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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system consists of the following parts, divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts: Parts of the Upper Respiratory Tract Mouth, nose & nasal cavity: The function of this part of the system is to warm, filter and moisten the incoming air Pharynx: Here the throat divides into the trachea (wind pipe) and oesophagus (food pipe). There is also a small flap of cartilage called the epiglottis which prevents food from entering the trachea Larynx: This is also known as the voice box as it is where sound is generated. It also helps protect the trachea by producing a strong cough reflex if any solid objects pass the epiglottis. Parts of the Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea: Also known as the windpipe this is the tube which carries air from the throat into the lungs. Bronchi: The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, one entering the left and one entering the right lung. Once inside the lung the bronchi split several ways, forming tertiary bronchi. Bronchioles: Tertiary bronchi continue to divide and become bronchioles, very narrow tubes and they lead to alveolar sacs. Alveoli: Individual hollow cavities contained within alveolar sacs (or ducts). Alveoli have very thin walls which permit the exchange of gases Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a broad band of muscle which sits underneath the lungs, attaching to the lower ribs, sternum and lumbar spine and forming the base of the thoracic cavity. Physiology (GRPS-101) Practical notes Freshmen 2011 - 2012 Counting Respiration Equipment: - Watch Procedure: 1. Observe the rise and fall of the client’s (one inspiration and one expiration). 2. Count respirations for one full minute 3. Record reading in cycle per minute or breaths per minute. Notes: - When counting respiration don't mention that to the client as he can control breathing rate (usually measuring temperature is a part of measuring pulse one minute for pulse and another for respiration) Result: Respiratory rate (R) is ----- c/m Normal Respiratory rate range in adult 12–20 breaths per minute / cycle per minute -1-