TECHNOLOGY AT WAR





Machine Guns
Airships and Airplanes
Tanks
Observation Balloons
Poison Gas
Eddie Rickenbacker
The “Red Baron”
AMERICA ON THE OFFENSIVE



Russia pulled out of war in 1917 and
Germany shifts armies from eastern front to
western front in France.
Get within 50 miles of France.
The Lost Battalion (Argonne Forest)
ALVIN YORK




Meuse-Argonne area
TN mountaineer and
blacksmith
Conscientious Objector
October 18, 1918

Armed with a rifle and
revolver, kills 25
Germans, and with 6
doughboys, captures
132 prisoners.
THE WAR AT HOME



The entire economy had to be refocused on
the war effort.
Shift from consumer goods to war supplies.
Power of government is greatly expanded.
The Profits of War and Why Not a Dollar Draft
Readings!!
WAR ECONOMY

War Industries Board




War Economy




Wages rose, but food and housing prices also rose.
Corporations saw huge profits
National War Labor Board (1918)
Food Administration




Encourages mass-production techniques (efficiency)
Standardized products
Retail prices soar
Herbert Hoover
“Meatless, Sweetless, Wheatless, and Porkless”
Victory gardens
War Financing



U.S. spent $35 billion on war effort
1/3 raised through taxes
Sold “Liberty Loans” and “Victory Loans”
PROPAGANDA

The Committee on Public Information

Created thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons,
and sculptures promoting the war.



Use emotional appeal, symbols, and/or slogans to get
message across.
Pamphlets, books, and leaflets.
“Four-Minute Men”
THE MOST FAMOUS
RECRUITMENT POSTER
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
UNCLE SAM…HE THE MAN!
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
DON’T MESS WITH THE U.S.!
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
”
HUNS KILL WOMEN AND
CHILDREN!
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
AMERICAN RED CROSS
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
U.S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan”
U.S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
U.S. SHIPPING BOARD
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
MUNITIONS WORK
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
THE GIRLS THEY LEFT BEHIND
DO THEIR BIT
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE
WAR
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
LIBERTY BONDS
War Aim:
Appeal, Symbol, Slogan:
ATTACKS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES

Anti-Immigrant Hysteria


Mostly those from Germany & Austria-Hungary
Espionage and Sedition Acts


A person could be fined up to $10,000 and
sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with
the war effort or for saying anything disloyal,
profane, or abusive about the government or war
effort.
Schenck vs. United States
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE
WAR


W.E.B. DuBois
Great Migration




From South to Northern cities
Escape racial discrimination
South’s cotton fields destroyed
Job opportunities
WOMEN AND THE WAR



Moved into jobs held by men.
Volunteered for Red Cross or encouraged the
sale of bonds and the planting of victory
gardens.
Peace Movements (Jane Addams)
FLU EPIDEMIC




1918
Affects 25% of U.S.
and has a devastating
effect on the economy
Spread rapidly in the
Army
Kills 25-30 million
worldwide
GERMAN COLLAPSE




Austria-Hungary surrender Nov. 3, 1918
German sailors mutinied same day
Nov. 9, 1918; socialist leaders in Berlin
establish a German republic and the kaiser
gave up the throne.
11/11/11 Armistice (truce to end
war)…German cease-fire
THE FINAL TOLL




22 million deaths, more
than half were civilians
20 million wounded
10 million refugees
$338 billion
THE ALLIES MEET AT
VERSAILLES
The Big Four meet at Versailles
to decide the fate of Europe.
Woodrow Wilson U.S.
2.
Georges Clemenceau France
3.
David Lloyd George Great
Britain
4.
Vittorio Orlando Italy
Neither Germany nor Russia were
represented.
1.
FOURTEEN POINTS
B. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
1. End Secret Treaties
2. Freedom of the Seas
3. Free Trade
4. Reduction of Arms
6-13. Changing Boundaries & creating
new nations. Self –Determination.
#14: A League of Nations.



A general association of nations
to oversee a new world order,
guaranteeing political
independence and territorial
integrity to all nations.
All members had an equal voice.
A Council made up of Great
Britain, France, Italy, Japan and
the U.S. Four other nations
would be elected by the
Assembly.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES




1. Signed on June 28,1919 by
the Allied powers and
Germany
2. Created the League of
Nations.
3. Article 231 “war guilt
clause” Germany to pay war
reparations to the Allies. $56
billion.
4. Germany’s territories to be
declared mandates
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Creation of new nations.
A. From Austria-Hungary: Czechlosavakia,
Yugoslavia parts to Poland and Romania.
B. Ottoman: Palestine, Iraq, Syria and
Lebanon.
C. Russia: Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
and Finland.
EUROPE BEFORE & AFTER THE
WAR