Download File - World History Ms. Petrie

Notes
Civilizations Begin
Date:
Paleolithic Era
• Old Stone Age
– People developed _____________________
– People mastered the use of ____________________________
– Most groups were _____________________________
•
– Hunters and gatherers
– Summers in northern areas
– Winters in southern areas
Carried all of their belongings
•
Neolithic Revolution!
• AKA: The Agricultural Revolution
– ________________________________________________________________________
• Able to stay in one place
– Homes became permanent
– _____________________________________________________
• Ensure that everyone had food
– People were able to live longer
Neolithic Era
• This means “New Stone Age”
– Used farming techniques rather than hunting and gathering
– Learned to polish tools
– Made pottery
– Built permanent homes
• Domesticated plants animals
• Went out hunting and returned
• Neolithic Revolution
– Agricultural Revolution in which early people learned to farm. They shifted from a food
gathering to a food producing life style
Civilization Develops
Civilization: A complex culture with five characteristics
• Five Key Features of Civilization
– _______________________________________: A center of trade of an area
–
_______________________________________: Traders, government officials, religious leaders,
artisans.
–
_______________________________________:: Government, religion, education.
–
_______________________________________:: Records of business, historical events, customs,
traditions.
–
_______________________________________:: Using tools to improve efficiency and quality of life.
Sumerian Civilization
Early River Civilizations
UNIT 1
Chapter 2 section 1
River Valleys
• The first civilizations were around rivers
–
–
– Travel
– Trade
Mesopotamia
• Area was mostly a desert.
– Water was crucial to live near
• Mesopotamia was in the “___________________________________________”
–
Environmental Challenges
Problem
Solution
Unpredictable flooding and drought

Built walls around their city

Natural resources were limited

City States
• The Sumerians built several city states that acted independently from each other but
would assist each other if necessary.
• City structure
• Each city had:
–
–
– Many homes
– Trading centers
– Access to water
Farming
•
•
Trading/Cultural Diffusion
• Sumerians traded with other cities that began to develop in the area
• Learned new ideas and techniques from these cities
– _________________________:
Religion
• ________________________________
–
• Believed that Gods controlled nature and most things around them
• Gods could become angry
– To keep Gods happy they built Ziggurats and made sacrifices
• Believed in the afterlife
– “The place of no return” a place between the earth and the sea
Social Class
King
Priest
Landholder
Merchant
Artisan
Farmer
Slave
Science and Technology
• Developed mathematics system with 60 as the base
•
Babylon
• Eventually warriors known as Amorites invaded Mesopotamia and took it over as their
capital.
• Named it Babylon
•
Hammurabi’s Code
•
• Created a code of law
•
• 282 specific laws
1. Which of the following was NOT an invention of
the Sumerians?
A) a 365-day calendar
B) the wheel
C) the plow
2. What was the first thing that the Sumerians
accomplished?
A) trading over long distances
B) founding new city-states
C) farming and domestication of animals
3. Why was Mesopotamia such a good area for
growing crops?
A) The rivers flooded and deposited rich
soil.
B) The land was covered with heavy
vegetation.
C) The area did not have any agricultural
pests.
4. How did the Sumerians solve the problem of
flooding?
A) They built terraces on the mountains.
B) They used gated ditches and levees.
C) They rotated farming with nomadic
herding.
5. How did the Sumerians keep time?
A) They invented a calendar based on the \
moon and stars.
B) They improved the function of sundials.
C) They used an abacus to count the days
and nights.
6. What tools did the Mesopotamians use for
writing?
A) a large, feather pen that they dipped in
ink
B) a darkened reed that they dipped into a
mixture of charcoal and water
C) a sharpened piece of reed, called a stylus,
used on clay tablets
7. What was a result of the invention of the wheel?
A) It allowed the Sumerians to move faster
in battles.
B) It controlled the irrigation devices to
prevent flooding.
C) It gave the Sumerians more freedom of
movement.
8. What was an important Sumerian innovation
that allowed people to work together to meet basic
needs?
A) a city-state
B) a transportation system
C) a specified work week
9. Which statement best describes the benefits of a
city-state?
A) It allowed people to engage in other
professions and be educated.
B) It united all the people under a central
government.
C) It governed surrounding lands and had its
own ruler.
10. Besides the ruler, who had the highest position
in the social hierarchy?
A) a scribe
B) a priest
C) a caravan merchant
11. Unlike the Egyptian pharaohs, the rulers of the
city-states were not worshipped as gods.
A) true
B) false
12. Why were ziggurats important to the
Sumerians?
A) They protected the city from invaders.
B) They were built as tombs for the kings.
C) They were built as temples to honor the
gods and goddesses.
13. What did the Sumerians do to support the
priests and kings?
A) paid taxes
B) captured slaves in wars
C) developed new trading routes
Ancient Egypt
Chapter 2.2
Notes
Date: ______________________
The Nile
•
_______________________________________________________________
_
• The longest river in the world
• Settlements in Egypt are along the Nile
–
__________________________________________________________
__
Nile Flood Cycle
• More predictable than the Tigris and Euphrates
• _______________________________________________________________
__
– June-August: Flood
– September-February: Plant/Tend
– March-May: Harvest
Controlling The Land
• If the flood was too low, silt would settle on the land and kill the crops
– Thousands of people would starve
• If the flood was too high, buildings, homes, and seeds would be destroyed
– People would be homeless and could starve
Basin Irrigation
• Egyptians dug trenches to collect the water from the flooding and redirect it
towards their crops.
• _______________________________________________________________
Government and Organization
• Originally Egypt was ruled in two groups
– __________________________________________________________
• King Narmer united them
• Capital was moved to Memphis
– A city where the upper and lower kingdoms met
Pharaohs
• _______________________________________________________________
_
• Egypt was a theocracy
– Theocracy:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__
• Pharaoh was in charge of
Egypt's______________________________________
– Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh controlled every part of their lives,
environment included
Religion
• Religion was very important to Egyptians
• Polytheistic:
______________________________________________________
Gods
Afterlife
• Egyptians believed that people’s souls lived on after their bodies died.
• Religion played a very important role in their lives.
• All Egyptians prepared for death.
• Wealthy Egyptians were mummified and built tombs.
The Book of the Dead
• _______________________________________________________________
_
• Before the dead could enter the afterlife they had to make a journey through
the underworld.
• They were aided in this journey by special spells that were painted on the
tomb walls, the coffin, or papyrus rolls put into the tomb.
• These texts became the basis for the Book of the Dead, spells written on
papyrus rolls and available to nearly everyone during the New Kingdom.
Papyrus
• _______________________________________________________________
_
• Made from reeds which grew near the river
• Important because it allowed Egyptians to write and record with greater ease
The Tombs
• _______________________________________________________________
_
• The ancient Egyptian tomb was supplied with items the deceased would
need in the afterlife:
– __________________________________________________________
__
• Supplies could also be painted on the walls of the tomb.
– It was believed that these objects would come to life when it was time.
The Tomb
• The mummy was taken to the tomb
• The organs were kept in jars stored in a large chest.
– There were four jars, each one holding a different organ and protected
by the God whose head was carved onto the lid
Valley of the Kings
• _______________________________________________________________
_
Hieroglyphics
• _______________________________________________________________
_
The New Kingdom
• Created an Empire
__________________________________________
__
__________________________________________
__
__________________________________________
__
• The Bronze Age
– An age where tools were made of bronze (metal)
•
•
• Able to make better battle gear
New Kingdom Empire
• As new Pharaohs came into power they continued to built the empire
– Increased trade
– Increased technology
– Conquering new land
– Built new buildings and city structure
Egypt and the Afterlife
1. What did Egyptians believe will happen if Sedi’s body is well preserved
2. What did Egyptians believe Kings would merge with in death
3. What must Egyptians pass through in order to reach the afterlife
4. What two things do people need to get through the gates
5. What types of challenges do people have to go through in the underworld
6. What is the king supposed to do with the pyramid texts
7. How many tombs were in the valley of the kings
8. What did Egyptians believe Osiris was
9. What did Egyptians believe Osiris would do in order to judge them
10.What could you do so that you did not need to work in the afterlife
11.What hour is the last battle with the evil demon?
12.What do Egyptians believe happened to you at the end of your journey through the
afterlife?
River Dynasties in China
Chapter 2 section 4
Geography
• China was isolated from other cultures
–
___________________________________________________________________
River System
• Two rivers in China
–
___________________________________________________________________
–
___________________________________________________________________
Environmental Challenges
•
________________________________________________________________________
______
• Geographic Isolation in the east
• No geographic barriers in the north
– Invasion
Land Distribution
•
________________________________________________________________________
– Much conflict
– Land suitable for farming is called the North China Plain
Culture
Family
– The most important virtue in Chinese culture was respect for ones parents
–
___________________________________________________________________
– Women were inferiors
– Arranged marriage
• Women who had sons were considered superior
Social Classes
•
________________________________________________________________________
– Nobles : Upper class
– Peasants : Lower class
Religion
• Religion was very important
•
________________________________________________________________________
•
________________________________________________________________________
• Oracle bones
– Shang priests used these to communicate with Gods.
– They would write a question addressed to either one of the Gods, or an ancestor
on the bone, then heat it until it cracked. They believed that by studying the
pattern of cracks, one could learn the answer to the question. Oracle bones are
the oldest example of Chinese writing.
Dynasties
• ________________________________________________________________________
_
Shang Dynasty
•
•
•
•
•
Created the city of Anyang
Built of wood
Built wall for protection
Writing system
– Pictographs: drawings of objects
– Ideographs: that expressed a thought or idea
Zhou Dynasty
• ________________________________________________________________________
_
• They explained their actions by claiming the Mandate of Heaven, or divine right of rule.
• The justification of the government through the word of God.
The Mandate of Heaven is based on four principles:
1. ________________________________________________________________________
_
2. There is only one Heaven therefore there can be only one ruler.
3. ________________________________________________________________________
_
4. The King must remain just and fair
Why did they create this?
• It gives the ruler supreme power.
• It allows a new ruler to gain power quickly
• The Mandate of Heaven justifies rebellion as long as the rebellion is successful.
New
Mandate of
Heaven
New Dynasty
1. Brings peace
2. Builds infrastructure
3. Gives land to
peasants
Old Dynasty
1. Taxes too high
2. Stops protecting people
3. Lets infrastructure decay
Problems
1. Natural Disasters
2. Peasant revolt
3. Invaders attack
Loses
Mandate of
Heaven
Innovation of Zhou Dynasty
• Discovered how to make silk
• Silk would become China’s most valuable export
• Book making.
• The first books were of wood or bamboo.
Power of Zhou Dynasty
• Continued to obtain land
• Used feudalism to control their population and land
• Feudalism:
– __________________________________________________________________
Qin Dynasty
• When Qin took over, they murdered anyone who was against them
• Burned books which suggested people stand up for themselves against government
• Established an autocracy
–
Improvements
• Centralization
– Everything was located in the capital city
• So the government could monitor everyone
–
– Set a system for currency, weight and measurement
– Set standards for law and writing
The Great Wall of China
•
– Smaller walls existed already
• Built by previous dynasties
– This project connected them into one huge wall
• Forced the poor to build the wall with no pay
– If they refused they would be killed
Han Dynasty
• Golden age
–
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
.
– Many cultural and intellectual achievements
The Silk Road
•
• Called the Silk Road because Silk was China’s most important export
– Export: Something you make and sell to another country
•
Import: Something you buy from another country
Ethical Systems in China
Confucius
• The Zhou began to have problems
• Confucius became an scholar with significance influence
•
• Wanted to promote social order, harmony, and fair government
Confucius’ Five Relationships
Ruler and subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Older brother and younger brother
Friend and Friend
Filial Piety
• An idea of Confucius
•
Dao
• Created by a man named Laozi
•
• People should search for knowledge and understanding of nature
– People should study science, nature, astronomy, and medicine
Legalism
• Very powerful government
•
– Rulers reward for people who follow rules
– Severe punishment for those who did not
Notes
Planned City in the Indus
Chapter 2.3
Environmental Challenges
•
Floods  ___________________________________________________
•
Monsoons
Environmental Solutions
•
Building levees to keep water out of the city
•
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Harappan Civilization
•
City Planning: Cities were laid out in a grid so they ere easy to navigate
–
Citadel-A fortified area around the city to keep the city safe
–
Building materials:
______________________________________________________________________
–
•
Plumbing and sewage systems
Language: They did have a system of writing, but we still cannot translate it.
–
There are no bilingual artifacts that have been discovered
•
Rosetta Stone:
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Class work Definitions:
This is due by the end of class!
Use your book to find the following definitions. These ALL will be on your quiz, so do a good job!
Paleolithic Age
Cultural Diffusion
Culture
Papyrus
Cuneiform
Bronze Age
Barter
Agricultural Revolution
Mesopotamia
Hieroglyphics
Artisans
Hammurabi’s Code
Artifact
Nomadic
Tigris and Euphrates
Pharaoh
Sumerian
Neolithic Age
1. ________________________________: A peoples unique way of life.
2. ________________________________: Human made objects such as tools or jewelry which help us learn about
the past.
3. ________________________________: The old stone age. People wandered and depended on hunting and
gathering for food. They did not farm. They made tools from stone.
4. ________________________________ :The new stone age. People domesticated animals and learned to farm.
They were able to stay in one area and begin to build stronger civilizations. They still made tools from stone but
they were stronger.
5. ________________________________: This was the reason for the change between the Paleolithic Age and
the Neolithic Age. People stopped being nomadic and began farming
6. ________________________________: Those who do not have a permanent home and moves to follow food
sources.
7. ________________________________: These two rivers surrounded Mesopotamia.
8. ________________________________: Skilled crafts people: Metal workers, wood workers, and shipbuilders.
9. ________________________________: The ancient writing system of Sumerians.
10. ________________________________: The culture which arose in Mesopotamia
11. ________________________________: This means the “land between rivers”
12. ________________________________: During this era, people made tools from metal.
13. ________________________________: Rather than paying for goods, people traded objects.
14. ________________________________: When people from different cultures share ideas and technology.
15. ________________________________: A religious temple built by Sumerians to worship their Gods. Every
city-state had one.
16. ________________________________: This was the first written code of laws.
17. ________________________________: What Egyptians called their “King” or “Ruler”.
18. ________________________________: Egyptians believed that their Pharaoh was a God, and thus they had
this type of government.
19. ________________________________: This was a type of paper that the Egyptians used.
20. ________________________________: The writing system of Ancient Egyptians.