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Rosetta Stone Study Guide German Level 1 Study Guide German Level 1 www.RosettaStone.com Rosetta Stone® | 135 West Market Street | Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801 USA 540-432-6166 | 800-788-0822 in U.S. and Canada | Fax: 540-432-0953 1051078 SG-DEU-L1.indd 1 8/14/07 2:39:31 PM Study Guide German Level 1 TRS-SG-DEU1-2.1 ISBN 978-1-58022-016-3 All information in this document is subject to change without notice. This document is provided for informational purposes only and Rosetta Stone Ltd. makes no guarantees, representations or warranties, either express or implied, about the information contained within the document or about the document itself. Rosetta Stone®, Language Learning Success™, and Dynamic Immersion™, are trademarks of Rosetta Stone Ltd. Copyright © 2007 Rosetta Stone Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Rosetta Stone Harrisonburg, Virginia USA T (540) 432-6166 • (800) 788-0822 in USA and Canada F (540) 432-0953 RosettaStone.com German I SG TOC 4/5/06 11:36 AM Page 1 Contents Introduction ................................................................................i The Alphabet ……………………………………………………………… ii Pronunciation ……………………………………………………………… iii Special Letter Combinations ……………………………………………… iv Syllables and Stress ………………………………………………………… v Punctuation ………………………………………………………………… v Cognates …………………………………………………………………… v Greetings and Farewells …………………………………………………… v Titles………………………………………………………………………… vi Polite Phrases ……………………………………………………………… vi Days of the Week ………………………………………………………… vii Months …………………………………………………………………… vii Unit One 1-01 1-02 1-03 1-04 1-05 1-06 1-07 Nouns and Prepositions …………………………………………… 1 Verbs: The Present Tense…………………………………………… 2 Adjectives…………………………………………………………… 3 The Numbers: One–Ten …………………………………………… 4 Singular and Plural of Nouns; Present Tense …………………… 5 Numbers and Clock Time ………………………………………… 6 Questions and Answers; Personal Pronouns; Present Tense of sein ……………………………………………………… 7 1-08 Food; Eating and Drinking; Direct Objects …………………… 10 1-09 Clothing; Direct Objects; Negation …………………………… 12 1-10 Interrogative Pronouns: Who, What, Where, Which; Adjectives 14 Unit Two 2-01 2-02 2-03 2-04 2-05 2-06 2-07 2-08 2-09 More Verbs: Present Tense ……………………………………… 15 People and Animals ……………………………………………… 17 Big and Small; Nouns and Adjectives…………………………… 18 Shapes and Colors; Adjectives; Comparison …………………… 19 Left and Right …………………………………………………… 21 Negating Verbs …………………………………………………… 24 Subjects linked by and …………………………………………… 25 More Prepositions ………………………………………………… 26 Head, Face, Hands, and Feet; Genitive Case; Possessive Pronouns ………………………………………………………… 29 2-10 Verbs: Present, Present Perfect, and Future …………………… 31 German I SG TOC 4/5/06 11:36 AM Page 2 Unit Three 3-01 3-02 3-03 3-04 3-05 3-06 3-07 3-08 3-09 3-10 Using Adjectives to Describe People …………………………… 34 Quantities and their Relationship to One Another …………… 35 More Clothing …………………………………………………… 36 Inside and Outside; Prepositions ……………………………… 37 More Colors and Numbers ……………………………………… 38 Animals; Real, Not Real ………………………………………… 39 Adjectives: Characteristics of Humans and Animals…………… 40 Professions, Conditions and Activities; Descriptive Adjectives 41 Body Parts and Pictures ………………………………………… 42 Clock Time, Time of Day ………………………………………… 43 Unit Four 4-01 4-02 4-03 4-04 4-05 4-06 4-07 4-08 4-09 4-10 Questions and Answers; Present Tense ………………………… 44 Open, Closed, Together, Apart, Straight, Bent ………………… 45 Numbers: One–One Hundred…………………………………… 46 People Talking …………………………………………………… 48 Coming and Going ……………………………………………… 50 Various Verbs; The Conjunction während ……………………… 52 Family Relationships ……………………………………………… 54 Everybody, Somebody, Nobody, Anybody ……………………… 56 Vehicles …………………………………………………………… 57 Prepositions and Objects of Prepositions ……………………… 58 Unit Five 5-01 5-02 5-03 5-04 5-05 5-06 5-07 5-08 5-09 5-10 5-11 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division …………… 59 Possessive Adjectives …………………………………………… 60 Tenses: Present, Present Perfect and Future …………………… 62 More Numbers …………………………………………………… 64 Direct and Indirect Objects; Objects of Prepositions ………… 65 Hot and Cold ……………………………………………………… 66 Kind of Things …………………………………………………… 67 Furniture, Clothing and Musical Instruments…………………… 68 Few, Many, More, Less ……………………………………………69 More Verbs; Human Gestures and Feelings …………………… 70 Human Conditions and Characteristics ………………………… 71 Unit Six 6-01 Present and Past of sein and haben ……………………………… 73 6-02 Verbs: Present, Present Perfect and Future ……………………… 74 6-03 More Descriptions of People; Demonstrative Pronouns ……… 76 German I SG TOC 4/5/06 6-04 6-05 6-06 6-07 6-08 6-09 6-10 6-11 11:36 AM Page 3 Units of Things …………………………………………………… 77 No More; Both, None, Neither–Nor …………………………… 78 Verbs: Present, Past and Present Perfect; Relative Pronouns … 79 Names …………………………………………………………… 81 Verbs: Present, Present Perfect and Future ……………………… 82 More Units of Things……………………………………………… 84 Alone, Crowd, Friends …………………………………………… 85 Professions, Conditions, and Activities ………………………… 86 Unit Seven 7-01 7-02 7-03 7-04 7-05 7-06 7-07 7-08 7-09 7-10 7-11 More Verbs………………………………………………………… 87 More Verbs; Interrogative Pronouns …………………………… 88 Fast and Slow……………………………………………………… 89 Seasons and Times of Day ……………………………………… 90 All, None, Some, Most, Both, Other …………………………… 91 Demonstrative Pronouns; None and Both ……………………… 92 Shapes and Locations; Prepositions; All, Most ………………… 93 Left and Right, Full and Empty ………………………………… 94 Prepositions: Over and Under, etc.……………………………… 95 More Verbs………………………………………………………… 96 Verbs: Present, Present Perfect, and Future …………………… 97 Unit Eight 8-01 Ordinal Numbers ………………………………………………… 99 8-02 Present …………………………………………………………… 100 8-03 Demonstrative Pronouns; Looks Like, Almost All, One, Others, Most, All………………………………………………… 101 8-04 Space and Geography, Countries ……………………………… 102 8-05 Streets and Sidewalks …………………………………………… 104 8-06 Pets and Clothes; Possessive Pronouns………………………… 105 8-07 Adjectives; Question Words; Comparative and Superlative … 106 8-08 Near and Far; Comparative Forms of Adjectives ……………… 108 8-09 Locations; Prepositions ………………………………………… 109 8-10 Directions ……………………………………………………… 110 8-11 Activities; More Verbs…………………………………………… 112 Appendix A ............................................................................ 113 Appendix B ............................................................................ 115 Index ..................................................................................... 117 German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 11:33 AM Page i Introduction Learning to read, write and speak a foreign language is a cumulative process. The student begins at a relatively simple starting point, and, with each progressive step, collects additional knowledge of that language. These pieces of knowledge are like the bricks used to build a house; each new brick is placed atop another brick until the desired structure is achieved. The student, like an apprentice bricklayer, needs an understanding of the tools and materials that will be used before construction begins, as well as explanations of the blueprints as the task proceeds. This Student Study Guide is designed to accompany the Rosetta Stone program and will add those explanations and the “whys” and “hows” a student often needs. To begin this study a few general notes may be helpful to the learner of German and begin to lay a foundation for all the knowledge that will come. This Introduction covers the following topics: • • • • • • • • • • • The Alphabet Pronunciation Special Letter Combinations Syllables and Stress Punctuation Cognates Greetings and Farewells Titles Polite Phrases Days of the Week Months The main body of this Student Study Guide is a written companion to the Rosetta Stone German 1 computer program. It contains lesson by lesson notes to assist students and teachers by giving additional information on German grammar, vocabulary, and usage. It can be used in conjunction with the German 1 Workbook, which gives students practice writing and reinforces the material they have learned in the computer program. i German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 11:33 AM Page ii The Alphabet This table gives the letters of the German alphabet, each one’s German name, and then notes on how to pronounce the letter. ii Letter German Name Pronunciation a A ah b B bay c C tsay d D day e E ay f g F G eff gay h H hah i I ee j k l m n o Y K L M N O yot kah ell emm enn oh p q(u) r s P Q(U) R S pay coo err ess t u T U tay oo father (long) between hot and hut (short) ball (B sound) at the end of a word or syllable: ape (P sound) before a, o, and u: cat (K sound) before ä, e, and i: tsar (TS sound) dog (D sound) at the end of a word or syllable or before s: ate (T sound) late (long) set (short) finger gold (hard G sound) at the end of a word or syllable: K or German ch hand after vowels: silent ski (long) sit (short) yes king (K sound) million: a brighter sound than mill mine nest boat (long) between office and come (short) pine KV sound R sound with a trill or a roll in the throat before a vowel: cause (Z sound) case (S sound) tea (T sound) toot (long) bush (short) German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 11:33 AM Page iii Letter German Name Pronunciation v w x y z V W X Y Z fow vay iks ypsilon tset folk (F sound) vine (V sound) express ü; closest English sound is book tsar (TS sound) ß ß es-tset ä ö ü Ä Ö Ü ah umlaut oh umlaut oo umlaut toss: ß stands for ss, but correct spelling calls for ss in some words and ß in others; when in doubt, use ss between cat and set round lips to say O, but say ay with the tongue round lips to say u (lute) but say ee (see) with the tongue If you are using a typewriter that does not have an umlaut (¨), you can use an e after the vowel instead: ae, oe, and ue stand for ä, ö, and ü. For ß, use ss. Pronunciation Formal spoken German has a much closer connection to written German than is the case with English. In other words, if you hear a word pronounced you have a much greater probability of figuring out how to spell it, and if you see a word written, it is almost certain that you can pronounce it correctly. Single German vowel sounds are quicker and shorter than those in English; they are not diphthongs, which are drawn out changes in vowel sounds common in English. For instance, most English vowels have a long sound and then a short sound at the end as the voice drops in pitch and volume. Try saying “oh” several times. Notice that you put a short oo sound (as in “shoe”) or w sound at the end. In German and most other European languages, vowel sounds are pure; that is, they consist of only one sound. For German, try saying the letter o several times; stop before you say the oo. German vowels, like English vowels, can be long or short. Long vowels generally precede a single consonant, as in das; short vowels generally precede two or more consonants, as in Hund. Vowels are also long when followed by h, as in gehen (the h is silent), or when doubled, as in Boot. iii German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 11:33 AM Page iv Special Letter Combinations When vowels appear together, they always represent a given sound. The following combinations are diphthongs: au, äu, eu, ai, and ei. That is, they glide from one vowel sound to another. Note that äu and eu are pronounced the same (oy). So are ai and ei (eye). au out äu oil eu oil ai high ei high A sixth common vowel combination is ie. It is not a diphthong, and is always pronounced ee (flee). Certain consonant combinations in German also represent special sounds. ch ck dt ng ph ps sch sp st th tion tsch tz iv The sounds these letters represent do not exist in English, so one must practice them diligently. There are two sounds, each determined by the vowel before them. If ch follows a “front” vowel (ä, äu, e, ei, eu, i, or ie), pronounce it like an over-emphasized h, as in hue. This is called an ich-laut. After a “back” vowel, pronounce ch where you say k, but do not stop the flow of air. We call this an ach-laut. back (same as in English) mat (like a single t) singer (not like finger) philosopher (as in English) ps (pronounce both letters) ship at the beginning of a word: shp at the beginning of a word: sht Thomas (like a single t) tsee-ohn tsh (as in catch and teach) sits German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 11:33 AM Page v Syllables and Stress Native German words are generally stressed on the first syllable unless they have an unstressed prefix (like ver- or be-). Words that have been borrowed from a foreign language, however, sometimes reflect the patterns of their language of origin – and sometimes not. Be careful with foreign words – they often retain some of their original pronunciation. Punctuation Most punctuation in German works the same as in English. Commas are required in a few more situations in German than in English, for instance, to set off clauses within a sentence. German quotations look different from English ones. A German quote looks like this: Christiane sagt: „Guten Morgen.“ Note that the quote begins with a colon rather than a comma, that the beginning quotation mark is at the bottom of the line of type and faces away from the text being quoted, and that the ending quotation mark is at the top of the line of type and also faces away from the text. You may also see other styles of quotation marks used for German, but these are the ones used most commonly in Germany. Cognates Cognates are words in different languages that go back to a common root. Because German and English are related, there are literally thousands of cognates. Some are identical in spelling and meaning: Hand, Finger, Arm, Ring. Many more are identical in meaning and close enough in spelling to be recognized, especially in context. Montag Buch grün Haus Monday book green house German and English have also appropriated thousands of loan words from other languages, especially French, Latin, and Greek. German has a host of borrowed verbs that end in -ieren: studieren, marschieren, etc. Greetings and Farewells There are several ways to greet someone in German. By and large, German-speaking people are very formal and polite. While Germans have grown less formal in the last fifty years, it is better to err on the side of formality. Use a formal greeting the first time you meet or are introduced to someone. v German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 Formal Guten Morgen! Guten Tag! Guten Abend! Gute Nacht! 11:33 AM Page vi Informal Morgen! Tag! Abend! Wie geht es Ihnen? Wie geht’s? Es geht mir gut, danke. Gut, danke. Es freut mich, Sie kennen zu lernen. Freut mich. Auf Wiedersehen! Wiedersehen! Tschüs! Auf Wiederhören! English Equivalent Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Good night. (Usually used only in speaking to people sleeping under the same roof.) How are you? Fine, thanks. Nice to meet you. Goodbye. So long. Goodbye. (This is “goodbye” on the telephone.) There are also considerable regional variations – as in every aspect of German language and culture. A Bavarian may greet you with grüß Gott; a Swabian may take leave with ade. Titles Germans have traditionally used titles more extensively than Americans. The most common are: Herr Schneider Mr. Schneider Frau Gerlich Ms. Gerlich However, if you are speaking to someone you do not know well but who has a professional title, say Herr Professor, Frau Doktor, etc. Note: Fräulein used to be used for unmarried women and young girls, but this has been dropped. Use Frau as a title for all women and girls. The only current use of Fräulein is to address a waitress. Polite Phrases bitte bitte schön danke danke schön Entschuldigung vi please; you’re welcome please (emphatic); you’re very welcome thank you thank you very much excuse me German I SG Introduction 4/5/06 Days of the Week Montag Dienstag Mittwoch Donnerstag Freitag Samstag (Sonnabend) Sonntag 11:33 AM Page vii Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Months Januar Februar März April Mai Juni Juli August September Oktober November Dezember January February March April May June July August September October November December vii German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 1 Substantive und Präpositionen Nouns and Prepositions 1-01 New Vocabulary auf das Auto, -s/-s der Ball, -(e)s/"-e das Boot, -(e)s/-e der Elefant, -en/-en ein… das Flugzeug, -(e)s/-e die Frau, -/-en der Hund, -es/-e in der Junge, -n/-n die Katze, -/-n das Mädchen, -s/der Mann, -(e)s/"-er das Pferd, -(e)s/-e der Tisch, -es/-e und unter Grammar: Nouns A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. German nouns are always capitalized no matter where they occur in the sentence. In many languages, nouns have gender. English has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Most nouns in English are considered neuter. We use masculine or feminine only when we know the gender. We use he for masculine, she for feminine, and it for neuter. Our choice is almost always based on biology. German assigns a gender to every noun, but not necessarily based on biology. Mann (man) is masculine, but so is Tisch (table). Frau (woman) is feminine, but so is Tür (door). Auto is neuter, but so is Mädchen (girl). Actually, all nouns with the suffix -chen are neuter, no matter what they mean, because -chen makes the noun it’s added to diminutive. Most words for males are masculine and most words for females are feminine. However, it is easier if you regard German gender as grammatical rather than biological and simply learn the gender as part of the noun. Grammar: Indefinite Articles English has two forms of the indefinite article: a and an. An is used before words that begin with a vowel. In German, use ein for masculine and neuter nouns and eine for feminine nouns. Masculine Feminine Neuter ein Mann eine Frau ein Auto a man a woman a car ein Tisch eine Tür ein Mädchen a table a door a girl Grammar: Prepositions A preposition expresses time, manner, or place. It comes before the noun it modifies, which is why it is called a “pre-position.” Prepositions always introduce a phrase, called a prepositional phrase. Many German prepositions are cognates to English prepositions; they go back to a common root and sound or look alike. eine Frau in einem Auto ein Junge unter einem Flugzeug a woman in a car a boy under an airplane 1 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 2 Verben: Präsens Verbs: The Present Tense 1-02 New Vocabulary dem fällt (fallen) der Fisch,-(e)s/-e fliegt (fliegen) geht (gehen) gehen hinterher läuft (laufen) laufen liest (lesen) rennt (rennen) schwimmt (schwimmen) springt (springen) springen der Stier, -(e)s/-e tanzt (tanzen) tanzen der Vogel, -s/"- Grammar: Definite Articles Definite articles are used to introduce a noun. English has one definite article, “the.” German has three forms of the definite article. They express the gender of the noun. Masculine der der Mann der Tisch Feminine die die Frau die Tür Neuter das das Auto das Mädchen Note: die is also used for all plural nouns. Grammar: The Present Tense The present tense in German fills the role of several tenses in English, since German has no present progressive nor present emphatic tenses. Das Mädchen geht. 2 The girl goes. The girl does go. The girl is going. Simple present Present emphatic Present progressive German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 3 Adjektive Adjectives 1-03 New Vocabulary alt… blau… gelb… hat (haben) das Haar, -(e)s/-e das Haus, -es/"-er ist (sein) jung… kurz… lang… neu… rosa rot… schwarz… weiß… Grammar: Adjectives Adjectives describe people or things. Attributive adjectives give nouns certain attributes. These can be colors, sizes, amounts, physical or mental conditions, or any word that tells us more about a noun. Adjectives that appear after a form of the verb “to be” are called predicate adjectives. Der Fisch ist rot. ein roter Fisch der rote Fisch The fish is red. a red fish the red fish Predicate adjective Attributive adjective Attributive adjective Das Auto ist blau. ein blaues Auto das blaue Auto The car is blue. a blue car the blue car Predicate adjective Attributive adjective Attributive adjective Die Frau ist alt. eine alte Frau die alte Frau The woman is old. an old woman the old woman Predicate adjective Attributive adjective Attributive adjective German adjectives that appear before a noun take different endings based on the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify. (You will learn about number and case in the following lessons.) Predicate adjectives, however, do not take different endings. 3 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 4 Die Zahlen: eins–zehn The Numbers: One–Ten 1-04 New Vocabulary null eins zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn Usage: eins, ein, and eine In German, the number one is eins. This is very similar to the indefinite articles ein and eine. Use eins when counting; use ein or eine before a noun to mean either “a(n)” or “one.” 4 Definite article Indefinite article der Hund the dog ein Hund a dog one dog die Blume the flower eine Blume a flower one flower das Kind the child ein Kind a child one child German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 5 Substantive im Singular und Plural; Verben im Präsens Singular and Plural of Nouns; Present Tense 1-05 New Vocabulary das Auge, -s/-n das Baby, -s/-s die Blume, -/-n das Ei, -(e)s/-er das Fahrrad, -(e)s/"-er die Frau, -/-en der Hund, -(e)s/-e das Kind, -(e)s/-er mehrer… singt (singen) singen sind (sein) sitzt (sitzen) sitzen der Vogel, -s/"- Grammar: Singular and Plural Singular means one. Plural means more than one. Whether a word is singular or plural is called number. Most English nouns form their plural with -s or -es. kite car box kites cars boxes There are also irregular plurals in English. goose sheep ox geese sheep oxen German has five ways to form plural nouns. Notice the similarities to the English irregular plurals given above. Singular Plural 1. add -e das Pferd die Pferde 2. add -er das Kind die Kinder 3. no ending der Teller die Teller 4. add -en or -n die Frau die Blume die Frauen die Blumen 5. add -s das Auto die Autos Remember that the definite article for all plural nouns, regardless of gender, is die. Some nouns in the first three groups also add an umlaut (¨) when forming the plural. der Mann die Männer For each new noun, you will need to learn its gender and its plural form. 5 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 6 Zahlen und Uhrzeiten Numbers and Clock Time 1-06 New Vocabulary dreißig es fährt (fahren) das Fenster, -s/der Finger, -s/- fünfzehn hier das Motorrad, -(e)s/"-er orange reitet (reiten) reiten der Teller, -s/die Uhr, -/-en die Zahl, -/-en zwanzig Vocabulary: reiten and fahren Use reiten (to ride) only for horses. Fahren means to ride or drive any mechanical device; it also means to go by any means other than on foot. Ein Mädchen reitet auf einem Pferd. A girl is riding a horse. (literally, “on a horse”) Ein Mann fährt auf einem Motorrad. A man is riding a motorcycle. (literally, “on a motorcycle”) Eine Frau fährt nach Berlin. or A woman is going to Berlin. (not on foot) A woman is driving to Berlin. Usage: Time To tell time, German uses es ist (it is) + the number that indicates the hour + Uhr (clock). Es ist zwei Uhr. Es ist acht Uhr. It is two o’clock. It is eight o’clock. Note: To say, “It is one o’clock,” say “Es ist ein Uhr.” Here ein has no ending. 6 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 7 Fragen und Antworten; Personalpronomen; Präsens von „sein“ Questions and Answers; Personal Pronouns; Present Tense of sein 1-07 New Vocabulary dies… er grün… isst (essen) ja nein nicht sie Vocabulary: ist and isst Sein (to be) and essen (to eat) do not sound alike. However, in the present tense, the third person singular of sein is ist (is), while the third person singular of essen is isst (eats). Ist and isst sound identical, but the context will let you know which one is meant. Usage: Forming a Question In German, a “yes or no” question usually begins with the verb. A short answer would be simply ja or nein. A longer answer would be ja or nein followed by a sentence. Ist das Auto weiß? Is the car white? Ja. Ja, das Auto ist weiß. Yes. Yes, the car is white. Nein. Nein, das Auto ist nicht weiß. Nein, es ist rot. No. No, the car is not white. No, it is red. Usage: Forming a Negative To form a negative, place nicht in front of an adjective. Sie ist blau. Sie ist nicht blau. It is blue. It is not blue. Er ist neu. Er ist nicht neu. It is new. It is not new. Grammar: sein sein (to be) – present tense ich bin wir sind du bist ihr seid er/sie/es ist sie sind Sie sind 7 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 8 1-07 Grammar: Personal Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. The following table lists the German personal pronouns. First person refers to the person(s) speaking, second person to the person(s) spoken to, and third person to the person(s) spoken of. The German system is similar to the English one, except that German has three separate pronouns for the second person while English has only you. The formal form is used with people you do not know well, while the informal is used with family and close friends. Person Singular Plural Singular Plural 1st 2nd informal: formal: 3rd ich du Sie er/sie/es wir ihr Sie sie I you you he/she/it we you you they Remember that er is used for all masculine nouns, even inanimate ones; sie is used for all feminine nouns, even inanimate ones. Der Mann ist alt. Er ist alt. Der Tisch ist alt. Er ist alt. The man is old. He is old. The table is old. It is old. Die Frau ist alt. Sie ist alt. Die Tür ist alt. Sie ist alt. The woman is old. She is old. The door is old. It is old. In German, pronouns take the same gender as the nouns they replace. Remember that this gender is grammatical, not biological. 8 Der Mann hat langes Haar. Er hat langes Haar. The man has long hair. He has long hair. Der Tisch ist weiß. Er ist weiß. The table is white. It is white. (literally, “He is white.”) Die Frau springt. Sie springt. The woman jumps. She jumps. Die Tür ist neu. Sie ist neu. The door is new. It is new. (literally, “She is new.”) German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 9 1-07 Das Kind sitzt. Es sitzt. The child sits. He sits. or She sits. (literally, “It sits.”) Das Auto ist alt. Es ist alt. The car is old. It is old. Note that er, sie, and es (he, she, and it) resemble der, die, and das. Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Personal pronoun Definite article er sie es sie der die das die 9 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 10 Nahrungsmittel; essen und trinken; Akkusativobjekte Food; Eating and Drinking; Direct Objects New Vocabulary der Apfel, -s/"die Banane, -/-n die Birne, -/-n das Brot, -(e)s/-e die Erdbeere, -/-n das Fleisch, -es frisst (fressen) die Frucht, -/"-e der Hut, -(e)s/"-e kein… die Karotte, -/-n der Käse, -s/die Kiste, -/-n der Korb, -(e)s/"-e die Milch, -/(no plural) mit das Nahrungsmittel, -s/ohne der Orangensaft, -(e)s/"-e trinkt (trinken) trinken die Tomate, -/-n die Tüte, -/-n das Wasser, -s/- or "die Weintraube, -/-n Vocabulary: Compound Words German uses many compound words. Orangensaft orange juice Orange + Saft orange + juice Nahrungsmittel food Nahrung + s + mittel nourishment + means of Usage: essen and fressen German uses two different verbs for eating. Essen is used for people, while fressen is used for animals. The conjugations are identical. essen and fressen (to eat) – present tense ich (fr)esse wir (fr)essen du (fr)isst ihr (fr)esst er/sie/es (fr)isst sie (fr)essen Sie (fr)essen If fressen is used for people, it indicates unusual speed or quantity or bad manners. It could also be a joke among friends. Die Frau isst. The woman is eating. Der Hund frisst. The dog is eating. Der Junge frisst. The boy is gobbling his food. 10 1-08 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 11 1-08 Usage: nicht and kein There are two different ways to form a negative in German. Place nicht before an adjective or adverb or after a verb. Das Pferd springt nicht. Das Haus ist nicht alt. Der Mann ist nicht hier. The horse is not jumping. The house is not old. The man is not here. To negate a noun with an indefinite article, place a form of kein in front of the noun. Use kein for masculine and neuter, keine for feminine and plural. Das Das Das Das Das ist ein Tisch. ist kein Tisch. ist kein Auto. ist keine Katze. sind keine Hunde. That is a table. That is not a table. (literally, “That is no table.”) That is not a car. (literally, “That is no car.”) That is not a cat. (literally, “That is no cat.”) Those are not dogs. (literally, “Those are no dogs.”) To negate a noun with a definite article, use nicht. Das ist der Tisch. Das ist nicht der Tisch. That is the table. That is not the table. 11 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 12 Kleidung; Akkusativobjekte; Verneinung Clothing; Direct Objects; Negation 1-09 New Vocabulary ander… beide… die Badekleidung, -/(no plural) die Bluse, -/-n braun… die Brille, -/-n einig… grau… das Hemd, -(e)s/-en die Hose, -/-n die Jeans, -/das Kleid, -es/-er lila der Mantel, -s/"das Oberteil, -(e)s/-e der Regenmantel, -s/"der Rock, -(e)s/"-e rotweiß… der Schuh, -(e)s/-e der Strumpf, -(e)s/"-e trägt (tragen) tragen Vocabulary: lila, rosa Unlike most other adjectives, lila never changes its ending. Rosa is another such foreign word ending in -a that doesn’t take an ending. German words do not generally end in -a, and the normal adjective endings would be awkward. Vocabulary: Hose, Jeans, Brille Hose is singular – one pair of pants – unlike the English word “pants,” which is plural. The English word harks back to the days when pants consisted of two separate legs. Jeans can be either singular or plural. Similarly, Brille is singular – one pair of glasses. The English word “glasses” emphasizes the two lenses. Wo ist meine Brille? Where are my glasses? Grammar: Direct Objects A direct object is a person or thing that receives the action of a verb. The direct object tells what or who is being acted upon. Der Junge trägt einen Hut. The boy is wearing a hat. The direct object of the sentence is “hat.” It answers the question, “What is the boy wearing?” The special form einen is an example of accusative case. It expresses Hut as a direct object. English, too, has an “objective case” form which appears only in pronouns, such as “I see him (not he).” However, this case form is much more pronounced in German than in English, particularly when the noun object is masculine. Note the explanation which follows. 12 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 13 1-09 Grammar: Case The way a noun is used in a sentence is called case. The subject of the sentence is in the nominative case, while the direct object is in the accusative case. German sentences often indicate case with word order. Standard word order for a German sentence, like an English sentence, is the subject followed by the verb followed by the direct object. Der Mann trägt eine Brille. subject verb direct object The man is wearing glasses. subject verb direct object In German, there is also a different way to indicate case. The articles der, die, das, ein, and kein take different endings for different cases. You may have noticed that adjective endings also vary. This will be treated in detail later. Masculine nominative der Der Mantel ist schwarz. ein/kein Ein Mantel ist schwarz. The coat is black. A coat is black. Masculine accusative den Die Frau trägt den schwarzen Mantel. The woman is wearing the black coat. einen/keinen Die Frau trägt einen schwarzen Mantel. The woman is wearing a black coat. Feminine, neuter, and plural articles stay the same in the nominative and accusative cases. Feminine nominative die Die Hose ist rot. eine/keine Eine Hose ist rot. The pants are red. A pair of pants is red. Feminine accusative die Der Mann trägt die Hose. eine/keine Der Mann trägt eine Hose. The man is wearing the pants. The man is wearing a pair of pants. Neuter nominative das Das Hemd ist weiß. ein/kein Ein Hemd ist weiß. The shirt is white. A shirt is white. Neuter accusative das Der Junge trägt das Hemd. ein/kein Der Junge trägt ein Hemd. The boy is wearing the shirt. The boy is wearing a shirt. Plural nominative die Die Schuhe sind braun. eine/keine Keine Schuhe sind braun. The shoes are brown. No shoes are brown. Plural accusative die Das Mädchen trägt die Schuhe. eine/keine Das Mädchen trägt keine Schuhe. The girl is wearing the shoes. The girl isn’t wearing shoes. 13 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 14 Fragepronomen: wer, was, wo, welche; Adjektive Interrogative Pronouns: Who, What, Where, Which; Adjectives 1-10 New Vocabulary die Farbe, -/-n das Lebensmittel, -/- macht (machen) machen was wer welch… wo Usage: Questions and Statements about Colors Use a form of the verb haben (to have) to ask a question about color. Use a form of the verb sein (to be) to make a statement about color. Welche Farbe hat das Auto? What color is the car? (literally, “Which color has the car?”) Das Auto ist rot. The car is red. Grammar: Forming a Question All the German question words, or interrogatives, start with w. wer was welcher wo who what which where Note that wo is “where” while wer is “who.” Was and wo do not take endings. Wer does not change as long as it is the subject of the sentence (in the nominative case). However, welcher takes different endings that resemble the endings of the definite article. The nominative endings are: Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural (all genders) welcher welche welches welche welcher Mann welche Frau welches Kind welche Blumen which which which which man woman child flowers The answer to a question that starts with welcher often contains a form of dieser (this). Dieser takes exactly the same endings as welcher. 14 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 15 Weitere Verben: Präsens More Verbs: Present Tense 2-01 New Vocabulary am der Boden, -s/"die Ente, -/-n etwas fängt (fangen) lächelt (lächeln) die Gans, -/"-e die Harke, -/-n lacht (lachen) jemand… liegt (liegen) die Kleidung, -/(no plural) schwimmen klein… spricht (sprechen) schreibt (schreiben) das Telefon, -s/-e tritt (treten) wirft (werfen) zeigt (zeigen) Usage: Prepositions Verbs used in combination with certain prepositions have special meanings. Note that the preposition used in German is often different from the one used in English. Die Frau zeigt auf etwas. The woman is pointing at something. Die Frau zeigt etwas. The woman shows something. Grammar: Verbs In German there are three categories of verbs: weak, strong, and irregular (or “mixed”). All weak verbs are regular; they are “too weak to change.” Strong verbs change the vowel in the stem in the second and third person singular forms; they are “strong enough to change.” The past participle of weak verbs, which you will learn later with the present perfect and past perfect verb tenses, always end in -t, whereas the past participle of strong verbs end in -n. Irregular or mixed verbs mix these two patterns and must simply be memorized. Weak verbs take the following endings in the present tense. The endings are added to the stem. To find the stem, drop the -en ending from the infinitive (the unconjugated form of the verb), then replace it with the endings shown below. ich -e du -st er/sie/es -t Sie wir ihr sie -en -t -en -en An example of a weak verb in this lesson is lachen. To find the stem, take off the -en, leaving lach-, then add the endings. lachen (to laugh) – present tense: ich lache wir lachen du lachst ihr lacht er/sie/es lacht sie lachen Sie lachen If you have ever read Shakespeare or the King James translation of the Bible, you may remember forms like “thou laughest” and “she laugheth.” Compare these with the modern German forms. 15 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 16 2-01 Some strong verbs in this lesson follow the same regular pattern of conjugation in the present tense as weak verbs. They are liegen, schreiben, fliegen and schwimmen. The four examples below show the vowel change in the stem as defined above. Note how their vowels change only in the second and third person singular. fahren (to drive) – present tense: ich fahre wir fahren du fährst ihr fahrt er/sie/es fährt sie fahren Sie fahren Die Frauen fahren. The women are driving. Die Frau fährt. The woman is driving. fangen (to catch) – present tense: ich fange wir fangen du fängst ihr fangt er/sie/es fängt sie fangen Sie fangen Die Jungen fangen den Ball. The boys are catching the ball. Der Junge fängt den Ball. The boy is catching the ball. treten (to step, sometimes to kick) – present tense: ich trete wir treten du trittst ihr tretet er/sie/es tritt sie treten Sie treten Die Männer treten den Ball. The men are kicking the ball. Der Mann tritt den Ball. The man is kicking the ball. werfen (to throw) – present tense: ich werfe wir werfen du wirfst ihr werft er/sie/es wirft sie werfen Sie werfen Die Mädchen werfen den Ball. The girls throw the ball. Das Mädchen wirft den Ball. The girl throws the ball. Some verbs end in -rn or -In. To derive the stem, just take off the -n; then add the regular endings. An example in this lesson is lächeln. lächeln (to smile) – present tense: ich lächele wir lächeln du lächelst ihr lächelt er/sie/es lächelt sie lächeln Sie lächeln 16 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 17 Menschen und Tiere People and Animals 2-02 New Vocabulary der/die Erwachsene, -n/-n ein Erwachsener zwei Erwachsene die Person, -/-en das Tier, -(e)s/-e Grammar: Adjectives Used as Nouns German frequently uses adjectives as nouns, and, like all other nouns, they must be capitalized. However, they still take whatever ending they would have taken if they were being used as ordinary adjectives. Adjective endings are explained in Lessons 2-03 and 2-04. The adjective erwachsen (grown-up) is used as a noun to mean “an adult.” Fritz ist erwachsen. Der Erwachsene ist mit dem Kind. Ein Erwachsener und zwei Kinder. Die Frau ist eine Erwachsene. Fritz is grown up. The adult is with the child. An adult and two children. The woman is an adult. 17 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 18 Groß und klein; Substantive und Adjektive Big and Small; Nouns and Adjectives 2-03 New Vocabulary das Rad, -(e)s/"-er der Regenschirm, -(e)s/-e das Schiff, -(e)s/-e das Sofa, -s/-s der Fernseher, -s/groß… die Kiste, -/-n der Lastwagen, -s/- das Werkzeug, -(e)s/e das Zelt, -(e)s/-e Grammar: Adjective Endings Adjectives take endings when they come before a noun. The following phrases consist of: 1. some form of ein, 2. an adjective with an ending, and 3. a noun in the nominative case. ein großer Regenschirm eine blaue Kiste ein kleines Rad a big umbrella a blue box a small wheel Masc. sing. Fem. sing. Neut. sing. (der Regenschirm) (die Kiste) (das Rad) Notice that when ein has no ending, the adjective takes an ending similar to the definite article for the appropriate gender. For instance, the -er of großer looks like der, the -e of blaue looks like die, and the -es of kleines looks like das. When more than one adjective modifies the same noun, they all take the same ending. ein großes, schwarzes Rad 18 a big black wheel Neut. sing. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 19 Formen und Farben; Adjektive; Komparation Shapes and Colors; Adjectives; Comparison 2-04 New Vocabulary (klein), kleiner, kleinste der Kreis, -es/-e das Quadrat, -(e)s/-e als das Dreieck, -s/-e (groß), größer, größte das Rechteck, -s/-e Usage: als in Comparisons Use als for unequal comparisons. Das grüne Dreieck ist kleiner als der gelbe Kreis. The green triangle is smaller than the yellow circle. Grammar: Adjective Endings In Lesson 2-03 we learned that adjectives take endings when they come before a noun. Which ending is used depends on the article that precedes the adjective. There are two categories of endings. If the article is definite (der, die, or das, or another “der-word”) in the nominative case (as the subject of the sentence), the adjective ending is -e. Der blaue Kreis ist kleiner. Das kleinste Quadrat ist rot. Die junge Frau hat langes Haar. If the article is indefinite (ein or eine) in the nominative case, the adjective ending takes the same ending as the noun’s definite article determined by gender (der, die, or das). Note the following pattern: der Kreis ein roter Kreis das Quadrat ein kleines Quadrat die Kiste eine große Kiste Grammar: Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives Like in English, German uses three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. Positive Das ist ein kleines Quadrat. That is a small square. (one) Comparative Das Quadrat ist kleiner als der Kreis. The square is smaller than the circle. (two) Superlative Das kleinste Quadrat ist rot. The smallest square is red. (three or more) 19 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 20 2-04 One syllable adjectives with a vowel a, o, or u in the stem add an umlaut for the comparative and superlative. das lange Rechteck the long rectangle Das grüne Rechteck ist länger. The green rectangle is longer. Das längste Rechteck ist grün. The longest rectangle is green. The adjective groß also adds an umlaut for the comparative and superlative. Because it already ends in -ß (an S-family sound), it does not add an additional -s for the superlative. 20 der große Kreis the large circle Der Kreis ist größer. The circle is larger. der größte Kreis the largest circle German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 21 Links und rechts Left and Right 2-05 New Vocabulary Achtung der Becher, -s/darauf die Gitarre, -/-n hält (halten) die Hand, -/"-e ihr… das Känguru, -s/-s die Kuh, -/"-e link… links abbiegen das Mikrofon, -s/-e oder das Papier, -s/-e parken rund… das Reh, -(e)s/-e recht… rechts abbiegen der Sänger, -s/die Sängerin, -/-nen spielt (spielen) der Stift, -(e)s/-e verboten (verbieten) das Zeichen, -s/wenden zeigen Vocabulary Many masculine nouns that end in -er indicate an activity or occupation and have a feminine form that ends in -erin. der Sänger die Sängerin the male singer the female singer Usage: Left and Right Links (to the left) and rechts (to the right) are adverbs. Links abbiegen means “to turn to the left,” while rechts abbiegen means “to turn to the right.” Written as one word and capitalized, these words become nouns. Linksabbiegen ist verboten. Turning left is forbidden. Link- (left) and recht- (right) are adjectives, and take the normal adjective endings. der linke Arm die linke Hand das linke Auge the left arm the left hand the left eye Masc. sing. nominative Fem. sing. nominative Neut. sing. nominative der rechte Arm die rechte Hand das rechte Auge the right arm the right hand the right eye Masc. sing. nominative Fem. sing. nominative Neut. sing. nominative Usage: Possessive Adjectives Remember that feminine nouns can be replaced by the personal pronoun sie (she). The corresponding possessive adjective is ihr (her). Die Frau hat einen Ball. Sie hat einen Ball. Sie hat einen Ball in ihrer Hand. The woman has a ball. She has a ball. She has a ball in her hand. 21 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 22 2-05 All singular possessive adjectives take the same endings as the indefinite article (ein), while all plural possessive adjectives take the same endings as the definite article (die). Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative der des dem den die der der die das des dem das die der den die Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative ein eines einem einen eine einer einer eine ein eines einem ein Ein has no plural; but note that possessive adjectives do have plural forms. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative mein meines meinem meinen meine meiner meiner meine mein meines meinem mein meine meiner meinen meine Usage: das Mädchen Mädchen is a grammatically neuter word: das Mädchen. However, in recent decades, sie is sometimes used as the personal pronoun and ihr as the possessive adjective, as if it were a regular feminine noun. Das Mädchen hat etwas in ihrer rechten Hand. Grammar: The Strong Verb halten Halten (to hold) is a strong verb. Notice that in the third person singular it undergoes not only a vowel change, but does not add the usual -t ending because the t is already part of the stem. halten (to hold) – present tense ich halte wir halten du hältst ihr haltet er/sie/es hält sie halten Sie halten Die Frau hält etwas in ihrer linken Hand. The woman is holding something in her left hand. 22 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 23 2-05 Grammar: da- and darThe noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called its object, just like the noun or pronoun that follows a verb is often its object. auf dem Mann unter dem Jungen on the man under the boy The noun can be replaced by a personal pronoun. auf ihm unter ihm on him under him However, to replace the object of a preposition that is not a living thing, instead of a pronoun, use da- (or dar- if the preposition begins with a vowel) plus the preposition. Die Frau zeigt auf das Telefon. Die Frau zeigt darauf. The woman is pointing to the telephone. The woman is pointing to it. 23 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 24 Verneinung von Verben Negating Verbs 2-06 New Vocabulary benutzt (benutzen) zu Fuß gehen das Haar, (e)s/-e der Kopf, -es/"-e der Schutzhelm, -(e)s/-e Usage: nicht and kein (Review) Remember that a noun is negated by placing a form of kein in front of it. Diese Frau trägt keinen schwarzen Hut. This woman is not wearing a black hat. (literally, “This woman is wearing no black hat.”) A verb is negated by placing nicht after it. Der Vogel fliegt nicht. Der Junge springt nicht. The bird is not flying. The boy is not jumping. Grammar: Accusative and Dative case forms Note how accusative and dative case forms are employed in this lesson. In the sentence Dieser Mann trägt einen Schutzhelm auf dem Kopf. einen Schutzhelm is in accusative form because it is the direct object of trägt; auf dem Kopf is in dative form because it expresses at rest/location. See Lesson 2-08 for further explanation of dative. What other accusative and dative forms can you find in this lesson? Some verbs, like laufen, fliegen, schwimmen, springen, gehen, and reiten take no objects, so no accusative form will follow them. However, a dative form might be used to express where the action occurs. 24 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 25 Durch „und“ verbundene Subjekte Subjects linked by “and” New Vocabulary doch fahren haben die Mauer, -/-n steht (stehen) stehen 2-07 der Stuhl, -(e)s/"-e der Traktor, -s/-en vom vor der Zaun, -(e)s/"-e Grammar: Multiple Subjects In German, just as in English, a sentence can have two subjects. In this case, the subjects are joined by und and the verb must be plural. Der Mann und die Frau tanzen. The man and the woman are dancing. Compound subjects are made up of more than one noun. Der Mann, das Mädchen und das Baby sitzen auf dem Traktor. The man, the girl and the baby are sitting on the tractor. 25 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 26 Weitere Präpositionen More Prepositions 2-08 New Vocabulary der Baum, -(e)s/"-e das Bonbon, -s/-s der Esel, -s/herum hinter die Leute (pl.) mittelgroß… neben nebeneinander die Nummer, -/-n das Regal, -s/-e die Schale, -/-n der Sessel, s/der Stock, -(e)s/"-e die Tasse, -/-n der Taucher, -s/über um zwischen Usage: stehen, sitzen, liegen German usually uses a specific verb to indicate what position a person or thing is in, whereas English often uses the verb “to be.” Das Auto steht vor dem Haus. The car is in front of the house. (literally, “The car stands in front of the house.”) Die Frau sitzt in dem Wagen. The woman is in the car. (literally, “The woman sits in the car.”) Die Katze liegt auf dem Boden. The cat is on the floor. (literally, “The cat lies on the floor.”) Grammar: der-words and ein-words All the forms of the definite article der are given in Lesson 2-05. Other words that take those same endings are called der-words. Two of the most common der-words are welcher and dieser. Note that the -as in das becomes -es in welches and dieses. Der-words point out or demonstrate which people or things. They come before the noun and must agree with it in gender, number, and case. They function as demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative pronouns. Nominative Accusative Masc. Fem. Neuter Plural dieser diesen diese diese dieses dieses diese diese Dieser Mann hat keine Haare. Dieses Mädchen geht nicht zu Fuß. This man doesn’t have any hair. This girl is not walking. There is also a group of words that take the same endings as ein, except that they also have a plural. They are called ein-words. They include mein and kein. Their endings were given in Lesson 2-05. 26 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 27 2-08 Grammar: The Dative Case As discussed in Lesson 1-09, the subject of a sentence is always in the nominative case, and the direct object of a verb is always in the accusative case. A third case, the dative, is used for indirect objects. Indirect objects indicate to whom something is shown, given, said, etc. They answer the question “to whom?” or “for whom?”. Die Frau gibt dem Jungen den Ball. The woman is giving the boy the ball. or The woman is giving the ball to the boy. Remember that a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition plus an object. A second rule that governs dative is the expression of location. Note that all the examples given below express location and are in dative case. auf preposition einem Flugzeug object The endings of ein- or der-words before the object of a preposition depend on the preposition as well as on the gender and number of the object itself. Some prepositions in German take the accusative case, while some take the dative case. The dative endings are identical for der- and ein-words. masculine -em Die Frau sitzt Die Frau sitzt Die Frau sitzt Die Frau sitzt auf auf auf auf feminine -er Die Frau steht Die Frau steht Die Frau steht Die Frau steht neuter Die Die Die Die -em Frau Frau Frau Frau sitzt sitzt sitzt sitzt dem Tisch. diesem Tisch. einem Tisch. meinem Tisch. vor vor vor vor in in in in der Mauer. dieser Mauer. einer Mauer. ihrer Mutter. dem Auto. diesem Auto. einem Auto. meinem Auto. The The The The woman woman woman woman is is is is sitting sitting sitting sitting on on on on The The The The woman woman woman woman is is is is standing standing standing standing in in in in The The The The woman woman woman woman is is is is sitting sitting sitting sitting the car. this car. a car. my car. in in in in the table. this table. a table. my table. front front front front of of of of the wall. this wall. a wall. her mother. plural -en Das Mädchen steht zwischen den zwei Fahrrädern. The girl is standing between the two bikes. Das Mädchen steht zwischen ihren zwei Fahrrädern. The girl is standing between her two bikes. 27 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 28 2-08 All plural nouns that do not already end in -n or -s add an -(e)n in the dative plural. zwei Fahrräder zwischen ihren zwei Fahrrädern two bicycles between her two bicycles While certain prepositions, including auf, in, vor, and zwischen can take either a dative or an accusative object, other prepositions always take accusative objects. Um and ohne always take accusative. um den Tisch around the table masc. sing. accus. See Lesson 4-05 for a complete list of dative and accusative prepositions. 28 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 29 Kopf, Gesicht, Hände und Füße; Genitiv; Possessivpronomen Head, Face, Hands and Feet; Genitive Case; Possessive Pronouns 2-09 New Vocabulary an der Arm, -(e)s/-e aufgestützt (aufstützen) berührt (berühren) bürstet (bürsten) der Ellenbogen, -s/- der Fuß, -es/"-e das Gesicht, -(e)s/-er kämmt (kämmen) das Kinn, -(e)s/-e das Knie, -s/der Mensch, -en/-en der Mund, -(e)s/"-er die Nase, -/-n das Ohr, -(e)s/-en sein… Usage: The Reflexive Pronoun sich Sometimes German uses the reflexive pronoun sich to indicate that a person is doing something to or for himself. A verb that occurs with a reflexive pronoun is called a reflexive verb. Die Frau kämmt sich das Haar. The woman is combing her hair. Compare this with: Die Frau kämmt das Haar des Mädchens. The woman is combing the girl’s hair. Usage: Person, Mensch, Leute, Volk Person, Mensch, Leute, and Volk all refer to people. Person (plural Personen) is always concrete: it refers to a particular person or persons. Diese Person ist kein Kind. Zwei Personen laufen. This person is not a child. Two people are running. Mensch (plural Menschen) may be either concrete or abstract. die Füße eines Menschen a person’s feet (concrete; these feet belong to a particular person) Der Mensch ist sterblich. Man is mortal. (abstract) Leute is plural and may be abstract or concrete. Viele Leute sind auf der Straße. Kleider machen Leute. Many people are in the street. (concrete) Clothes make the man. (abstract; literally, “Clothes make people.”) Volk means “people,” as in a particular group of people or nationality. Das deutsche Volk wohnt in Mitteleuropa. The German people live in Central Europe. 29 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 30 2-09 Grammar: The Genitive Case Three cases have already been introduced: The nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence. The accusative case is used for the direct object of the verb and the object of certain prepositions. In the case of two-way prepositions, it expresses motion toward a place. The dative case is used for indirect objects and the object of certain prepositions. In the case of two-way prepositions, it expresses location, at rest in/at a place. The genitive case is used to show possession. Like the other cases, the genitive has its own set of endings. Masculine -es das Auto des Mannes das Auto eines Mannes the man’s car a man’s car Feminine -er die Hände der Frau die Hände einer Frau the woman’s hands a woman’s hands Neuter -es das Fahrrad des Kindes das Fahrrad eines Kindes the child’s bike a child’s bike Plural -er die Fahrräder der Kinder die Fahrräder ihrer Kinder the children’s bikes her children’s bikes Note that the number and gender of the der- or ein-word are determined by the noun it modifies (the noun that owns), not the noun that is owned. For instance, in “das Auto des Mannes,” des takes the masculine singular ending because it modifies der Mann, a masculine singular noun, not Auto, which is a neuter singular noun. Note in the examples above that a masculine or neuter noun also takes an ending, -(e)s, when it is in the genitive. The feminine and plural forms take no special ending. 30 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 31 Verben: Präsens, Perfekt und Futur Verbs: Present, Present Perfect and Future 2-10 New Vocabulary der Cowboy, -s/-s essen fallen gefallen (fallen) gegessen (essen) geschnitten (schneiden) gesprungen (springen) getrunken (trinken) der Reiter, -s/- schneidet (schneiden) schneiden wird (werden) werden Pronunciation Many foreign words have been adopted in German over the centuries. The newer arrivals often retain both the original spelling and something of the original pronunciation. Cowboy is pronounced like the English word “cowboy” – with a German accent. Grammar: The Future Tense The future tense is used to indicate something that has not happened yet. In German, the future tense consists of a form of the verb werden in the present tense plus an infinitive. werden ich werde wir werden du wirst ihr werdet er/sie/es wird sie werden Sie werden Present Der Junge springt in das Wasser. The boy is jumping into the water. Future Der Junge wird in das Wasser springen. The boy will jump into the water. Notice that the infinitive moves all the way to the end of the clause, while the conjugated form of werden appears where the main verb usually does. Note: for an event that is just about to take place, called the near future, German uses the present tense. Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin. Tomorrow I’m going to Berlin. Grammar: The Present Perfect Tense The present perfect tense is used to indicate something that happened previously. In spite of its name (present perfect), it is actually a past tense because it describes an action in the past, but one that is true to the present (therefore “present perfect”). In German, the present perfect consists of a form of either the verb haben or sein in the present tense plus a past participle that goes at the end of the clause. The past participle is a form of the verb that never occurs alone. It combines with an auxiliary verb to form the perfect tenses. You will learn the past perfect tense later. 31 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 32 2-10 In German, weak verbs form their past participles by adding the prefix ge- and the ending -t to the stem. Present Past participle lachen gelacht Strong verbs form their past participles by adding the prefix ge-, but they end in -en instead of -t. In addition, the stem may change. Present Past participle springen gesprungen Present Present perfect Der Mann trinkt die Milch. Der Mann hat die Milch getrunken. The man is drinking the milk. The man has drunk the milk. Present Der Junge springt in das Wasser. Der Junge ist in das Wasser gesprungen. The boy is jumping into the water. Present perfect trinken getrunken The boy has jumped into the water. Note that most verbs that are otherwise regular in the present tense but have a stem that ends in -d or -t take an extra e between the stem and the ending: schneiden becomes schneidet. Grammar: haben and sein as Auxiliary Verbs Haben and sein are both used in German as auxiliary verbs, or helping verbs, to form the present perfect. They are conjugated in the present tense as follows. sein (to be) haben (to have) ich du er/sie/es bin bist ist habe hast hat wir ihr sie/Sie sind seid sind haben habt haben Every German verb uses either haben or sein as an auxiliary verb, and you need to learn which to use for each verb. The vast majority of verbs use haben; however, many of the most common verbs use sein. 32 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 33 2-10 Many people studying German prefer to learn the auxiliary when they learn the verb. There are, however, some simple rules that make it easier. 1. A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object, like “throw,” “read,” and “eat.” All transitive verbs take haben. Present Ich werfe den Ball. Present perfect Ich habe den Ball geworfen. I am throwing the ball. I threw the ball. Present Sie liest ein Buch. Present perfect Sie hat ein Buch gelesen. She is reading a book. She read a book. Present Wir essen eine Banane. Present perfect Wir haben eine Banane gegessen. We are eating a banana. We ate a banana. 2. Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object, like “jump” or “sleep.” Although most intransitive verbs also take haben, intransitive verbs that indicate a change of condition or location take sein. Present Der Junge springt in das Wasser. The boy jumps into the water. Present perfect Der Junge ist in das Wasser gesprungen. The boy has jumped into the water. Present Der Mann schläft. Present perfect Der Mann hat geschlafen. The man sleeps. The man has slept. 3. There are two exceptions to rule number 2: sein and bleiben both take sein, even though they are intransitive verbs that have nothing to do with changes of condition or location. 33 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 34 Personenbeschreibungen mit Adjektiven Using Adjectives to Describe People New Vocabulary blond… der Clown, -s/-s dick… dünn… glatt… die Glatze, -/-n die Gruppe, -/-n der Läufer, -s/die Läuferin, -/-nen lockig… 3-01 sehr die Seite, -/-n der Tänzer, -s/die Tänzerin,-/nen von Usage: Word Formation A number of masculine nouns that indicate an activity end in -er. Many of them add -in for the feminine. 34 der Läufer the runner (male) die Läufer the runners (male or mixed) die Läuferin the runner (female) die Läuferinnen the runners (female) German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 35 Mengenangaben und ihre Beziehung zueinander Quantities and their Relationship to One Another 3-02 New Vocabulary der Autobus, -ses/-se der Ballon, -s/-s der Cowboyhut, -(e)s/"-e genauso der Laib, -(e)s/-e mehr die Münze, -/-n die Murmel, -/-n der Regenschirm, -(e)s/-e viel… weniger wie Usage: Equal and Unequal Comparisons To express “more than,” use mehr ... als; to express “less than,” use weniger ... als. Hier sind mehr Tische als Sessel. Hier sind weniger Sessel als Tische. There are more tables than armchairs. There are fewer armchairs than tables. To express “as many as,” use genauso viele ... wie. Hier sind genauso viele Pferde wie Leute. There are exactly as many horses as people. Note: mehr and weniger are adverbs, not adjectives, so they do not take any endings. However, einige, mehrere and viele are adjectives and take regular adjective endings. Usage: Quantities of Things Where English has phrases like “a loaf of bread” and “a glass of water,” German says the same thing without using “of.” ein Laib Brot ein Glas Wasser a loaf of bread a glass of water 35 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 36 Mehr Kleidung More Clothing 3-03 New Vocabulary die Jacke, -/-n der Pullover, -s/- die Socke, -/-n Grammar: Adjective Endings Remember that feminine and neuter ein-words are the same in the nominative and accusative. Therefore, the adjective endings that follow feminine and neuter ein-words are the same in the nominative and accusative as well. Neuter nominative Neuter accusative Das ist ein blaues Hemd. Er trägt ein blaues Hemd. Feminine nominative Das ist eine blaue Hose. Feminine accusative Sie trägt eine blaue Hose. That is a blue shirt. He is wearing a blue shirt. That is a pair of blue pants. She is wearing a pair of blue pants. Masculine ein-words, however, have different endings for the nominative and accusative, and the following adjective has different endings, too. Masculine nominative Das ist ein roter Pullover. That is a red sweater. Masculine accusative Sie trägt einen roten Pullover. She is wearing a red sweater. Grammar: Reflexive Verbs (Review) A reflexive verb indicates that a person is doing something to or for himself. It consists of two parts: the reflexive pronoun sich plus a verb. Sich is considered part of the verb. The verb sich anziehen means “to get dressed”; literally, “to dress oneself.” When an article of clothing is specified, it means “to put on.” Der Clown zieht sich an. Der Clown zieht sich eine Hose an. 36 The clown is getting dressed. The clown is putting on a pair of pants. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 37 Drinnen und draußen; Präpositionen Inside and Outside; Prepositions 3-04 New Vocabulary die Außenseite,-/-n dies… draußen drinnen das Gebäude, -s/die Innenseite, -/-n die Kirche, -/-n schwingt (schwingen) das Seil, -(e)s/-e spielen Usage: auf and an Auf is used to refer to horizontal surfaces or spaces (on), while an is used to refer to vertical ones (at). Er sitzt auf dem Tisch. He is sitting on the table. (He is sitting on top of the horizontal surface.) Er sitzt an dem Tisch. He is sitting at the table. (He is occupying the vertical space next to the table.) Usage: dies and das Dies is a demonstrative pronoun meaning this. It is used when pointing. Dies ist mein Auto. This is my car. It is usually interchangeable with das. Das ist mein Auto. This is my car. or That is my car. Grammar: Using an Indefinite Article as a Pronoun Remember that in the masculine nominative as well as the neuter nominative and accusative, ein has no ending. However, if the noun after ein is taken away, ein becomes a pronoun and requires an ending to identify the gender of the missing noun. Wie Wie Wie Wie viele viele viele viele Kinder springen? Ein Kind. Kinder springen? Eines. Männer laufen? Ein Mann. Männer laufen? Einer. How How How How many many many many children are jumping? One child. children are jumping? One. men are running? One man. men are running? One. 37 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 38 Weitere Farben und Zahlen More Colors and Numbers 3-05 New Vocabulary der Hintergrund, -(e)s/"-e die Kappe, -/-n schwarzweiß… braunweiß… gebürstet (bürsten) das Gras, -es/"-er das T-Shirt, -s/-s weißgelb… Usage: Compound Adjectives It was mentioned earlier that there are many compound nouns in German. There are also compound adjectives. schwarzweiß weißgelb Generally, you should only form a compound adjective from words that mean the same kind of thing. Different kinds of things should simply be listed. Die Blume ist rotweiß. Er hat langes, schwarzes Haar. The flower is red and white. He has long black hair. Grammar: Agreement Interrogative adjectives and pronouns must agree in number, gender, and case with the noun they modify, regardless of the noun’s position in the sentence. Welcher Mann ist alt? Welcher ist der alte Mann? Welches Pferd? Welches ist das alte Pferd? Welche? Welche ist die alte Frau? Which man is old? Which one is the old man? Which horse? Which one is the old horse? Which? Which one is the old woman? Grammar: The Passive Voice There are two voices, active and passive. In an active sentence, the subject is doing something to a direct object. In a passive sentence, something is being done to the subject by an agent. Often the agent is unnamed. Active Passive Der Mann fährt das Auto. The man is driving the car. Das Auto wird von dem Mann gefahren. The car is being driven by the man. In German, the passive voice is formed by using a form of werden plus a past participle of the verb. Welches Pferd wird von dem Mädchen gebürstet? Which horse is being brushed by the girl? Note: Good German style allows more passive constructions than good English style does. 38 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 39 Tiere; echt, nicht echt Animals; Real, Not Real 3-06 New Vocabulary der Bär, -en/-en das Bein, -(e)s/-e der Drache, -n/-n echt… die Giraffe, -/-n die Herde, -/-n das Kamel, -s/-e klettert (klettern) der Löwe, -n/-n das Schaf, -(e)s/-e das Schaukelpferd, -(e)s/-e die Schildkröte, -/-n der Schwan, -(e)s/"-e das Schwein, -(e)s/-e der Tiger, -s/die Ziege, -/-n Usage: Gender of Animals The words for some animals are the same for both genders. der Schwan die Giraffe das Kamel the swan (male or female) the giraffe (male or female) the camel (male or female) If you must specify the gender of one of these animals, use the adjectives männlich (masculine) or weiblich (feminine). Das ist eine männliche Giraffe. Das ist ein weiblicher Schwan. That is a male giraffe. That is a female swan. The words for certain other animals have different forms for male and female. der Löwe die Löwin the male lion the lioness Still other animals have unrelated words that indicate gender. der Stier die Kuh the bull the cow 39 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 40 Adjektive: Eigenschaften von Menschen und Tieren Adjectives: Characteristics of Humans and Animals 3-07 New Vocabulary durstig… gesund… glücklich… hässlich… heiß… hungrig… ihm ihnen kalt… krank… müde… reich… satt… schön… schwach… stark… traurig… Usage: Idioms for Being Hot or Cold German uses idioms, or particular ways of saying things, that are sometimes very different from the way you would say the same thing in English. These differences arise from the different way the languages developed. Ihnen ist kalt. Ihm ist heiß. They are cold. (literally, “To them is cold.”) He is hot. (literally, “To him is hot.”) The person or persons who are hot or cold take the dative case. Notice how the dative pronouns resemble the definite and indefinite articles. Dative masculine and neuter Dative feminine Dative plural 40 dem, einem, ihm der, einer, ihr den, keinen, ihnen German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 41 Berufe, Zustände und Tätigkeiten; Adjektive Professions, Conditions and Activities; Descriptive Adjectives 3-08 New Vocabulary die Angst, -/"-e die Bank, -/-en bäckt (backen) behandelt (behandeln) beschämt… das Geld, -es/-er hebt ab (abheben) kocht (kochen) lehrt (lehren) lesen die Polizeiwache, -/-n repariert (reparieren) der Schmerz, -es/-en der Sohn, -(e)s/"-e stolz… tippt (tippen) der Zahn, -(e)s/"-e Berufe (männlich) der Arzt, -es/"-e der Bäcker, -s/der Kellner, -s/der Koch, -(e)s/"-e der Krankenpfleger, -s/der Lehrer, -s/der Polizist, -en/-en der Mechaniker, -s/der Schüler, -s/der Sekretär, -s/-e der Student, -en/-en der Wissenschaftler, -s/der Zahnarzt, -es/"-e Berufe (weiblich) die Ärztin, -/nen die Bäckerin, -/-nen die Kellnerin, -/-nen die Köchin, -/-nen die Krankenschwester, -/-n die Lehrerin, -/-nen die Polizistin, -/-nen die Mechanikerin, -/-nen die Schülerin, -/-nen die Sekretärin, -/-nen die Studentin, -/-nen die Wissenschaftlerin, -/-nen die Zahnärztin, -/-nen Usage: Expressions with haben Here are some more German idioms. Er hat Schmerzen. Er hat Angst. He is in pain. (literally, “He has pains.”) He is afraid. (literally, “He has fear.”) 41 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 42 Teile und Bilder Body Parts and Pictures 3-09 New Vocabulary bedecken der Bär, -en/-en das Bein, -(e)s/-e das Bild, -(e)s/-er das Blumenbild, -(e)s/-er das Elefantenbein, -(e)s/-e das Frauenbild, -(e)s/-er das Gesicht, -(e)s/-er der Hase, -n/-n das Katzenbild, -(e)s/-er liegen das Maul, -(e)s/"-er der Menschenarm, -(e)s/-e das Menschenbein, -(e)s/-e das Pferdebein, -(e)s/-e die Statue, -/-n die Wand, -/"-e Usage: Bild and Foto Ein Bild can mean a picture, photograph, or image. Das Foto is used only for photographs. Grammar: Special Masculine Genitive Form Masculine nouns typically take -es for one-syllable words and -s for words with two or more syllables in the genitive. There is a significant group of animate nouns (nouns that refer to living beings) that instead take -n or -en not just in the genitive, but in all forms except the nominative singular. These nouns are referred to as weak nouns or -n nouns. At a later stage in your study of the language, there will be some clues to look for when deciding if a noun is weak, but for now it is best to memorize these nouns as a special category. Compare Vogel with Bär and Junge. 42 Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative der Vogel des Vogels dem Vogel den Vogel der Bär des Bären dem Bären den Bären der Junge des Jungen dem Jungen den Jungen Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative die Vögel der Vögel den Vögeln die Vögel die Bären der Bären den Bären die Bären die Jungen der Jungen den Jungen die Jungen German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 43 Uhrzeit und Tageszeit Clock Time, Time of Day 3-10 New Vocabulary elf fast fünfundvierzig der Morgen, -s/nach der Nachmittag, -s/-e die Nacht, -/"-e das Viertel, -s/- Vocabulary: Morgen, morgens, and morgen The noun Morgen means “morning.” The adverb morgens means “in the morning” in a general way. The adverb morgen means “tomorrow.” Der Morgen ist schön. Morgens ist es kalt. Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin. The morning is beautiful. It is cold in the morning. I’m going to Berlin tomorrow. Usage: Telling Time In German there are several different constructions used to tell time. Notice how the word Uhr comes between the hour and the minutes. Es ist zwei Uhr fünfzehn. Es ist Viertel nach zwei. Es ist Viertel vor zwei. It is 2:15. It is quarter after two. It is quarter of two. In conversation, Germans often use constructions like the following. Es ist halb drei. It is half past two. (literally, “It is half three.”) Note that English uses half past the hour, while German uses half before the hour. Thus, “halb drei” means half an hour before three o’clock, or half past two. In Germany, printed schedules use official time, which is based on the twenty-four hour clock. With a twenty-four hour clock, 1 o’clock in the afternoon is 13 o’clock, 2 o’clock is 14 o’clock, etc. These times are printed as numbers without punctuation. German schedule 0215 1415 German words English equivalent zwei Uhr fünfzehn vierzehn Uhr fünfzehn 2:15 a.m. 2:15 p.m. So 3:30 p.m. could be stated in German in several ways: drei Uhr dreißig halb vier fünfzehn Uhr dreißig three o’clock thirty minutes half before four fifteen hours thirty minutes 43 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 44 Fragen und Antworten; Präsens Questions and Answers; Present Tense 4-01 New Vocabulary könnte (können) können lächeln das Pony, -s/-s richtig der Vater, -s/"- die Violine, -/-n zusammen Vocabulary: können Können means “to be able to.” Können Hunde lächeln? Can dogs smile? Könnte is the subjunctive form (Konjunktiv) of können. The subjunctive is often used to discuss conditions contrary to fact, such as in the following sentence. If I were rich, I would travel. It is also used to express possibility. Would it be possible for him to fall? More briefly, could he fall? Er könnte fallen. He could fall. (It is possible that he will fall.) Notice that können is conjugated, while fallen is in the infinitive form. Grammar: Questions Questions are formed in German in either of two ways: 1. by inverting the subject and verb (beginning with the verb) or 2. by beginning with an interrogative word (a W-word, such as welch-, was, wer, and wie viele). Geht die Frau zu Fuß? Springen die Kinder? Was macht der Junge? Welcher große Mann trägt eine Brille? 44 Is the woman walking? Are the children jumping? What is the boy doing? Which tall man is wearing glasses? German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 45 Offen, geschlossen, zusammen, getrennt, ausgestreckt, gebeugt Open, Closed, Together, Apart, Straight, Bent 4-02 New Vocabulary auseinander ausgestreckt (ausstrecken) die Autotür, -/-en gebeugt (beugen) geöffnet (öffnen) geschlossen (schließen) getrennt (trennen) die Zehe, -/-n Grammar: Past Participles Used as Adjectives Past participles may be used as adjectives. Remember that the past participles of most German verbs take a ge- prefix. For weak verbs they end in -t, and for strong verbs they end in -en. Die Tür ist geschlossen. Die Tür ist geöffnet. The door is closed. The door is open. (literally, “The door is opened.”) German also has the adjective offen, which means the same as the English adjective open. Gebeugt (bent), getrennt (apart or separated), and ausgestreckt (stretched out) are also past participles. Notice that the ge comes after certain prefixes, such as aus, bei, nach, and vor. 45 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 46 Die Zahlen: eins–einhundert Numbers: One–One Hundred 4-03 New Vocabulary zwölf dreizehn vierzehn sechzehn siebzehn achtzehn neunzehn vierzig fünfzig sechzig achtzig neunzig fünfundsiebzig fünfundachtzig fünfundneunzig einhundert zweiundzwanzig zweiunddreißig zweiundvierzig sechsundvierzig zweiundfünfzig sechsundsechzig sechsundachtzig Vocabulary: Numbers The word Finger (finger) comes from fünf, which means five, while the word Zehe (toe) comes from zehn, which means ten. Like English, German has special words for eleven and twelve. Also like English, thirteen through nineteen are compound words based on the words for three through nine plus zehn, the word for ten. eins zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn elf zwölf dreizehn vierzehn fünfzehn sechzehn siebzehn achtzehn neunzehn zwanzig eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty Drop the -s on sechs to form sechzehn and the -en on sieben to form siebzehn. The words for twenty, thirty, forty, etc. are based on the words for two, three, four, etc., plus zig – but notice the differences. zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn 46 zwanzig dreißig vierzig fünfzig sechzig siebzig achtzig neunzig hundert twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 47 4-03 Note: Try saying “zweizig,” and you’ll understand why zwanzig changes the -ei to -an. Rather than dreizig, thirty is spelled (and pronounced) dreißig. Sechs drops the -s to form sechzig. Sieben again drops the final -en to form siebzig. The numbers for twenty-one through twenty-nine are just combinations of zwanzig plus eins, zwei, drei, etc. However, in German the ones come before the tens. einundzwanzig achtundvierzig twenty-one (literally, “one and twenty”) forty-eight (literally, “eight and forty”) English at one time used this pattern; witness the nursery rhyme: “Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie.” 47 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 48 Menschen sprechen People Talking 4-04 New Vocabulary das Buch, -(e)s/"-er das Funkgerät, -(e)s/-e das Funktelefon, -s/-e gar im jetzt kann (können) miteinander die Pflanze, -/-n Schach spielen sprechen weil Vocabulary: sprechen Sprechen means “to speak” or “to talk.” Der Mann und die Frau sprechen. The man and the woman are talking. Sprechen is also used with languages. Sie sprechen Deutsch. They speak German. Sprechen über means “to talk about.” Diese zwei Frauen sprechen über die Pflanze. These two women are talking about the plant. Vocabulary: Schachspiel Note that “to play chess,” you use the verb spielen with Schach (chess in the abstract), but the noun that means the game of chess is das Schachspiel. Dieser Mann spielt Schach. This man is playing chess. Grammar: können Können means “to be able,” and is often used as an auxiliary verb. It is a strong verb. können (to be able) – present tense ich kann wir können du kannst ihr könnt er/sie/es kann sie können Sie können Notice that when können is used as an auxiliary verb, it is conjugated and appears after the subject, while the infinitive comes at the end of the clause. This is the same position of the verb as in the future tense. Der Junge kann sprechen. Die Mädchen können sprechen. Die Mädchen werden sprechen. 48 The boy can talk. The girls can talk. The girls will talk. Present with können Present with können Future German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 49 4-04 Grammar: Main Clause and Subordinate Clause A main (or independent ) clause is a clause that can stand by itself as a sentence; but it can also be joined to another main clause or to a subordinate clause. A subordinate (or dependent ) clause cannot stand alone. It always occurs in a sentence that contains a main clause. In a main clause, the verb that gets conjugated comes second, usually after the subject and any modifiers. Der Junge kann sprechen; er ist nicht unter Wasser. The boy can talk; he is not under water. In a subordinate clause, the conjugated verb goes at the end. Der Junge kann sprechen, weil er nicht unter Wasser ist. The boy can talk because he is not under water. The conjunction weil (because) always sends the conjugated verb to the end of the clause. You always put a comma before weil. 49 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 50 Kommen und gehen Coming and Going 4-05 New Vocabulary aus eingeschlafen (einschlafen) erwacht (erwachen) gestiegen (steigen) herunter hinauf kommen kommt (kommen) küßt (küssen) die Leiter, -/-n das Paar, -(e)s/-e die Pferdekutsche, -/-n die Rolltreppe, -/-n schläft (schlafen) steigt (steigen) die Stufe, -/-n der Transporter, -s/die Treppe, -/-n Usage: hin and her The word hin indicates movement away from the speaker, while the word her indicates movement toward the speaker. Die Frau geht hin. The woman is going. (The woman is moving away from the speaker). Das Mädchen kommt her. The girl is coming. (The girl is moving toward the speaker). Hin and her are often combined with auf (up) and unter (down). Der Mann kommt herauf. Der Junge geht hinunter. The man is coming up. The boy is going down. Grammar: Reflexive Verbs Reflexive verbs usually indicate that a person is doing something to or for himself. Sometimes, reflexive verbs express reciprocal action. Das Paar küsst sich. Literally: The couple are kissing each other. Note that in German, Paar is a singular noun, while in English, couple is treated sometimes as a singular noun and sometimes as a plural noun. Grammar: Accusative and Dative Prepositions Remember that some prepositions in German take the accusative case, while some take the dative case. Still others can take either case depending on whether the action expressed indicates motion toward a place or being at rest or within a place. Accusative prepositions durch für gegen through for against ohne um without around Die Sessel sind um den Tisch herum. 50 The chairs are around the table. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 51 4-05 Dative prepositions aus außer bei mit out of except near, at with Die Frau spricht mit dem Mann. nach seit von zu after since from, of to The woman is talking with the man. The above one-way prepositions have fixed cases. They take precedence over any other consideration. You would do well to memorize the two lists. Any preposition not in either list may be safely assumed to be a two-way preposition as described next. Two-way prepositions that sometimes take the accusative and sometimes the dative an auf hinter in neben on (vertical space) on (horizontal space) behind in beside über unter vor zwischen over under in front of between These prepositions sometimes take accusative and sometimes take dative. All of them have to do with spatial relationships. If the spatial relationship has to do with a destination, then the preposition takes the accusative. If the spatial relationship indicates a location, then the preposition takes the dative. Accusative Dative Die Frau geht in das Gebäude. Der Mann sitzt in dem Gebäude. The woman is going into the building. The man is sitting in the building. An, auf, and über are sometimes used figuratively. When this happens, auf and über take the accusative, but an may take either, depending on the meaning of the particular expression. Accusative Die Jungen sprechen über die Mädchen. The boys are talking about the girls. Dative Die Frau arbeitet an dem Projekt. The woman is working on the project. Accusative Der Mann glaubt an den Jungen. The man believes in the boy. 51 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 52 Verschiedene Verben; die Konjunktion „während“ Various Verbs; The Conjunction während 4-06 New Vocabulary durch das Gewehr, -(e)s/-e greift (greifen) der Handschuh, -(e)s/-e die Handtasche, -/-n der Huf, -(e)s/-e das Keyboard, -s/-s lenkt (lenken) marschieren niemand… die Parade, -/-n riecht (riechen) schauen zu (zuschauen) die Schaufel, -/-n sieht fern (fernsehen) zuhört (zuhören) zuschaut (zuschauen) Vocabulary: marschieren German has imported literally thousands of verbs with Latin roots from French and English. They all end in -ieren. The syllable with -ier is always stressed. Their meanings are often similar to English. Die Jungen marschieren in einer Parade. The boys are marching in a parade. The past participle of these verbs never takes the prefix ge-. Die Mädchen sind in einer Parade marschiert. The girls have marched in a parade. Usage: Expressions Many German expressions consist of a verb plus a particular preposition.These combinations have special meanings. Sometimes the English equivalent requires no preposition, while other times it requires a different preposition from the German expression. 52 riechen an Das Mädchen riecht an einer Blume. The girl is smelling a flower. greifen nach Der Mann greift nach einer Schaufel. The man is reaching for a shovel. lesen in Der Junge liest in einem Buch. The boy is reading a book. spielen auf Die Frau spielt auf der Gitarre. The woman is playing the guitar. zeigen auf Das Kind zeigt auf etwas. The child is pointing at something. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 53 4-06 Grammar: The Subordinating Conjunction während Remember that a subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand alone. Like weil, während (while) introduces a subordinate clause. Remember that the conjugated verb comes at the end of a subordinate clause. Das Mädchen trägt einen Hut, während sie fernsieht. The girl is wearing a hat while she is watching television. Grammar: Separable Prefix Verbs Some verbs in German have a separable prefix. When this kind of verb is the main verb in a main clause, its prefix detaches from the rest of the verb and moves to the end of the clause. The prefix reconnects in a subordinate clause, when the verb is in the infinitive form, or as part of a past participle with ge in the middle. Two examples in this lesson are fernsehen (to watch television) and zuschauen (to watch). The separable prefix is always stressed. Die Kinder sehen fern. The children are watching television. Die Kinder haben ferngesehen. The children have watched television. Die Kinder sprechen nicht, während sie fernsehen. The children do not talk while they are watching television. Note: Not all verbs that begin with a prefix are separable; you have to learn which ones are which. Some inseparable prefixes are ver-, be-, and zer-. Inseparable prefixes are never stressed. Ihre Hände bedecken ihre Augen. Her hands are covering her eyes. 53 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 54 Familiäre Beziehungen Family Relationships 4-07 New Vocabulary der Bruder, -s/"derselb… die Eltern (pl) die Familie, -/-n selb… der Stuhl, -(e)s/"-e die Tochter, -/"zur gehören das Kind, -(e)s/-er die Mutter, -/"die Schwester, -/-n Usage: Mann and Frau The word Mann means both “man” and “husband.” The word Frau means both “woman” and “wife.” Der Mann sitzt neben seiner Frau. The man is sitting next to his wife. Die Frau spricht mit ihrem Mann. The woman is talking to her husband. Usage: gehören zu Gehören zu means “to belong to a group or organization.” Diese vier Leute gehören zur selben Familie. These four people belong to the same family. Gehören used with the dative case indicates “to belong to” in the sense of ownership. Notice that in this expression German uses no preposition and English does. Das Auto gehört der Frau. The car belongs to the woman. Grammar: derselbe Derselbe (the + same) is written as one word. Both parts must agree with the noun it modifies. Das sind Das Kind sieht Dative: Das Kind spricht mit Das Kind liest in 54 That is Those are denselben Mann. ⎧ dieselbe Frau. ⎨ dasselbe Buch. ⎩ dieselben Bücher. ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ Accusative: derselbe Mann. dieselbe Frau. dasselbe Buch. dieselben Bücher. the the the the same same same same man. woman. book. books. the same man. The child sees demselben Mann. derselben Frau. The child is talking to demselben Buch. denselben Büchern. The child is reading ⎧ the same woman. ⎨ the same book. ⎩ the same books. ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ Das ist ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ Nominative: the same man. the same woman. the same book. the same books. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 55 4-07 Grammar: sein (his) Be careful not to confuse the infinitive sein (to be) with the possessive adjective sein (his). The possessive adjective is an ein-word and takes the same endings as ein in all situations. Sein Auto ist grün. Er sitzt in seinem Auto. Er spricht mit seiner Frau. Hier sind seine Bücher. His car is green. He is sitting in his car. He is talking to his wife. Here are his books. Neuter nominative Neuter dative Feminine dative Plural nominative Grammar: Contractions Zu der and zu dem (to the) usually contract to zur and zum. Sie gehören zur selben Familie. They belong to the same family. In dem and in das (in the or into the) usually contract to im and ins. Er geht ins Gebäude. Er ist im Gebäude. He is going into the building. He is in the building. In English, contractions such as can’t are used in informal speech, while formal speech calls for cannot. In German, these contractions are very common, whether formal or informal. Here are some of the common German contractions: ans am beim im ins vom zur zum an das an dem bei dem in dem in das von dem zu der zu dem 55 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 56 Jeder, jemand, niemand, keiner Everybody, Somebody, Nobody, Anybody 4-08 New Vocabulary das Foto, -s/-s jeder leer… Usage: nicht vs. nichts Nicht (not) is an adverb used to negate words other than nouns. Er kommt nicht. Das Auto ist nicht rot. He is not coming. The car is not red. Nichts means “nothing.” Nichts ist auf dem Tisch. Nothing is on the table. Grammar: jeder Jeder (every, each) is a der-word, but properly speaking it has no plural. Alle (all) also functions as a der-word, and is the plural counterpart of jeder. Jeder Mann ⎫ Jede Frau ⎬ kommt heute. Jedes Auto ⎭ Das Kind sieht ⎧ jeden Mann. ⎨ jede Frau. ⎩ jedes Auto. Alle Männer ⎫ Alle Frauen ⎬ kommen heute. Alle Autos ⎭ 56 Every man ⎫ Every woman ⎬ is coming today. ⎭ Every car The child sees ⎧ every man. ⎨ every woman. ⎩ every car. All the men ⎫ All the women ⎬ are coming today. ⎭ All the cars German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 57 Fahrzeuge Vehicles 4-09 New Vocabulary abgestellt (abstellen) der Abschleppwagen, -/der Berg, -(e)s/-e beschädigt (beschädigen) bewegt (bewegen) die Brücke, -/-n der Bus, -ses/-se das Cabriolet, -s/-s die Eisenbahn, -/-en der Fluss, -es/"-e geparkt (parken) hatte (haben) hatten (haben) die Limousine, -/-n der Oldtimer, -s/der Schnee, -s/(no plural) das Segel, -s/der Sportwagen, -s/- steigen stellt (stellen) der Straßenbahnwagen, -s/das U-Boot, -s/-e überholt (überholen) der Umzug, -s/"-e der Unfall, -s/"-e das Verdeck, -s/-e wendet (wenden) Grammar: hatten Hatten is the past tense of haben. haben (to have) – past tense ich hatte wir hatten du hattest ihr hattet er/sie/es hatte sie hatten Sie hatten Das Auto hatte einen Unfall. Diese Leute hatten einen Unfall. The car had an accident. These people had an accident. Grammar: Adjective Endings Remember that after a der- or ein-word, the adjective ending for dative masculine and dative neuter is -en. If there is no ein- or der-word, the ending is -em. The adjective takes the ending that the ein- or der-word would have if it were there. Neuter dative ein Cabriolet mit einem geöffneten Verdeck a convertible with an open roof Neuter dative ein Cabriolet mit geöffnetem Verdeck a convertible with open roof Grammar: Verb Prefixes (Review) In contrast to separable prefix verbs, inseparable prefix verbs never detach their prefixes and do not take ge- in the past participle. The prefix is never stressed. Die Kinder beschädigen das Auto nicht. The children are not damaging the car. Die Kinder haben das Auto nicht beschädigt. The children have not damaged the car. 57 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 58 Präpositionen und Präpositionalobjekte Prepositions and Objects of Prepositions 4-10 New Vocabulary benutzen dabei der Fallschirm, -s/-e der Freund, -(e)s/-e der Sand, -(e)s die Sonnenbrille, -/-n der Stab, -(e)s/"-e Usage: ohne + zu + an Infinitive The preposition ohne (without) sometimes introduces a prepositional phrase that consists of zu followed by an infinitive. Er fährt Fahrrad, ohne seine Hände zu benutzen. He is riding a bike without using his hands. The phrase is usually preceded by a comma. The English equivalent of this construction uses a gerund (-ing form). Usage: Articles In German, the indefinite article is sometimes omitted. Der Mann mit Hut zeigt auf etwas. The man with a hat is pointing at something. The omission is more frequent after ohne (without) than after mit (with). Sie singt mit einem Mikrophon. Sie singt ohne Mikrophon. She is singing with a microphone. She is singing without a microphone. German does use a definite article when a noun is used to represent a class of objects. Der Mensch ist sterblich. 58 Man is mortal. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 59 Addition, Subtraktion, Multiplikation und Division Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division 5-01 New Vocabulary geteilt (teilen) gleich mal minus plus Usage: Arithmethic Terms Plus and minus are the same in German and English (except the pronunciation). “Times” is mal, while “divided by” is geteilt durch. You can use either ist or gleich for “equals.” Drei plus vier ist sieben. Sechs minus eins ist fünf. Zwei mal acht gleich sechzehn. Zehn geteilt durch zwei gleich fünf. Three plus four is seven. Six minus one is five. Two times eight equals sixteen. Ten divided by two equals five. Remember in counting and mathematical operations to use eins for the number one. When it is followed by a noun, ein either stands alone or takes an ending. eins, zwei, drei Sechs minus fünf ist eins. Er hatte ein Auto. Sie sehen einen Mann. Sie sehen eine Frau. Sie sehen ein Buch. one, two, three Six minus five is one. He had a car. They see a man. They see a woman. They see a book. 59 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 60 Possessivpronomen Possessive Adjectives 5-02 New Vocabulary bockt (bocken) eigen… die Erwachsenenkleidung, das Frauenbein, -s/-e die Frauenhand, -/"-e der Frauenhandschuh,-s/-e der Frauenhut, -(e)s/"-e führt (führen) führen gehört (gehören) das Kinderauto, -s/-s die Kinderkleidung, - die Männerhand, -/"-e der Männerhandschuh,-s/-e der Männerhut, -s/"-e schwarzhaarig… Vocabulary: Compound Nouns Many German words, especially nouns, are created by putting “building blocks” of two or more words together. All of the nouns in the vocabulary list of this lesson are such compound nouns (see above). der Frauen-Hut Frauenhut das Kinder-Auto Kinderauto die Männer-Hand-Schuhe Männerhandschuhe The gender of compound nouns is always that of the last element (der Hut, das Auto, die Schuhe). Grammar: The Genitive Case One of the uses of the genitive case is to show possession. Notice the genitive forms of the definite article and the genitive endings on masculine and neuter nouns in the singular. Das Das Das Das ist ist ist ist das das das das Auto Auto Auto Auto des Mannes. der Frau. des Mädchens. der Frauen. That That That That is is is is the the the the man’s car. woman’s car. girl’s car. women’s car. Masculine singular Feminine singular Neuter singular Plural Grammar: Possessive Adjectives In German, to indicate that a noun possesses something or someone, the noun takes the genitive case. However, a possessive adjective is possessive by its very nature. It can occur in any case and takes the appropriate ein-word endings. 60 Nominative Genitive Das ist ihr Mann. Das ist das Auto ihres Mannes. Dative Accusative Sie spricht mit ihrem Mann. Sie sieht ihren Mann. That is her husband. That is her husband’s car. (Literally – That is the car of her husband.) She is talking to her husband. She sees her husband. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 61 5-02 Grammar: Weak Nouns A number of masculine nouns for people and higher animals are called weak nouns, or sometimes masculine n-nouns. Instead of taking -s or -es in the genitive, they take -n or -en. In fact, they take -n or -en everywhere (except in the nominative singular). Sometimes there are clues that a noun is weak, but other times you must simply memorize it. When a native German word referring to a living being is masculine and ends in -e, it is nearly always weak, like Junge and Löwe. However, there are other masculine words that refer to living beings and are weak but offer no clue, like Mensch and Bär. Many foreign words with the endings -ist and -ent, like Kapitalist and Student, are weak. So far you have learned several weak nouns. der der der der der der Bär Elefant Junge Löwe Mensch Polizist Compare Mann (strong) with Junge (weak). Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Der Mann kommt. Der Junge kommt. Das ist die Schwester des Mannes. Das ist die Schwester des Jungen. Sie sprechen mit dem Mann. Sie sprechen mit dem Jungen. Sie sehen den Mann. Sie sehen den Jungen. The man is coming. The boy is coming. That is the man’s sister. That is the boy’s sister. They are talking to the man. They are talking to the boy. They see the man. They see the boy. Die Männer kommen. Die Jungen kommen. Das ist die Schwester der Männer. Das ist die Schwester der Jungen. Sie sprechen mit den Männern. Sie sprechen mit den Jungen. Sie sehen die Männer. Sie sehen die Jungen. The men are coming. The boys are coming. That is the men’s sister. That is the boys’ sister. They are talking to the men. They are talking to the boys. They see the men. They see the boys. Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative 61 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 62 Zeitformen: Präsens, Perfekt und Futur Tenses: Present, Present Perfect and Future 5-03 New Vocabulary aber abgeworfen (abwerfen) aufgehoben (aufheben) aufzuheben (aufheben) die Ente, -/-n fangen der Flügel, -s/das Frisbee, -s/-s gefangen (fangen) gegangen (gehen) geworfen (werfen) heruntergelaufen (herunterlaufen) hinaufgelaufen (hinauflaufen) hinaufklettern die Kasse, -/-n nimmt (nehmen) öffnen schlafen die Tasche, -/-n umarmen versucht (versuchen) das Werk, -(e)s/-e Vocabulary: Maul and Mund Just as we use essen (eat) for people and fressen (eat) for animals, so humans have a Mund (mouth) while animals have a Maul (mouth). Das Kamel öffnet sein Maul. Der Mann öffnet seinen Mund. The camel is opening its mouth. The man is opening his mouth. Usage: zu with an Infinitive When an infinitive is not preceded by an auxiliary verb such as werden (will) or können (can), it is preceded by zu (to). Der Hund kann das Frisbee fangen. Der Hund wird das Frisbee fangen. Der Hund versucht das Frisbee zu fangen. The dog can catch the frisbee. The dog will catch the frisbee. The dog is trying to catch the frisbee. Grammar: herauf, hinauf, herunter, hinunter Hin (away from us) and her (toward us) are used as part of larger words to show direction. They are often combined with um (around), auf (up), and unter (down). These combinations often function as separable prefixes. 62 hinaufgehen Er geht die Leiter hinauf. He is going up the ladder. heruntergehen Die Leute gehen die Stufen herunter. The people are coming down the steps. hinauflaufen Das Pferd ist hinaufgelaufen. The horse has walked up. herunterlaufen Das Pferd ist heruntergelaufen. The horse has walked down. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 63 5-03 Grammar: Coordinating Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that connects other words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Some common conjunctions in English are and, but, as, and because. A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that connects two main clauses. The five most important coordinating conjunctions in German are: aber denn oder sondern und but for (because) or but rather and These conjunctions do not affect word order. Er kommt die Treppe herauf und sie geht die Treppe hinunter. He is coming up the steps and she is going down the steps. Der Mann hält sein Funktelefon, aber er benutzt es nicht. The man is holding his mobile phone, but he is not using it. Remember that subordinating conjunctions do change word order by sending the conjugated verb to the end of the clause. Der Junge kann nicht sprechen, weil er unter Wasser ist. 63 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 64 Weitere Zahlen More Numbers 5-04 New Vocabulary siebenundzwanzig sechsunddreißig siebenunddreißig achtunddreißig dreiundvierzig neunundfünfzig dreiundsechzig achtundsiebzig siebenundachtzig einhundertfünfundvierzig einhundertvierundfünfzig zweihundertachtundsiebzig zweihundertsiebenundachtzig dreihundertfünfundzwanzig dreihundertzweiundfünfzig vierhundertfünfundzwanzig vierhundertzweiundfünfzig fünfhundertneunundvierzig fünfhundertneunundfünfzig sechshundertneunundsechzig sechshundertsechsundneunzig siebenhundertvierunddreißig siebenhundertdreiundvierzig achthundertvierunddreißig achthundertdreiundvierzig neunhundertsechsundzwanzig neunhundertzweiundsechzig eintausendsiebenundachtzig eintausendachtundsiebzig eintausendachthundertsiebenundfünfzig zweitausendachthundertsiebenundfünfzig eintausendachthundertfünfundsiebzig zweitausendachthundertfünfundsiebzig dreitausendeinhundertfünfundzwanzig siebentausendeinhundertfünfundzwanzig neuntausendeinhundertfünfundzwanzig zehntausendeinhundertfünfundzwanzig Vocabulary: Numbers German makes even the longest numbers into one word. zehntausendeinhundertfünfundfünfzig ten thousand one hundred fifty-five Notice that except for the inversion of the tens place and the ones place, the order is the same as in English. Usage: Dates Dates in German are written just like numbers. neunzehnhundertsiebenundneunzig nineteen ninety-seven Note that hundert is included in the German date, while we drop hundred in English. In English we say, “That happened in nineteen ninety-seven.” In German, just give the date, or say, “im Jahre 1997.” neunzehnhundertsiebenundneunzig im Jahre neunzehnhundertsiebenundneunzig Im Jahre 1997 habe ich Deutsch gelernt. 64 nineteen ninety-seven in nineteen ninety-seven In 1997 I learned German. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 65 Akkusativ-, Dativ-, und Präpositionalobjekte Direct and Indirect Objects; Objects of Prepositions 5-05 New Vocabulary bekommt (bekommen) gegeben (geben) gibt (geben) das Glas, -es/"-er der Karren, -s/die Matte, -/-n die Medizin, -/(no plural) der Rollkarren, -s/- schieben schiebt (schieben) der Servierwagen, -s/ziehen Usage: Glas In German, no preposition is needed between a container and the thing contained. Der Mann hält das Glas Wasser. Der Mann nimmt ein Glas Milch. The man is holding a glass of water. The man is taking a glass of milk. Grammar: Direct and Indirect Objects A direct object is the person or thing that receives the action of a verb. The following sentences have direct objects. They tell what or whom. Das Mädchen nimmt einen Teller. Der Mann schiebt den Servierwagen. Sie ziehen die Matte. The girl is taking a plate. The man is pushing the cart. They are pulling the mat. An indirect object tells to whom or for whom an action is performed. Die Frau gibt dem Jungen Geld. The woman is giving the boy money. (money to the boy) Der Mann gibt dem Mädchen The man is giving the girl the guitar. die Gitarre. (the guitar to the girl) In German, the direct object takes the accusative case, while the indirect object takes the dative case. In the sentence above, die Gitarre is the direct object and dem Mädchen is the indirect object. Note that the indirect object comes first unless the direct object is a pronoun. Indirect object first Die Frau gibt dem Kind Geld. The woman is giving the child money. Indirect object first Die Frau gibt ihm Geld. The woman is giving him money. Direct object first Die Frau gibt es dem Kind. The woman is giving it to the child. Direct object first Die Frau gibt es ihm. The woman is giving it to him or her. Grammar: nehmen nehmen (to take) – present tense ich nehme wir nehmen du nimmst ihr nehmt er/sie/es nimmt sie nehmen Sie nehmen Die Frauen nehmen die Gitarre. Die Frau nimmt die Gitarre. The women are taking the guitar. The woman is taking the guitar. 65 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 66 Heiß und kalt Hot and Cold 5-06 New Vocabulary der Ofen, -s/"der Rauch, -(e)s der Schal, -s/-s scheint (scheinen) der Sommer, -s/die Sonne, -/-n bedeckt (bedecken) die Blüte, -/-n das Eis, -es das Feuer, -s/das Getränk, -s/-e die Mütze, -/-n das Streichholz, -(e)s/"-er der Tag, -(e)s/-e verbrennt (verbrennen) wenn der Winter, -s/die Wolke, -/-n Usage: Weather Conditions Impersonal weather observations use es ist (it is). Es ist heiß. It is hot. Remember to use the dative case when describing a person’s condition. Es ist ihm heiß. Ihm ist heiß. He is hot. (literally, “To him it is hot.”) Es ist ihr kalt. Ihr ist kalt. She is cold. (literally, “To her it is cold.”) Grammar: wenn Wenn is a subordinating conjunction meaning “when,” “whenever,” or “if.” A subordinating conjunction is simply a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause. The verb in a subordinate clause goes at the end. Leute spielen im Wasser, wenn es heiß ist. 66 People play in the water when it is hot. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 67 Arten Kinds of Things 5-07 New Vocabulary die Blumenart, -/-n der Busch, -(e)s/"-e die Eiscreme, -/(no plural) die Entenart, -/-en die Hundeart, -/-en die Obstsorte, -/-n die Pflanzenart, -/-en die Tierart, -/-en verschieden… das Vieh, -(e)s Vocabulary: Art, Sorte, Mittel German has several words for sort, type, or kind. While Art is the most common, some expressions use Sorte or Mittel. Blumenart Obstsorte Nahrungsmittel kind of flower kind of fruit means of nourishment Do not confuse Art (kind) with Kunst (art). Das ist eine neue Art Kunst. That is a new kind of art. Vocabulary: Eis In Germany, ice cream is called either Eiscreme or simply Eis. Eis also means “ice” as in “frozen water.” To specify frozen water rather than a dessert, use Eiswürfel (ice cube), but be aware that ice cubes are not as common in German-speaking countries as they are in America. Ice on the sidewalk or street is Glatteis (smooth/slippery ice). Grammar: Predicate Nouns A statement declaring an item as identical with another uses a predicate noun construction. As is the case for a predicate adjective (see 1-03), the verb must be a form of sein (to be), but in this case it links two nouns, both in the nominative. This lesson consists almost entirely of predicate noun examples. Eine Blume ist eine Pflanzenart. A flower is a kind of plant. 67 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 68 Möbel, Kleidung und Musikinstrumente Furniture, Clothing, and Musical Instruments 5-08 New Vocabulary angezogen (anziehen) die Bassgitarre, -/-n das Bett, -(e)s/-en der Clown, -s/-s elektrisch… die Flöte, -/-n formell gekleidet (kleiden) hört (hören) das Klavier, -s/-e das Kleidungsstück, -(e)s/-e die Kommode, -/-n die Krawatte, -/-n das Möbelstück, -(e)s/-e das Musikinstrument, -s/-e das Saxophon, -s/-e der Schreibtisch, -es/-e die Trommel, -/-n der Trommler, -s/verstauen zum Vocabulary: Bank Die Bank can mean a bank that holds money (plural Banken) or a bench that you sit on (plural Bänke). Er sitzt auf einer Bank. Wo ist die Bank? He is sitting on a bench. Where is the bank? Grammar: Using Infinitives as Nouns Any verb infinitive can be used as a noun; it must be capitalized. English turns a verb into a noun by using the gerund (-ing) form. While zum literally means “to the,” zum plus a capitalized infinitive is the same as the English for plus a gerund. Ein Bett ist ein Möbelstück zum Schlafen. A bed is a piece of furniture for sleeping. Diese Leute sind zum Schwimmen gekleidet. These people are dressed for swimming. Grammar: Past Participles used as Adjectives vs. Present Perfect Remember that past participles are often used as adjectives and use the auxiliary verb sein (to be). Der Clown ist angezogen. The clown is dressed. The sentence above is in the present tense and emphasizes the condition of the clown: he is dressed. Compare this with the present perfect tense. Der Clown hat sich angezogen. The clown got dressed. The sentence above is in the present perfect tense and emphasizes the action that the clown undertook: he got dressed. 68 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 69 Wenig, viel, mehr, weniger Few, Many, More, Less 5-09 New Vocabulary das Land, -(e)s/"-er die Menge, -/-n nur das Tablett, -(e)s/-e wir zählen Usage: zum + Infinitive In the last lesson, we saw that zum (to) plus a capitalized infinitive is the same as for plus a gerund in English. Sometimes zum plus a capitalized infinitive means the same as English to plus an infinitive. zu viele Ballons zum Zählen too many balloons to count (Old English: for to count) Usage: es ist and es sind To say “there is” or “there are” for situations that are clearly temporary, use es with a form of the verb sein. Es ist zu viel Milch im Glas. Es sind zu viele Leute zum Zählen. There is too much milk in the glass. There are too many people to count. For more permanent situations, use es gibt. Es gibt fünf Leute in der Familie. There are five people in the family. Es gibt zwei Türen in dieser Wand. There are two doors in this wall. Note that in all these expressions the singular es is used, even with plural objects, and that the singular gibt is used for both singular and plural objects. These expressions are idiomatic; that is, they do not follow the usual rules. Note that es gibt takes an accusative object. Usage: Comparisons Mehr (more) and weniger (less) do not take endings. They may be adjectives or adverbs. Sie trinkt mehr Milch. She drinks more milk. Hier sind mehr Stühle als Tische. There are more chairs than tables. Es ist weniger Sand als Gras auf There is less sand than grass in this picture. diesem Bild. Wenig (little) and viel (much) may also be adjectives or adverbs. As adjectives they take regular adjective endings when they modify nouns that can be counted. Zu viele Leute sind hier. Too many people are here. (the people can be counted) Er spricht mit wenigen Leuten. He is talking to a few people. (the people can be counted) Als (than) is used in unequal comparisons. Er trinkt weniger Milch als sie. He drinks less milk than they do. 69 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 70 Weitere Verben; menschliche Gesten und Gefühle More Verbs; Human Gestures and Feelings 5-10 New Vocabulary beenden die Beerdigung, -/-en bindet (binden) dass denkt (denken) das Drachenseil, -s/-e gähnt (gähnen) gelaufen (laufen) gewinnen gewonnen (gewinnen) heraus hustet (husten) kratzt (kratzen) der Läufer, -s/die Medaille, -/-n der Nacken, -s/niest (niesen) putzt (putzen) rennen sitzend (sitzen) die Stirn, -/-en streckt (strecken) verschränkt (verschränken) weint (weinen) winkt (winken) die Zunge, -/-n Vocabulary: nachdenken Nachdenken is a separable prefix verb meaning “to ponder” or “to reflect.” Nach by itself is of course a preposition, usually meaning “after,” and denken is a verb that means “to think.” Er denkt nach. Er hat nachgedacht. Er wird nachdenken. He is reflecting. He reflected. He will reflect. Aufheben is another example of a separable prefix verb in this lesson. Usage: auf Auf usually means “on,” but sometimes means “at.” Der Clown zeigt auf seine Nase. Die Frau ist auf einer Beerdigung. The clown is pointing at his nose. The woman is at a funeral. Grammar: Using a Verb as an Adjective In English, we add -ing to a verb to form a gerund that functions as a noun. German has no equivalent construction. Der Mann sitzt im Auto. Ein Sofa ist ein Möbelstück zum Sitzen. The man is sitting in the car. A sofa is a piece of furniture to sit on. (literally: for sitting) However, there is a way in German to form an adjective from a verb: infinitive + -d + adjective ending der sitzende Clown the sitting clown (the clown who is sitting) In the example above, sitzen + -d + -e = sitzende. 70 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 71 Menschliches Befinden und Eigenschaften Human Conditions and Characteristics 5-11 New Vocabulary bin (sein) habe (haben) ich mir springe (springen) trage (tragen) trinke (trinken) uns Grammar: Personal Pronouns Nominative Accusative Dative ich du er sie es wir ihr sie Sie mich dich ihn sie es uns euch sie Sie mir dir ihm ihr ihm uns euch ihnen Ihnen I you he she it we you they you me you him her it us you them you to to to to to to to to to me you him her it us you them you Grammar: Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a clause that tells more about a noun in the previous clause. In English, the most common relative pronouns are that, which, and who(m). In German, however, relative pronouns are based on the forms of the definite article (der, die das). In fact, most of the forms are identical to those of the definite article. Note below the exceptions to this in the genitive forms and dative plural form. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural der dessen dem den die deren der die das dessen dem das die deren denen die How do we know which form to choose? The gender and number of the relative pronoun come from the antecedent (the noun it refers back to), while the case comes from the pronoun’s use in its own clause. Ich bin ein Mann, der hungrig ist. I am a man who is hungry. Because Mann is masculine singular, we look in the masculine column on the chart. Because the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, it is nominative. 71 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 72 5-11 Ich bin ein Mann, den jeder kennt. I am a man whom everybody knows. Because we are still focusing on Mann, we still look in the masculine column on the chart. However, the relative pronoun is not the subject but the direct object of its clause. Therefore, we choose the accusative form. Ich bin ein Mann, dem die Frau ein Buch gegeben hat. I am a man to whom the woman gave a book. We know that Mann is still the antecedent, so we stay in the masculine singular column on the chart. However, the relative pronoun is now functioning as the indirect object in its clause, so we choose the dative form. Ich bin ein Mann, dessen Auto grün ist. I am a man whose car is green. Mann is still the antecedent, so we stay in the masculine singular column on the chart. Now the relative pronoun indicates possession, so we choose the genitive form. Notice how the antecedent, Mann, is in the nominative case in all four examples. It could be in the accusative, dative, or genitive, but it does not affect the case of the relative pronoun, which is always determined by its function in its own clause. Ich bin eine Frau, die hungrig ist. Das sind Leute, die nicht alt sind. Das ist ein Buch, das ich gelesen habe. I am a woman who is hungry. Those are people who are not old. That is a book that I have read. Note that in the last sentence, the English equivalent could be, “That is a book I have read.” The relative pronoun is never omitted in German, however. Note also that in German, a relative clause is always set off by a comma. 72 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 73 Präsens und Präteritum von „sein“ und „haben“ Present and Past of “Sein” and “Haben” 6-01 New Vocabulary das Notizbuch, -(e)s/"-er der Park, -(e)s/-s voll das Fahrradrennen, -s/hielt (halten) der Messbecher, -s/- war (sein) waren (sein) Grammar: Present Perfect (Review) Remember that the German present perfect is a general past tense that fills the roles of several English tenses. Die Frau hat Jeans getragen. The woman has worn jeans. The woman wore jeans. The woman did wear jeans. Present perfect Simple past Emphatic past Ich bin gelaufen. I have run. I ran. I did run. Present perfect Simple past Emphatic past Grammar: Simple Past German has another past tense, the simple past, that carries a similar range of meanings as present perfect, but is generally used in different contexts than the present perfect. Here are the past tense conjugations for the three verbs whose simple past occurs in this lesson. Sein and haben are important auxiliary verbs. ich du er/sie/es wir ihr sie/Sie sein (to be) haben (to have) halten (to hold) war warst war waren wart waren hatte hattest hatte hatten hattet hatten hielt hieltest hielt hielten hieltet hielten Ich war krank. Wir waren müde. I was sick. We were tired. Die Frau hatte ein Auto. Sie hatten ein Seil. The woman had a car. They had a rope. Sie hielt ein Notizbuch. Wir hielten seine Bücher. She held a notepad. We were holding his books. In conversation, the present perfect is preferred for most verbs. In telling a story, the simple past is preferred. Choosing between the two tenses is a question of style or usage more than meaning. 73 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 74 Verben: Präsens, Perfekt und Futur Verbs: Present, Present Perfect and Future 6-02 New Vocabulary betreten betritt (betreten) gelegt (legen) gerutscht (rutschen) heruntergegangen (heruntergehen) heruntergehen hinaufgegangen (hinaufgehen) hinaufgehen der Kofferraum, -(e)s/"-e küssen legen rutschen rutscht (rutschen) schaut (schauen) schließen schreiben die Straße, -/-n werfen Usage: legen and liegen Legen (to lay) and liegen (to lie) appear in both English and German – and cause difficulties in both languages. The difference between the two verbs, however, is simple: legen (to lay) always takes a direct object while liegen (to lie) never does. Part of the confusion in English comes from the fact that the past of “lie” is “lay.” German does not present this problem. Infinitive Present Past Past participle legen ich lege ich legte gelegt to lay I lay I laid laid liegen ich liege ich lag gelegen to lie I lie I lay lain Note: These verbs often occur in expressions with those prepositions that can take either the accusative or the dative. Legen always causes them to take the accusative, liegen the dative. Die Frau legt etwas in den Korb. The woman is putting something in the bag. (literally, “The woman is laying something in the bag.”) Was liegt in dem Korb? What is in the bag? (literally, “What is lying in the bag?”) This lesson practices expressions for different time frames: present, future and present perfect (one of the forms for the past). Refer to Lesson 2-10 for review of these tenses. 74 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 75 6-02 Grammar: Using haben and sein as Auxiliary Verbs (Review) Remember that: 1. All transitive verbs take haben. A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object, like “throw,” “read,” and “eat.” Present Present perfect Present Present perfect Present Present perfect Ich werfe den Ball. Ich habe den Ball geworfen. Sie liest ein Buch. Sie hat ein Buch gelesen. Wir essen eine Banane. Wir haben eine Banane gegessen. I am throwing the ball. I threw/have thrown the ball. She is reading a book. She read/has read a book. We are eating a banana. We ate/have eaten a banana. 2. Although most intransitive verbs also take haben, intransitive verbs that indicate a change of condition or location take sein. An intransitive verb is a verb that does not take a direct object, like “jump” or “sleep.” Present Der Junge springt in das Wasser. Present perfect Der Junge ist in das Wasser gesprungen. Present Der Mann schläft. Present perfect Der Mann hat geschlafen. The boy is jumping into the water. The boy jumped/has jumped into the water. The man is sleeping. The man slept/has slept. 3. There are two exceptions to rule #2: sein and bleiben both take sein, even though they are intransitive verbs that have nothing to do with changes of condition or location. 75 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 76 Weitere Personenbeschreibungen; Demonstrativpronomen More Descriptions of People; Demonstrative Pronouns New Vocabulary dunkl… elegant die Fliege, -/-n die Hautfarbe, -/-n hell… noch der Ohrring, -(e)s/-e der Schnurrbart, -(e)s/"-e 6-03 der Teppich, -s/-e die Uniform, -/en der Vollbart, -(e)s/"-e weder Vocabulary: dunkel Dunkel means “dark.” The e in dunkel is dropped when an ending is added. Das Auto ist dunkel. Es ist ein dunkles Auto. The car is dark. It is a dark car. The same thing happens to most adjectives that end in -el and -er. Das Auto ist teuer. Es ist ein teures Auto. The car is expensive. It is an expensive car. Usage: weder … noch Weder … noch is used in German the same way that neither … nor is used in English. Diese Person hat weder einen Schnurrbart noch einen Vollbart. This person has neither a mustache nor a beard. Usage: beide Beide (both) is an adjective and takes normal adjective endings. Sometimes it is preceded by a definite article. Beide junge Männer singen. Die beiden jungen Männer singen. Both young men sing. Both of the young men sing. Grammar: kein In the masculine nominative as well as the neuter nominative and accusative, kein (like all ein-words) takes no ending. However, if the noun is removed, kein does require an ending to indicate what it refers to. War ein Mann hier? Nein, kein Mann war hier. Nein, keiner war hier. Was a man here? No, no man was here. No, none was here. When keiner appears with no apparent antecedent, it means “no one.” Wer ist die Frau, die singt? Keiner weiß es. 76 Who is the woman who is singing? No one knows. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 77 Mengenangaben Units of Things 6-04 New Vocabulary der Blumenstrauß, -es/"-e die Flasche, -/-n die Glasflasche, -/-n halbvoll… der Kartoffelchip, -s/-s das Papiertuch, -(e)s/"-er die Papiertüte, -/-n die Plastiktüte, -/-n die Rolle, -/-n der Saft, -(e)s/"-e der Stiefel, -s/das Toilettenpapier, -s/(no plural) die Wassermelonenscheibe, -/-n der Würfel, -s/- Usage: Idioms In certain expressions in German there is no equivalent to the English preposition “of.” eine Rolle Papiertücher a roll of paper towels The same is not true of seemingly similar constructions, for example, those involving mit (with). eine Tüte mit Fischen a bag with fish Usage: ein Paar vs. ein paar The phrase ein Paar means “a pair,” while ein paar means “a couple” or “a few.” In writing, the capital P indicates the difference. In speaking, rely on context. ein Paar Stiefel ein paar Freunde a pair of boots a few friends 77 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 78 Nicht mehr; beide, keine, weder–noch No More; Both, None, Neither–Nor 6-05 New Vocabulary all… der Bürgersteig, -(e)s/-e kleidet sich an (sich ankleiden) der Schirm, -(e)s/-e telefoniert (telefonieren) Vocabulary: keiner, keine, keines Keiner, keine, and keines can each mean “no one,” “none,” or “neither.” Keiner liest in diesem Haus. Keine der Frauen kommt. Welches Kind kommt? Keines. No one reads in this house. None of the women are coming. Which child is coming? Neither one. Usage: weder … noch (Review) Weder … noch expresses the idea of neither … nor. Noch cannot be replaced by oder (or). Weder der Mann noch die Frau tragen einen Schirm. Neither the man nor the woman is carrying an umbrella. 78 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 79 Verben: Präsens, Präteritum und Perfekt; Relativpronomen Verbs: Present, Past and Present Perfect; Relative Pronouns 6-06 New Vocabulary die Ampel, -/-n angelt (angeln) aß (essen) der Autoschlüssel, -s/geangelt (angeln) gefahren (fahren) gegraben (graben) gelesen (lesen) graben nun schaute (schauen) spielte (spielen) stieg (steigen) trug (tragen) Grammar: Weak and Strong Verbs A weak verb adds a -t to its stem in the simple past and a -t in the past participle. The vowel in the stem doesn’t change. Most German verbs are weak. Present Past Past participle spielen (to play) er spielt er spielte gespielt machen (to make) er macht er machte gemacht ausstrecken (to stretch out) er streckt aus er streckte aus ausgestreckt A strong verb does not add a -t to its stem in the simple past, but does add an -en in the past participle. The vowel in the stem changes. There are about 225 strong verbs in German. Many common verbs are strong, and therefore a high percentage of the verbs you have encountered are strong. Present Past Past participle fliegen (to fly) er fliegt er flog geflogen springen (to jump) er springt er sprang gesprungen essen (to eat) er isst er aß gegessen werfen (to throw) er wirft er warf geworfen While there are patterns among the strong verbs, at this point the best advice is simply to memorize the different forms. English sometimes provides a clue: Springen-sprang-gesprungen is literally spring-sprang-sprung. A handful of verbs are weak, but irregular: they use two different stems but take a -t in both the past and the past participle. Again, notice the parallel with English. Present Past Past participle denken (to think) er denkt er dachte gedacht Trinken-trank-getrunken is drink-drank-drunk; denken-dachte-gedacht is think-thoughtthought. 79 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 80 6-06 Sein, like its English equivalent “to be,” is highly irregular. The present tense has several different roots, the past is war, and the past participle is gewesen. It is a strong verb. sein (to be) ich du er/sie/es wir ihr sie/Sie 80 Present bin bist ist sind seid sind Past war warst war waren wart waren Present perfect bin gewesen bist gewesen ist gewesen sind gewesen seid gewesen sind gewesen German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 81 Namen Names 6-07 New Vocabulary dreiundzwanzig gerade heißt (heißen) das Jahr, -(e)s/-e mein… der Name, -ns/-n der Prinz, -en/-en sagt (sagen) schau (schauen) schüttelt (schütteln) stehe (stehen) Usage: Names There are two ways in German to say “my name is.” The more common way is to use the verb heißen (to be called); the other is to use mein Name ist (my name is). Ich heiße Michael. Mein Name ist Michael. My name is Michael. (literally, “I am called Michael.”) My name is Michael. Both constructions can be used in the second or third person as well as the first. Wie Wie Wie Wie heißt er? ist sein Name? heißen Sie? ist Ihr Name? What What What What is is is is his name? his name? your name? your name? Notice the use of wie (how), rather than was (what). Usage: auf einem Baum Auf usually means “on,” but the phrase auf einem Baum means “in a tree.” Er sitzt auf dem Tisch. Er sitzt auf dem Baum. He is sitting on the table. He is sitting in the tree. Usage: Age Expressions of age generally parallel English constructions. Ich bin vierzig Jahre alt. Sie ist zwanzig Jahre alt. I am forty years old. She is twenty years old. Grammar: mein Mein (my) is an ein-word, and a possessive adjective, so it takes the usual endings of adjectives depending on number, gender, and case. See Appendix B. Mein Haus ist blau. Das ist meine Frau. Ich gebe meiner Frau die Autoschlüssel. Sie sehen auf meinen Tisch. Meine Autos sind alt. 81 My house is blue. That is my wife. I am giving my wife the car keys. They are looking at my table. My cars are old. 81 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 82 Verben: Präsens, Perfekt und Futur Verbs: Present, Present Perfect and Future 6-08 New Vocabulary anziehen aufheben bereitet (bereiten) geküsst (küssen) hinaufgestiegen (hinaufsteigen) niemand… der Schaukelstuhl, -(e)s/"-e schütten schüttet (schütten) die Zeitung, -/-en Grammar: Verb Tenses (Review) The German tense structure is considerably simpler than the one in English. The six German tenses are: present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. The last two are used only in specific situations; the first four are for general use. The present tense covers the range of meaning of several English tenses. Der Junge springt. The boy jumps. The boy is jumping. The boy does jump. Simple present Present progressive Emphatic present Either the simple past or the present perfect can be used as a general past tense. So either German sentence: Der Junge sprang. or Der Junge ist gesprungen. can mean: The boy jumped. The boy did jump. The boy has jumped. Simple past Emphatic past Present perfect The future consists of a form of werden in the present tense plus an infinitive, which goes at the end of the clause. Der Junge wird springen. 82 The boy will jump. The boy will be jumping. Future Future progressive German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 83 6-08 Grammar: The Auxiliary Verbs haben and sein (Review) Most verbs form the present perfect by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb haben (to have) plus the past participle, which goes at the end of the clause. Ich habe gegessen. Sie hat geschlafen. I ate. She slept. essen with haben schlafen with haben However, some verbs, many of which are common, use sein (to be) as the auxiliary verb. These verbs do not take a direct object and indicate a change of condition or location. The exceptions to this rule are sein and bleiben (to stay), both of which take sein as their auxiliary verb. Das Mädchen ist gesprungen. Der Hund ist gelaufen. Wir sind geblieben. The girl jumped. The dog ran. We stayed. springen with sein laufen with sein bleiben with sein Grammar: Active Voice and Passive Voice (Review) Remember that in a sentence in active voice, the subject is doing something to a direct object. In a sentence in passive voice, something is being done to the subject. To form the passive voice, use the appropriate tense of werden plus a past participle, which goes at the end of the clause. When the agent is a person, use the preposition von. Active Der Junge wirft den Ball. The boy is throwing the ball. Passive Der Ball wird von dem Jungen geworfen. The ball is being thrown by the boy. Do not confuse the passive voice with the future tense. The passive voice is formed by werden plus a past participle, while the future is formed by werden plus an infinitive. Future Der Junge wird den Ball werfen. The boy will throw the ball. 83 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 84 Weitere Mengenangaben More Units of Things 6-09 New Vocabulary einzeln… das Esszimmer-Möbelset, -s/-s die Flagge, -/-n das Gepäckset, -s/-s heruntergeht (heruntergehen) die Läuferin, -/-nen das Messerset, -s/-s die Puppe, -/-n das Puppenpaar, -(e)s/-e das Puppenset, -s/-s der Radfahrer, -s/russisch… das Schachset, -s/-s das Tafelsilberset, -s/-s das Tellerset, -s/-s die Weintraube, -/-n das Werkzeugset, -s/-s der Zwilling, -s/-e Grammar: alle, kein, einige, viele When a form of alle (all) is followed by an adjective, the adjective takes the ending -en. The same is true after a form of keine when keine is plural, not feminine singular. But words like einige and viele do not affect adjective endings, which remain -e in the nominative and accusative, -en in the dative and -er in the genitive. This happens because keine is an ein-word and alle behaves like a der-word, while einige and viele are just ordinary adjectives. See Appendix B for tables of adjective endings. 84 Alle jungen Hunde laufen schnell. Keine alten Hunde laufen schnell. All young dogs run fast. No old dogs run fast. Viele junge Leute laufen schnell. Einige alte Leute laufen. Many young people run fast. Some old people run. Das sind nicht die Autos junger Leute. Das sind die Autos einiger alter Leute. Those are not the cars of young people. Those are the cars of some old people. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 85 Allein, Gruppe, Freunde Alone, Crowd, Friends 6-10 New Vocabulary allein die Burg, -/-en der Chor, -(e)s/"-e entfernt (entfernen) das Fort, -s/-s die Freundin, -/-nen der Fußweg, -(e)s/-e gegeneinander der Hügel, -s/- umgeben das Wettrennen, -s/die Wüste, -/-n Usage: Freund In Germany, the words Freund (male friend) and Freundin (female friend) are reserved for intimate friends. A person would usually have no more than a handful of intimate friends at any given time, and they would remain friends for an extended period of time. If a woman says mein Freund or a man says meine Freundin, it means “boyfriend” or “girlfriend.” In the plural, however, Freunde has the same meaning as “friends.” The best way to translate the American meaning of “friend” is Bekannter. Bekannter means “acquaintance,” but does not imply a distant relationship. Bekannter comes from the verb kennen (to know) by way of the adjective bekannt (well-known). Bekannter is an adjective used as a noun, so it requires adjective endings. Grammar: Separable and Inseparable Verb Prefixes Some verb prefixes are always separable, like aus-, and others are always inseparable, like be-. A small number are sometimes separable and sometimes inseparable, like um-. aussteigen: betreten: umsteigen: umgeben: Die Frau steigt aus dem Wagen aus. Wir betreten das Gebäude. Ich steige in Berlin um. Viele Bücher umgeben uns. The woman is getting out of the car. We are setting foot in the building. I am transferring buses in Berlin. Many books surround us. 85 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 86 Berufe, Zustände und Tätigkeiten Professions, Conditions, and Activities 6-11 New Vocabulary Aua! außerhalb backe (backen) behandle (behandeln) bei die Köchin, -/-nen repariere (reparieren) schmerzt (schmerzen) schreibe (schreiben) die Schreibmaschine, -/-n unterrichte (unterrichten) Usage: Professions When stating a profession in German, do not use an indefinite article. Ich bin Lehrerin. Er ist Student. I am a female teacher. He is a student. With a qualifying adjective, however, do use an article. Er ist ein guter Student. He is a good student. Grammar: stolz auf and schreiben auf Auf is a preposition that can take either the accusative or dative. Stolz auf (proud of) is a figurative use of the preposition auf, so it takes the accusative. In the following sentence, schreiben auf (to write on or to write with) is not figurative, and answers the question where, so it takes the dative. 86 Feminine accusative Er ist stolz auf seine Schwester. He is proud of his sister. Feminine dative Sie schreibt auf der Schreibmaschine. She is writing with the typewriter. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 87 Weitere Verben More Verbs 7-01 New Vocabulary arbeiten arbeitet (arbeiten) der Dreck, -(e)s geben getroffen (treffen) gräbt (graben) das Heu, -(e)s lassen lässt (lassen) oben unten worden (werden) Vocabulary: vorlesen Lesen means “to read,” while vorlesen means “to read to someone.” By extension, it also means “to give a lecture.” Die Frau liest ein Buch. Die Mutter liest den Kindern vor. Der Professor liest. The woman is reading a book. The mother is reading to the children. The professor is lecturing. Vocabulary: Drache and Drachen Der Drachen is a strong noun, while der Drache is a weak noun. They are synonyms, and both mean either “dragon” or “kite.” Der Heilige Georg tötet den Drachen. Wir lassen den Drachen steigen. Der Drache ist grün. Saint George is slaying the dragon. We are flying a kite. The dragon is green. Grammar: lassen Lassen (to let) is a common auxiliary verb. Its primary meaning is “to let” or “to leave,” but it can also mean “to have something done.” Der Junge lässt den Drachen steigen. The boy is flying the kite. (literally, “The boy is letting the kite climb.”) Sie lässt ihre Bücher im Auto. She is leaving her books in the car. Wir lassen uns ein Haus bauen. We are having a house built. (literally, “We are allowing ourselves to build a house.”) 87 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 88 Weitere Verben; Fragepronomen More Verbs; Interrogative Pronouns 7-02 New Vocabulary der Anzug, -s/"-e der Arbeiter, -s/der Astronaut, -en/-en ausgebreitet (ausbreiten) leben lebt (leben) die Luft, -/"-e manchmal der Matrose, -n/-n momentan normalerweise schlägt (schlagen) der Soldat, -en/-en verkauft (verkaufen) der Weltraumanzug, -s/"-e der Zeiger, -s/- Vocabulary Note the connections between the following words: Flügel (wing), fliegen (to fly), and Flugzeug (airplane). Vocabulary: kaufen and verkaufen Verkaufen means “to sell,” while kaufen means “to buy.” Der Bäcker verkauft mir Brot. Ich kaufe Brot bei dem Bäcker. The baker sells me bread. I buy bread at the baker’s. Usage: doch and aber Doch (but) provides a more emphatic contrast than aber (but). Hunde tragen normalerweise keine Kleidung, doch dieser Hund trägt Kleidung. Dogs do not normally wear clothes, but this dog is wearing clothes. Die Sonne scheint, aber der Wind ist kühl. The sun is shining, but the wind is cool. Grammar: Adverbs A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a verb, normally the verb sein. Predicate adjectives and adverbs do not take adjective endings. Das ist ein gutes Pferd. Das Pferd ist gut. Das Pferd läuft gut. That is a good horse. The horse is good. The horse runs well. Attributive adjective Predicate adjective Adverb Notice that when a predicate adjective and an adverb come from the same root, they are identical in form. There are exceptions to this pattern. The adjective normal becomes the adverb normalerweise. Das ist normale Kleidung. Hunde tragen normalerweise keine Kleidung. 88 That is normal clothing. Dogs don’t normally wear clothing. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 89 Schnell und langsam Fast and Slow 7-03 New Vocabulary langsam der Rollschuh, -s/-e die Schlittschuhläuferin, -/-nen der Schwimmer, -s/die Schwimmerin, -/-nen sich bewegen der Ski, -s/-er or der Skifahrer, -s/überhaupt Vocabulary: schnell and langsam Schnell (fast) and langsam (slow) can be adjectives or adverbs. Das Auto fährt langsam. Das ist ein langsames Auto. Dieses Auto ist schnell. The car is going slowly. That is a slow car. This car is fast. Adverb Attributive adjective Predicate adjective Usage: sich bewegen, umziehen, and ziehen Sich bewegen means “to move” in the sense of “to be in motion.” Notice that the verb is reflexive. Die Radfahrer bewegen sich schnell. Das Flugzeug bewegt sich schneller. The cyclists are moving fast. The airplane is moving faster. “To move” in the sense of “to change residence” is umziehen, while “to move” a chess piece is ziehen. Wir werden nach Berlin umziehen. Kasparow zieht seinen König. We will move to Berlin. Kasparov is moving his king. 89 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 90 Jahreszeiten und Tageszeiten 7-04 Seasons and Times of Day New Vocabulary das Blatt, -(e)s/"-er der Frühling, -s/-e grün… der Herbst, -es/-e der Mond, -(e)s/-e nennen der Parkplatz, -es/"-e das Schwimmbad, -(e)s/"-er sehen die Sommerzeit, -/-en der Sonnenaufgang, -(e)s/"-e der Sonnenuntergang, -(e)s/"-e die Stadt, -/"-e verläuft (verlaufen) warm die Winterzeit, -/-en Vocabulary: Seasons der Sommer der Herbst der Winter der Frühling or das Frühjahr summer fall winter spring Note that Herbst (fall) comes from the same root as harvest. Frühling and Frühjahr both mean “spring.” früh + ling früh + jahr early + a nominal suffix early + year Winter and Sommer can take a suffix -zeit (time). Es ist Winter. Es ist Winterzeit. It is winter. It is wintertime. Grammar: rosa The adjective rosa doesn’t take endings because the a would be awkward as part of an ending. ein rosa Baum zwei rosa Autos 90 a pink tree two pink cars German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 91 Alle, kein-, einige, meist-, beide, andere All, None, Some, Most, Both, Other 7-05 New Vocabulary hauptsächlich meist… der Teil, -(e)s/-e Usage: die meisten and die beiden Use die meisten for “most.” Die meisten Leute haben ein Auto. Ein Auto steht vor den meisten Häusern. Most people have a car. A car stands in front of most houses. Use beide or die beiden for “both.” Beide Frauen haben ein Auto. Die beiden Frauen haben ein Auto. Both women have a car. Both women have a car. Usage: meistens and hauptsächlich The adverbial form of die meisten (most) is meistens (mostly or mainly). Die meisten Blumen sind weiß, aber einige sind gelb. Most of the flowers are white, but some are yellow. Die Blumen sind meistens weiß, aber einige sind gelb. The flowers are mainly white, but some are yellow. Compare its use with hauptsächlich (chiefly or principally). Diese Blume ist hauptsächlich rot, aber ein Teil ist schwarz. This flower is mostly red, but a part is black. Grammar: Understood Verbs Sometimes a verb is understood to be in a phrase or clause where it does not actually appear. Dieser Mann trägt eine gelbe Kappe, und diese Frau auch. This man is wearing a yellow cap, and this woman (is wearing one) too. Grammar: keiner ist, keine ist, keines ist Keiner (keine, keines) is singular and takes a singular verb. In English, however, none of + a noun frequently takes a plural verb. Keine dieser Enten hat einen weißen Kopf. Keiner dieser Männer trägt einen Hut. Keines dieser Kinder ist ein Mädchen. None of these ducks have a white head. None of these men are wearing a hat. None of these children is a girl. Note: Be careful to distinguish between keine in the feminine singular and in the plural. keine Ente keine Enten no duck no ducks 91 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 92 Demonstrativpronomen; keine und beide Demonstrative Pronouns; None and Both 7-06 New Vocabulary There is no new vocabulary in this lesson. Grammar: eine, keine, alle, beide, diese Notice the case and the endings of the words eine (one), keine (none), alle (all), beide (both), and diese (these). Eine dieser Personen trinkt Milch. Keine dieser Personen trinkt Milch. One of these people drinks milk. None of these people drink milk. Eine is the subject, so it is nominative. It is feminine because Person is feminine. Dieser is genitive plural. Diese beiden Personen trinken Milch. Both of these people drink milk. Diese is a der-word in the nominative plural, so the adjective ending on beide is -en. Beide Personen trinken Milch. Both people drink milk. There is no der- or ein-word, so the nominative plural adjective ending on beide is -e. Alle diese Personen trinken Milch. All these people drink milk. Alle behaves like a der-word and diese is a der-word. Therefore, both take the nominative plural endings for der-words. 92 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 93 Formen und Standorte; Präpositionen; alle, meistShapes and Locations; Prepositions; All, Most 7-07 New Vocabulary innerhalb Usage: um … herum and über … hinüber The following German sentences use two forms of the same word. This is correct German usage. Um dieses Rechteck herum ist ein Kreis. Er geht über die Straße hinüber. Around this rectangle is a circle. He is crossing the street. Grammar: Word Order The usual word order for many German sentences is: subject first, followed by the verb. Ein Kreis ist um dieses Rechteck herum. subject verb A circle is around this rectangle. German sentences can also start with something other than the subject, followed by the verb, with the subject third. Um dieses Rechteck herum ist ein Kreis. Around this rectangle is a circle. verb subject In German the conjugated verb is always second. Grammar: Prepositions that take either the Accusative or the Dative (Review) Several prepositions sometimes take the accusative and sometimes take the dative, depending on whether the verb indicates destination or location. Destination: Accusative Location: Dative Der Junge läuft hinter den Baum. The boy runs behind the tree. Der Junge ist hinter dem Baum. The boy is behind the tree. 93 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 94 Links und rechts; voll und leer Left and Right; Full and Empty 7-08 New Vocabulary enthält (enthalten) die Mitte, -/(no plural) die Tür, -/-en Usage: voll Do not use “of” with voll (full). Das Glas ist voll Milch. The glass is full of milk. Grammar: links and rechts (Review) Links and rechts are adverbs as discussed in Lesson 2-05. Das Auto biegt links ab. Das Auto biegt rechts ab. The car is turning left. The car is turning right. To form an adjective, remove the -s and add the appropriate adjective endings for gender, number, and case. Die linke Hand des Mannes ist voll Bonbons. (fem. sing. nominative) The man’s left hand is full of candy. der Baum auf der rechten Seite (fem. sing. dative) the tree on the right side Grammar: welcher (Review) Welcher (which) is a der-word that requires an ending that agrees with the noun in gender, number, and case. Welcher Mann kommt? Welche Frau kommt? Welches Kind kommt? Welche Bücher sind das? Auf welcher Seite ist der Baum? Which Which Which Which Which man is coming? woman is coming? child is coming? books are those? side is the tree on? Masc. sing. nom. Fem. sing. nom. Neut. sing. nom. Plural nom. Fem. sing. dative Note on the last sentence: Never end a German sentence with a preposition. If a sentence ends with what appears to be a preposition, it is really a separable prefix (or is wrong!). An welchem Tisch sitzt er? Which table is he sitting at? (literally, “At which table is he sitting?”) Sie zieht sich an. She is getting dressed. In the last sentence, the verb is sich anziehen, so an here is a separable prefix. 94 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 95 Präpositionen: über und unter, usw. Prepositions: Over and Under, etc. 7-09 New Vocabulary besetzt (besetzen) darunter dreihundertunddrei frei der Himmel, -s/(no plural) lehnen lehnt (lehnen) untergehend… Vocabulary: Himmel Himmel means both “heaven” and “sky.” Es sind viele Ballons am Himmel. Himmel und Hölle There are many balloons in the sky. heaven and hell Vocabulary: usw. Usw., in the lesson title above, is an abbreviation for undsoweiter (and so forth). It is used just like etc., which is an abbreviation for et cetera, a Latin phrase that means “and the rest.” Usage: nur and einzig Nur is an adverb, while einzig is an adjective. Both mean “only.” Nur ein Mann kommt. Der einzige Mann kommt. Only one man is coming. The only man is coming. Grammar: Löwe Löwe (male lion) is a weak noun (or masculine n-noun). In other words, it takes the ending -n everywhere except in the nominative singular. Der Löwe kommt. Sie sehen den Löwen. Sie stehen hinter dem Löwen. Die Farbe des Löwen ist gelb. The lion is coming. They see the lion. They are standing behind the lion. The color of the lion is yellow. Masc. sing. nom. Masc. sing. acc. Masc. sing. dative Masc. sing. genitive Grammar: unter, unten, herunter Unter (under, beneath, or underneath) is a preposition; unten (below) is an adverb; and herunter (down) is a separable prefix. Die Katze ist unter dem Zug. Wir sehen den Zug von unten. Wir kommen die Treppe herunter. The cat is under the train. We see the train from below. We are coming down the stairs. The verb in the last sentence above is herunterkommen (to come down). 95 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 96 Weitere Verben More Verbs 7-10 New Vocabulary eingefangen (einfangen) einzufangen (einfangen) fesseln hinaufzuklettern (hinaufklettern) das Hindernis, -ses/-se hinein das Kalb, -(e)s/"-er die Kamera, -/-s klettern offen überqueren Grammar: um … zu (Review) Um … zu means “in order to.” Sie benutzt eine Kamera, um ein Bild zu machen. She is using a camera in order to take a picture. When um … zu is used with a separable prefix verb, the zu appears in the middle of the verb. Er benutzt ein Seil, um den Berg hinaufzuklettern. He is using a rope in order to climb the mountain. Grammar: Infinitives With and Without zu We often find the word zu (to) in front of an infinitive. After certain auxiliary verbs, however, the zu is omitted. Der Hund versucht, das Frisbee zu fangen. Der Hund kann das Frisbee nicht fangen. The dog is trying to catch the frisbee. The dog cannot catch the frisbee. Grammar: Infinitives (Review) When forming an infinitive, most verbs add -en to the verb stem. But verbs whose stem ends in -l or -r just add -n. 96 stem + -en or -n infinitive kletter trommel lauf schau + + + + -n -n -en -en klettern trommeln laufen schauen German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 97 Verben: Präsens, Perfekt und Futur Verbs: Present, Present Perfect, and Future 7-11 New Vocabulary esse (essen) falle (fallen) gemeinsam schneide (schneiden) werde (werden) Grammar: Present Tense The first and third person plural of verbs (except sein) is the same as the infinitive. The second and third person singular of strong verbs usually exhibit a vowel change. ich du er/sie/es wir ihr sie/Sie lachen benutzen (to laugh) (to use) hinaufklettern (to climb up) laufen (to run) lesen (to read) lache lachst lacht lachen lacht lachen klettere hinauf kletterst hinauf klettert hinauf klettern hinauf klettert hinauf klettern hinauf laufe läufst läuft laufen lauft laufen lese liest liest lesen lest lesen benutze benutzt benutzt benutzen benutzt benutzen Grammar: Present Perfect Tense (Review) The present perfect is formed by the present of haben or sein plus the past participle. Trinken: Ich habe Du hast Er hat Wir haben Ihr habt Sie haben Sie haben Springen: Ich bin Du bist Er ist Wir sind Ihr seid Sie sind Sie sind ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ Milch getrunken. I You He We You They You ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ drank milk. ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ I You He in das Wasser gesprungen. We You They You ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ jumped into the water. 97 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 98 7-11 Einfangen: Ich habe Du hast Er hat Wir haben Ihr habt Sie haben Sie haben ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ das Kalb eingefangen. I You He We You They You ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ caught the calf. Grammar: Future Tense (Review) The future is formed by the present tense of werden plus the infinitive. Schneiden: Ich werde Du wirst Er wird Wir werden Ihr werdet Sie werden Sie werden ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ Papier schneiden. I You He We You They You ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ will cut paper. Remember that werden plus the past participle is passive. Do not confuse this with the future. Das Papier wird von dem Kind geschnitten. 98 The paper is being cut by the child. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 99 Ordinalzahlen Ordinal Numbers 8-01 New Vocabulary dritt… erst… letzt… viert… zweit… Vocabulary: Ordinal Numbers First, second, third, etc., are called ordinal numbers. They are based on the cardinal numbers (counting numbers). eins zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn erstzweitdrittviertfünftsechstsiebtachtneuntzehnt- Das ist mein erstes Auto. Er wohnt im zweiten Haus. Welche Zahl ist hinter der sechsten Zahl? That is my first car. He lives in the second house. Which number is behind the sixth number? Ordinal numbers function as adjectives and take regular adjective endings. Most ordinal numbers are formed by adding -t to the counting number. Erst-, dritt-, and siebt- have special forms. The word for “last” is letzt. It is a regular adjective with an ending. Sie wohnt in dem letzten Haus. Wer ist der letzte Mann? She lives in the last house. Who is the last man? 99 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 100 Präsens Present 8-02 New Vocabulary mein… mich reite (reiten) singe (singen) spiele (spielen) telefoniere (telefonieren) ziehe (ziehen) Usage: nicht mehr, noch, schon Three common adverbs that indicate time are nicht mehr (no longer), noch (still), and schon (already). Er ist nicht mehr hier. Er ist noch hier. Er ist schon hier. He is not here anymore. (literally, “He is no more here.”) He is still here. He is already here. Usage: zu dritt and zu viert In German you can use an idiomatic expression to indicate a group of people, a twosome, a threesome, a foursome, etc. Wir sind zu dritt. Wir sind zu viert. There are three of us. There are four of us. Usage: telefonieren mit and anrufen Like English, German distinguishes between “calling” and “talking on the phone.” Ich telefoniere mit meiner Schwester. Ich rufe meine Schwester an. I am talking to my sister on the phone. I am calling my sister (up). Grammar: Appositives An appositive is a phrase that follows and tells more about a noun. It is set off by commas. In German, an appositive always takes the same case as its antecedent (the noun it refers to). Beide, der Mann und ich, tragen Regenschirme. (nominative) Both of us, the man and I, are carrying umbrellas. Sie sieht uns beide, den Mann und mich. (accusative) She sees both of us, the man and me. 100 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 101 Demonstrativpronomen; sieht aus wie, fast alle, ein, ander-, meist-, alle Demonstrative Pronouns; Looks Like, Almost All, One, Others, Most, All 8-03 New Vocabulary die Form, -/-en links rechts Usage: dies and dieser Dies (this) is a demonstrative pronoun which may be used similarly to das when pointing to any single object. It is invariable. Dieser is a der-word, and answers the question which one. It has to agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. Dies ist ein Auto. Dies ist eine Tür. This is a car. This is a door. Dieser Mann ⎫ This man ⎫ Diese Frau ⎬ steht auf dem Bürgersteig. This woman ⎬ is standing on the sidewalk. Dieses Kind ⎭ This child ⎭ Wir stehen hinter diesen Leuten. We are standing behind these people. Usage: Adjectives without Nouns Sometimes an adjective appears that modifies a previously mentioned noun that does not appear in the clause. The adjective takes the same endings it would if the noun did appear. Die meisten schwarzen Quadrate sind groß und alle weißen sind klein. Most of the black squares are big, and all the white (ones) are small. Alle kleinen Dreiecke sind grün und einige große sind grau. All the small triangles are green, and some of the big (ones) are gray. See Appendix B for tables of adjective endings. 101 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 102 Weltraum und Geographie, Länder Space and Geography, Countries 8-04 New Vocabulary Afrika Ägypten Algerien Argentinien Asien asiatisch… Brasilien Chile China Deutschland Europa europäisch… genannt (nennen) Großbritannien Indien Italien Japan Kanada die Karte, -/-en der Kontinent, -s/-e Korea Mexiko Nigeria Nordamerika der Planet, -en/-en rot gefärbt… Russland Saturn Spanien Südamerika Tansania die Vereinigten Staaten Vietnam Vocabulary: Geographical Names Many German place names are obvious cognates to the English names, with only a difference in spelling and pronunciation. Asien Afrika Mexiko Brasilien Asia Africa Mexico Brazil A few are spelled exactly the same. China Korea Vietnam Note some place names that are completely different, however: Deutschland die Vereinigten Staaten Germany the United States Vocabulary: Planet Planet is a weak noun or masculine n-noun. The ancient Greeks thought of planets as alive, and therefore derived the name from the word for “wanderer.” Saturn ist ein Planet. Wir sehen den Planeten. 102 Saturn is a planet. We see the planet. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 103 8-04 Usage: Capitalization Like all German nouns, the names of countries and continents are capitalized. The adjectives derived from them, however, are not capitalized. Spanien liegt in Europa. Spanien ist ein europäisches Land. Spain is in Europe. Spain is a European country. Usage: Land and Staat In German, Land means “country” as a political unit, “country” as opposed to city, and “land” as opposed to water. In Germany, Land or Bundesland is also used to refer to each of the sixteen states into which Germany has been divided since 1990. Staat is the abstract word for “state,” so “the United States” is “die Vereinigten Staaten” (which requires a plural verb). Do not confuse Staat (state) with Stadt (city). Russland ist das größte Land in der Welt. Russia is the largest country in the world. Mehr Leute wohnen in der Stadt als auf dem Land. More people live in the city than in the country. Deutschland hat sechzehn Länder. Germany has sixteen states. 103 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 104 Straßen und Fußwege Streets and Sidewalks 8-05 New Vocabulary die Autobahn, -/-en der Besen, -s/die Eisenbahnschiene, -/-n fegt (fegen) die Gasse, -/-n kreuzt (kreuzen) das Loch, -(e)s/"-er die Maschine, -/-n Rad fahren die Richtung, -/-en der Rollstuhl, -(e)s/"-e überquert (überqueren) verlaufen voller Vocabulary: über The most common meaning of über is “over,” but sometimes it means “across.” Wir fliegen über Afrika. Er läuft über die Straße. We are flying over Africa. He is running across the street. Vocabulary: Richtung In Richtung means “toward” or “in the direction of.” To say “in which direction?” use “in welche Richtung?” In welche Richtung gehen wir? Which direction are we going? (literally, “In which direction are we going?”) Wir gehen in Richtung des Hauses. We are going toward the house. Vocabulary: voller Use voller to indicate “full of” in the sense of “crowded with.” Die Straße ist voller Leute. The street is full of people. Usage: laufen and verlaufen Laufen means “to run” when referring to people; verlaufen is used for the direction a street runs in. Die Mädchen laufen im Park. The girls are running in the park. Die Straße verläuft in Richtung der Berge. The road runs in the direction of the mountains. 104 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 105 Haustiere und Kleidung; Possessivpronomen Pets and Clothes; Possessive Pronouns 8-06 New Vocabulary der Bauer, -n/-n das Haustier, -(e)s/-e lebend… streichelt (streicheln) Usage: gehören (Review) Gehören means “to belong to.” Usually, it does not have a preposition following it, and it takes the dative case. Das Auto gehört der Frau. The car belongs to the woman. Die Trommeln gehören dem Mann. The drums belong to the man. Grammar: der Bauer Another weak noun or masculine n-noun is Bauer (farmer). Bauer also means peasant as well as a pawn in chess. Bauer is sometimes considered derogatory; der Landwirt is a more acceptable word for farmer. Der Bauer heißt Hans Schmidt. The farmer’s name is Hans Schmidt. Die Kuh gehört dem Bauern. The cow belongs to the farmer. 105 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 106 Adjektive; Fragewörter; Komparativ und Superlativ Adjectives; Question Words; Comparative and Superlative 8-07 New Vocabulary all… älter anstelle dunkelst… der Fleck, -(e)s/-en gefährlich glücklichst… größt… zu Hause hellst… höchst… kältest… kämpfen kürzest… längst… der Leopard, -en/-en nahe nassest… schnellst… der Streifen, -s/tief tiefst… traurigst… wem wenigst… Usage: als (Review) Remember that unequal comparisons use als (than). Das Mädchen ist größer als der Junge. The girl is taller than the boy. Grammar: Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs (Review) Adjectives and adverbs can show three degrees of comparison, similar to “good,” “better,” and “best.” Comparative adjectives have three parts: the stem, the comparative ending, and the regular adjective ending. Remember that most one-syllable adjectives that have an a, o, or u as the vowel add an umlaut in the comparative. Die Frau trägt den kleinen Hut. Die Frau trägt den kleineren Hut. Die Frau trägt den kleinsten Hut. The woman is wearing the small hat. The woman is wearing the smaller hat. The woman is wearing the smallest hat. stem + degree + adjective ending klein + er + en = kleineren Der junge Mann heißt Peter. Der jüngere Mann heißt Peter. Der jüngste Mann heißt Peter. The young man’s name is Peter. The younger man’s name is Peter. The youngest man’s name is Peter. stem + umlaut + degree + adjective ending jung + ¨ + st +e = jüngste Predicate adjectives do not take an adjective ending. Predicate adjectives do, however, take endings to show comparative and superlative. The comparative ending is -er, but the superlative has a special form: am + adjective + sten. Dieses Auto ist neu. Dieses Auto ist neuer. Dieses Auto ist am neusten. 106 This car is new. This car is newer. This car is newest. German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 107 8-07 Adverbs behave just like predicate adjectives. Wer läuft schnell? Wer läuft schneller? Wer läuft am schnellsten? Who runs fast? Who runs faster? Who runs fastest? Grammar: Irregular Adjectives Most adjectives follow the patterns we have already learned. A few adjectives, however, are irregular. hoch/hoh, höher, am höchsten viel, mehr, am meisten gut, besser, am besten nah, näher, am nächsten high, higher, highest many, more, most good, better, best near, nearer, nearest Dieses Gebäude ist hoch. Es ist ein hohes Gebäude. That building is high. It is a high building. Dieses Gebäude ist höher. Es ist ein höheres Gebäude. That building is higher. It is a higher building. Dieses Gebäude ist am höchsten. Es ist das höchste Gebäude. That building is the highest. It is the highest building. Grammar: Using an Infinitive as a Subject Sometimes an infinitive is the subject of a sentence. Zu Hause zu sitzen ist überhaupt nicht gefährlich. To sit at home is not dangerous at all. Grammar: wer Wer (who) is declined like the singular of der except in the genitive, where its form (wessen) follows that of the relative pronoun (dessen). Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative der des/dessen (rel. pr.) dem den Wer ist das? Wessen Auto ist das? Hinter wem stehen wir? Wen sehen sie? wer wessen wem wen Who is that? Whose car is that? Behind whom are we standing? Whom do they see? 107 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 108 Nah und Fern; Adjektive im Komparativ Near and Far; Comparative Forms of Adjectives 8-08 New Vocabulary beieinander die Nähe, näher das Schloß, -sses/"-sser voneinander weit weiter Usage: nahe, beieinander, auseinander, zusammen, entfernt von Nahe means “near to.” It generally appears in a sentence after the word it refers to, and takes the dative case. The comparative is näher. Das Flugzeug ist dem Boden nahe. Das Flugzeug ist dem Boden näher. The airplane is near the ground. The airplane is nearer to the ground. Beieinander (near one another) and zusammen (together) are interchangeable. Die Läufer stehen nahe beieinander. The runners are standing near one another. Die Schafe sind nahe zusammen. The sheep are close together. The opposite of beieinander is auseinander. It means “apart.” Die Kühe sind weit auseinander. The cows are far apart. The opposite of nahe is entfernt von (far from) or weit entfernt von (quite far from). The comparative is weiter entfernt von (farther from). Das Flugzeug ist vom Boden entfernt. The plane is far from the ground. Das Flugzeug ist vom Boden weiter entfernt. The plane is farther from the ground. Vom is a contraction of von dem (from the). 108 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 109 Orte; Präpositionen Locations; Prepositions 8-09 New Vocabulary die Apotheke, -/-n die Bäckerei, -/-en der Bahnhof, -s/"-e die Bibliothek, -/-en die Ecke, -/-n die Fabrik, -/-en der Flughafen, -s/"- das Gefängnis, -ses/-se gegenüber der Hindu-Tempel, -s/das Hotel, -s/-s das Kino, -s/-s das Krankenhaus, -es/"-er das Restaurant, -s/-s das Schuhgeschäft, -s/-e der Spielplatz, -es/"-e der Supermarkt, -(e)s/"-e die Synagoge, -/-n die Tankstelle, -/-n die U-Bahn-Station, -/-en die Universität, -/-en Vocabulary: U-Bahn and Kino U-Bahn (subway or metro) is short for Untergrundbahn (underground rail). Kino means “cinema” or “movie theater,” never a place where plays are performed, which is Theater. Vocabulary: gegenüber Gegenüber means “across from” and always takes the dative case. It signifies location, not destination. Die Bäckerei ist gegenüber dem Hotel. The bakery is across from the hotel. Vocabulary: Borrowed Words German has borrowed many words from other languages, especially French, but also Latin, Greek, Italian, and English. Sometimes there is an English equivalent, sometimes not. Restaurant and Bank are the same in both German and English, while Bibliothek (library) and Fabrik (factory) are different, although the roots are recognizable in “bibliophile” and “fabricate.” Vocabulary: Flughafen and Krankenhaus Many native German words are quite literal. Flughafen (airport) comes from Flug (flight) plus Hafen (harbor). Krankenhaus (hospital) comes from krank (sick) plus Haus (house). Usage: um without herum In constructions like um die Ecke (around the corner), the word herum is not used. Die Bank ist um die Ecke. The bank is around the corner. Usage: Straße Straße means “street” or “block.” When it means “block,” the point of reference is often followed by aus (from or out of). Viele Leute sind auf der Straße. Die Kirche ist von der Bank aus eine Straße weiter. Many people are in the street. The church is one block farther than the bank. 109 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 110 Wegbeschreibungen Directions 8-10 New Vocabulary bis dann dort drehen das Ende, -s/-n geradeaus gesperrt (sperren) komme (kommen) der Schuhladen, -s/"die Schule, -/-n teilt (teilen) vorbei Usage: bis zu The prepositon bis means “until.” It is often followed by another preposition, especially zu (to). Gehen Sie vier Straßen bis zu einem Restaurant. Go four blocks until you come to a restaurant. Usage: auf and zu Use auf to say “on the right side,” or “on the left side” and auf or zu to say “to your right” or “to your left.” Die Bank ist auf der rechten Seite. The bank is on the right side. Das Hotel ist zu Ihrer rechten Seite. The hotel is to your right. Dort, auf Ihrer rechten Seite, ist die Kirche. There, to your right, is the church. Usage: Sie (You Formal) While German culture has become less formal over the last fifty years, it is still considerably more formal than American culture. One example of this can be seen in the German language, which has different second-person pronouns for formal and informal situations. Germans use du (plural ihr) in informal situations. For more formal situations, they use Sie, which is always capitalized. It takes the same verb conjugation as wir (we) and sie (they). It can be used either when speaking to one person or to several people. Close friends, family members, and classmates generally use du and ihr. In other situations, Sie is preferred. If you are in doubt, use Sie. Allow the German speaker to suggest a change to du when and if the time comes. Wie heißen Sie? Wo sind Sie? Oh Hans – Hans! Wo bist du? What is your name? Where are you? Oh, Hans – Hans! Where are you? Grammar: The Imperative Mood To turn a sentence into a command (the imperative mood), put the verb first and Sie second. This is the formal imperative. A more informal command form is also used: Gehen Sie eine Straße weiter. Geh eine Straße weiter. Geht eine Straße weiter. 110 Go one block farther. Go one block farther. Go one block farther. Formal Informal Informal Plural German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 111 8-10 Usage: Ihr and ihr The possessive adjective Ihr (your, singular or plural, formal) is always capitalized. It distinguishes it from the personal pronoun ihr (you, plural, informal) and the possessive adjective ihr (her or their). Poss. Adj. Die Bank ist auf Ihrer rechten Seite. Pers. Pron. Ich bin krank und ihr seid müde. Poss. Adj. Poss. Adj. eine Frau und ihr Hund zwei Brüder und ihr Vater The bank is on your (singular or plural formal) side. I am sick and you (plural informal) are tired. a woman and her dog two brothers and their father 111 German I SG Text 4/5/06 11:35 AM Page 112 Tätigkeiten; weitere Verben Activities; More Verbs 8-11 New Vocabulary angele (angeln) halte (halten) halten hebe (heben) herauf laufe (laufen) lese (lesen) nehmen schütte (schütten) steige (steigen) teilgenommen (teilnehmen) Usage: teilnehmen an Teilnehmen (to take part in) is a separable prefix verb that combines with the preposition an to form an expression. Here an takes the dative. Nehmen Sie an dem Fahrradrennen teil? Are you taking part in the bike race? Ja, und wir haben an einem Rennen schon teilgenommen. Yes, and we already took part in a race. Compare this with sich anziehen (to get dressed, to put on), also a separable prefix verb, but where an is the prefix, not a preposition. Ich ziehe mir das Kleid an. Ich habe mir das Kleid angezogen. I am putting on the dress. I have put on the dress. Note on word order: Sometimes German word order is more flexible than English, especially in sentences with a masculine noun or pronoun. While feminine, neuter, and plural nouns have the same form for the nominative and accusative, masculine makes a distinction in both the pronoun and the article. Ich hielt die Gitarre, aber jetzt hält sie der Junge. I was holding the guitar, but now the boy is holding it. Word for word, this sentence translates into English as “I was holding the guitar, but now is holding her the boy,” which is not very clear. To keep things clear, English word order rules do not allow the direct object (it) to come before the subject (the boy). This word order is no problem in German, however. The sie that replaces the guitar could be either nominative or accusative, but der Junge can only be the subject, not the direct object, so the meaning is clear. 112 German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 113 Appendix A Principal Parts of Strong Verbs Infinitive Third Person Singular Present anziehen (to get dressed; reflexive) zieht sich an backen (to bake) bäckt abwerfen (to throw down/knock down; see werfen) bekommen (to get/receive; see kommen) enthalten (to contain; see halten) essen (to eat) isst fahren (to go other than on foot) fährt fahren (to drive) fährt fallen (to fall) fällt fangen (to catch) fängt fliegen (to fly) fliegt fliegen (to fly an airplane) fliegt fressen (to eat, used for animals; see essen) geben (to give) gibt gewinnen (to win) gewinnt graben (to dig) gräbt gehen (to go, specifically on foot) geht greifen (to grab, seize) greift haben (to have) hat halten (to hold) hält heißen (to be called) heißt kommen (to come) kommt können (to be able) kann lassen (to leave something/someone) lässt laufen (to run) läuft lesen (to read) liest liegen (to lie, to recline: not fib) liegt Rad fahren (to ride a bike; see fahren) reiten (to ride a horse) reitet riechen (to smell) riecht schieben (to push, shove) schiebt schlafen (to sleep) schläft schlagen (to hit, slug) schlägt schließen (to close, shut) schließt schneiden (to cut) schneidet Past Auxiliary + Past Participle zog sich an backte hat sich angezogen hat gebacken aß fuhr fuhr fiel fing flog flog hat gegessen ist gefahren hat gefahren ist gefallen hat gefangen ist geflogen hat geflogen gab gewann grub ging griff hatte hielt hieß kam konnte ließ lief las lag hat gegeben hat gewonnen hat gegraben ist gegangen hat gegriffen hat gehabt hat gehalten hat geheißen ist gekommen hat gekonnt hat gelassen ist gelaufen hat gelesen hat gelegen ritt roch schob schlief schlug schloss schnitt ist geritten hat gerochen hat geschoben hat geschlafen hat geschlagen hat geschlossen hat geschnitten 113 German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 114 Principal Parts of Strong Verbs Infinitive Third Person Singular Present schreiben (to write) schreibt schwimmen (to swim) schwimmt schwingen (to swing) schwingt sehen (to see) sieht sein* (to be) ist singen (to sing) singt sitzen (to sit) sitzt sprechen (to speak, talk) spricht springen (to jump, spring) springt steigen (to climb) steigt tragen (to wear, carry) trägt treffen (to meet, to hit a target) trifft treten (to step) tritt trinken (to drink) trinkt umgeben (to surround; see geben) verbieten (to forbid) verbietet verlaufen (to run, used of a street; see laufen) werden (to become) wird werden (auxiliary used with passive) wird werfen (to throw) wirft ziehen (to pull) zieht Past Auxiliary + Past Participle schrieb schwamm schwang sah war sang saß sprach sprang stieg trug traf trat trank hat geschrieben ist geschwommen hat geschwungen hat gesehen ist gewesen hat gesungen hat gesessen hat gesprochen ist gesprungen ist gestiegen hat getragen hat getroffen ist getreten hat getrunken verbot hat verboten wurde wurde warf zog ist geworden ist … worden hat geworfen hat gezogen dachte nannte rannte hat gedacht hat genannt ist gerannt *sein (to be) – present tense ich bin wir sind du bist ihr seid er/sie/es ist sie sind Sie sind Principal Parts of Irregular Weak Verbs denken (to think) nennen (to name) rennen (to run) 114 denkt nennt rennt German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 115 Appendix B Adjective Endings Adjectives are inflected, that is, they take different endings depending not only on number, gender and case, but also on whether they are preceded by an article or not. There are three groups or types of adjective endings for singular nouns: 1. those preceded by a der-word, 2. those preceded by an ein-word, 3. unpreceded adjectives. The plural endings are the same for all genders of preceded adjectives, as is true also for unpreceded adjectives in the plural. A. Adjectives Preceded by Der-Words (weak declension) This group includes all forms of der-die-das, dies-, welch-, jen-, solch-, beid-, etc. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Singular Masculine der junge Mann des jungen Mannes dem jungen Mann(e) den jungen Mann Singular Feminine die kleine Kiste der kleinen Kiste der kleinen Kiste die kleine Kiste Singular Neuter das große Schiff des großen Schiffes dem großen Schiff(e) das große Schiff Nom Gen. Dat. Acc. Plural Masculine die jungen Männer der jungen Männer den jungen Männern die jungen Männer Plural Feminine die kleinen Kisten der kleinen Kisten den kleinen Kisten die kleinen Kisten Plural Neuter die großen Schiffe der großen Schiffe den großen Schiffen die großen Schiffe Note: All adjective endings in the plural follow the same pattern regardless of gender. B. Adjectives Preceded by Ein-Words (mixed declension) This group includes ein and kein and all the possessive adjectives. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Singular Masculine ein junger Mann eines jungen Mannes einem jungen Mann(e) einen jungen Mann Singular Feminine eine kleine Kiste einer kleinen Kiste einer kleinen Kiste eine kleine Kiste Singular Neuter ein großes Schiff eines großen Schiffes einem großen Schiff(e) ein großes Schiff Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Plural Masculine keine jungen Männer keiner jungen Männer keinen jungen Männern keine jungen Männer Plural Feminine keine kleinen Kisten keiner kleinen Kisten keinen kleinen Kisten keine kleinen Kisten Plural Neuter keine großen Schiffe keiner großen Schiffe keinen großen Schiffen keine großen Schiffe Note: All adjective endings in the plural follow the same pattern regardless of gender. 115 German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 116 C. Unpreceded Adjective Endings (strong declension) This group includes adjectives which do not follow a der-word or an ein-word, as well as those which do follow indeclinable words such as viel, mehr, wenig, weniger, or declinable ones such as ander-, einig-, or mehrer-. 116 Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Singular Masculine junger Mann jungen Mannes jungem Mann(e) jungen Mann Singular Feminine kleine Kiste kleiner Kiste kleiner Kiste kleine Kiste Singular Neuter großes Schiff großen Schiffes großem Schiff(e) großes Schiff Nom Gen. Dat. Acc. Plural Masculine junge Männer junger Männer jungen Männern junge Männer Plural Feminine kleine Kisten kleiner Kisten kleiner Kisten kleine Kisten Plural Neuter große Schiffe großer Schiffe großen Schiffen große Schiffe German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 117 Index A aber, 88 accusative, 24, 30 active voice, 38, 83 adjectives, attributive, 3 comparative, 19, 106 comparison of, 19 compound, 38 endings, 18, 19, 36, 57, 116–117 interrogative, 38 irregular, 107 positive, 19 possessive, 21, 60 predicate, 3, 67, 88, 106 superlative, 19 used as nouns, 17 without nouns, 101 adverbs, 88, 106 age, 81 alle, 56, 84, 92 alphabet, ii als, 19, 69, 106 an, 37, 94 animals, 39 anrufen, 100 answers, forming of, 7 appositives, 100 arithmetic terms, 59 Art, 67 article, definite, 2, 9, 11, 19, 58 indefinite, 1, 4, 11, 19, 37, 58 indefinite article as a pronoun, 37 auf, 37, 70, 86, 110 auseinander, 108 auxiliary verbs, 32, 48, 75, 83, 114–115 B Bank, 68 Bauer, 105 beide, 76, 91, 92 beieinander, 108 benutzen, 97 bewegen (sich), 89 Bild, 42 bis zu, 110 C capitalization, 102 case, accusative 12, 30 dative, 27, 30 genitive, 30, 60 nominative, 12, 30 clause, main, 49 subordinate, 49, 53 cognates, v colors, 14 comparative, 19, 106, 108 comparisons, 19, 35, 69 conjunction, coordinating, 63 subordinating, 53, 66 contractions, 55 D da-, dar-, 23 dates, 64 dative, 24, 27, 30 days, of the week, vii declension, 116–117 dependent clause, 49 der-words, 26, 27, 30, 57, 84, 92, 94, 101, 116 derselbe, 54 dies, diese, dieser, 37, 92, 101 direct objects, 65 doch, 88 Drache, Drachen, 87 du, 110 dunkel, 76 E ein-words, 26, 27, 30, 36, 57, 84, 116 ein, eins, 4, 59 eine, 92 117 German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM einfangen, 98 einige, 84 einzig, 95 Eis, 67 entfernt von, 108 essen, 7, 10, 62 F fahren, 6, 16 fangen, 16 farewells, v Flughafen, 109 formal, 110 Foto, 42 Frau, 54 fressen, 10, 62 Freund, 85 future, 31, 98 future, near, 31 G gegenüber, 109 gehören, 54, 105 gehören zu, 54 gender, 1, 2, 8, 39 genitive, 30, 42, 60 geographical names, 102 Glas, 65 greetings, v H haben, 32, 41, 57, 75, 83 halten, 22 hauptsächlich, 91 helping verbs, 32 herum, 93, 109 herunter, 95 Himmel, 95 hin, her, 50, 62 hinaufklettern, 97 hinüber, 93 I idioms, 40, 41, 77 ihr, 110 Ihr, ihr, 111 im, ins, 55 118 Page 118 imperative, 110 independent clause, 49 indirect objects, 65 infinitives, 68, 96, 107, 114–115 J jeder, 56 K kaufen, 88 kein, 11, 24, 76, 84 keine, 91, 92 Kino, 109 Konjunktiv, 44 können, 44, 48 Krankenhaus, 109 L lachen, 15, 97 lächeln, 16 Land, 103 langsam, 89 lassen, 87 laufen, 97, 104 left, 21 legen, 74 lesen, 97 letters, special combinations of, iii Leute, 29 liegen, 26, 74 lila, 12 links, 21, 94 Löwe, 95 M Mädchen, 22 main clause, 49 Mann, 54 Maul, 62 mein, 81 meistens, 91 Mensch, 29 Mittel, 67 months, vii Morgen, morgen, morgens, 43 Mund, 62 German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 119 N nachdenken, 70 nahe, 108 names, 81 negative, forming a, 7, 11 nehmen, 65 nicht, 11, 24, 56 nicht mehr, 100 nichts, 56 n-nouns, 42, 61, 95, 102, 105 noch, 76, 78, 100 nominative, 30 nouns, 1 compound, 60 definite article for plural nouns, 5 gender of, 1 predicate, 67 weak, 42, 61, 95, 102, 105 numbers, 4, 46, 64, 99 nur, 95 O objects, direct, 12, 24, 65 indirect, 65 ordinal numbers, 99 P paar, Paar, 77 passive voice, 38, 83, 98 past, simple, 73, 79, 114–115 past participles, 79, 114–115 used as adjectives, 45, 68 person, 8 Person, 29 Planet, 102 plural, 5 positive, 19 predicate, 67 prefix, 45, 52, 53, 57, 85, 94, 112 preposition, 1, 15, 23, 37, 58, 95 accusative case, 50–51, 86, 93 dative case, 50–51, 86, 93 noun or pronoun following a preposition, 23 present, 2, 97, 114–115 present perfect, 31, 68, 73, 97 professions, 86 pronouns, 8 demonstrative, 101 interrogative, 14, 38, 44 personal, 8, 9, 71 reflexive, 29, 36 relative, 71 pronunciation, iii, 31 punctuation, v Q quantities, of things, 35 questions, forming of, 7, 14, 44 R rechts, 21, 94 reflexive verbs, 29, 36, 50 reiten, 6 Richtung, 104 right, 21 rosa, 12, 90 S schneiden, 98 schnell, 89 schon, 100 seasons, 90 sein, 7, 32, 55, 75, 80, 83 sentences, compound, 25 sich, 29, 50 Sie, 110 singular, 5 Sorte, 67 sprechen, 48 springen, 97 Staat, 103 stehen, sitzen, liegen, 26 Straße, 109 stress, iv subjects, compound, 25 subjunctive, 44 subordinate clause, 49 subordinating conjunction, 66 superlative, 19, 106 syllables, v 119 German I SG Appendix 4/5/06 11:32 AM Page 120 T teilnehmen an, 112 telefonieren mit, 100 tenses, 82 time, clock, 6, 43 of day, 43 titles, vi treten, 16, 75 trinken, 97 verkaufen, 87 verlaufen, 104 viele, 84 voice, active, 38, 83 voice, passive, 38, 83 Volk, 29 voll, 94 voller, 104 vom, 108 vorlesen, 87 U U-Bahn, 109 über, 104 umziehen, 89 um … zu, 96 unten, unter, 95 usw., 95 W während, 53 was, 44 weak nouns, 42, 61 weather, 66 weder, 76, 78 welcher, 14, 44, 94 wenn, 66 wer, 14, 44, 107 werden, 31 werfen, 16 word order, 13, 49, 93, 112 words, compound, 10 words, borrowed, 108 V verbs, auxiliary, 32, 48, 75 helping, 32 intransitive, 33, 75 irregular, 15 negating, 24 prefixes, 57, 85, 112 reflexive 29, 36, 50 regular, 15 separable/inseparable prefix of, 53, 85, 112 tenses, 82 transitive, 33, 75 understood, 91 used as adjective, 70 weak and strong, 15, 32, 45, 79, 97, 114–115 120 XYZ ziehen, 89 zu, 62, 96, 110 zu dritt, zu viert, 100 zum, 55, 69 zur, 55 zusammen, 108
