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Chapter 8: Development Across the Life Span Section 1: Issues Studying Human Development Human Development • Human development: the scientific study of the __________ that occur in people as they age from _________ until _____ • Heredity: the genetic ___________ of characteristics from _______ to their offspring Nature vs. Nurture • Nature: the ________ of • Nurture: the _________ our ____________ of the _____________ on characteristics on our personality, physical personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, intellectual growth and social growth, and social interactions interactions • ________, _________, • ____________________ ___________, and _______________ Nature vs. Nurture • Can people learn to be good at something or are they just born that way? • Who is responsible? • Heredity or the environment? Nature vs. Nurture • Sir Francis Galton • Watson • Studied thousands • Behaviorist of __________ and • Believed that one found that ________ could _______ any ran in families individual to become • He concluded ___________, no that _________ matter the _________ was the cause the person came from Nature vs. Nurture • John Locke’s _________________ • We are born with a mind like a “______________”– no innate programming • It is only through ___________ that our __________ and ____________ are formed and shaped SECTION 2: THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF DEVELOPMENT Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA • Genetics: the science of ________ traits • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): special molecule that contains the ___________________ of the organism • Contain genetic _____ for building the _________ that make up _________________ • Ex. hair coloring, muscle, skin • Chromosomes: tightly wound strand of _____________ __________ or DNA • Genes: section of DNA having the same arrangement of __________________________ Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA • Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes in each cell of their bodies • ___– mother’s _____ • ___– father’s _______ • Most of our characteristics are determined by ____ chromosomal ____ (1 from the mother &1 from the father) • The remaining 1 pair determines our _____ Dominant and Recessive Genes • Dominant: referring to a gene that ________ controls the ____________ of a trait • Will always be expressed in the ___________ trait • Ex. If the dominant gene is brown hair, the person will have brown hair • Recessive: referring to a gene that only influences the ___________ of a trait when _______ with an _________ gene • Less active trait • Ex. Blonde hair Genetic and Chromosome Problems • Several genetic disorders are carried by the ________ gene • Examples: • _______________– disease of the respiratory & digestive tract • ________________________– blood disorder • Tay-Sachs disorder- fatal neurological disorder • Phenylketonuria (____)– built up levels of the amino acid controlling skin and hair color in the brain that can cause intellectual disabilities Genetic and Chromosome Problems • Chromosomal disorder result from either ____________ pairs or ________________ pairs • Examples: • Down Syndrome– _________________ in what would normally be the _____ pair • Almond-shaped, wide-set eyes and intellectual disabilities • Klinefelter’s Syndrome– the 23rd set of sex chromosomes is ______ (an extra ____) • Male with reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, and excessive height • Turner’s Syndrome– the 23rd pair is ______ an ___ for females • Female who is very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped SECTION 3: TWINS Twin Studies Psychologists and scientists use twin studies to find out whether a trait is inherited or not • Monozygotic twins: identical twins formed when __________ splits into ________________ masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo • _________________ _________________ _________________ • Dizygotic Twins: often called fraternal twins, occurring when ______ ________________ get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in ___ _______ in the uterus at the same time • __________________ __________________ __________________ Twin Studies • Look at identical and fraternal twins growing up in the same household • Same house = ___________________ • Identical twins (same _______) vs. fraternal twins (different _______) • If identical twins are more alike on specific traits than fraternal twins, it most likely means _____ are the cause (________) • If fraternal twins are alike in specific traits, it most likely means the ____________ played a large role Twin Studies • Identical twins separated at birth • Despite growing up in different environments, still __________________________________________ • Genes (________) plays a large role in development