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Church Reform and the
Crusades
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Church Reform and the
Crusades
The Catholic Church launches
Crusades against Muslims.
Chronology
1. The First Crusade: 1147-1148
2. The Second Crusade: 1147-1148
3. Salahuddin Regains Jerusalem: 1187
4. Third Crusade: 1189-1192
5. Fourth Crusade: 1200-1204
(Sacking Constantinople)
6. Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail
7. Children’s Crusade: 1212
8. Spanish Crusade: 1100-1492 (Inquisition)
Reform and Church Organization
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Starting in the 1100s,
popes reorganize the
Church like a kingdom
Pope’s advisors make
Church laws;
diplomats travel
throughout Europe
Church collects tithes;
uses money to care
for sick or poor
“Peasants paying tithes” (17th
century) school of Pieter Brueghel the
Younger
The Crusades: The Beginning 1093

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In 1093,
Byzantine
emperor asks
for help
fighting the
Turks
Pope Urban II
issues a call
for a
Crusade—a
“holy war”
Byzantine Emperor
Alexios I Komnenos who
asked Pope Urban II for
help (left)
Artistic
depiction of
Pope Urban II
(left), and him
preaching the
First Crusade
(right)
Goals of the Crusades
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem
Kings use Crusades to send away knights who
cause trouble
Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by
fighting (although historian Rodney Stark in God’s
Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees
with that theory because the first three crusades
were led by the heads of the royal families of
Europe).
Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth
through trade.
The First Crusade
1096-1099
First Crusade: 1096-1099
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Pope promises Crusaders
who die a place in heaven
First Crusade: three
armies gather at
Constantinople in 1097
Crusaders capture
Jerusalem in 1099
Captured lands along
coast divided into four
Crusader states

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
Peter the Hermit went around preaching and
asked people to march with him to Jerusalem.
Majority of the people were unarmed. Most of
them died and they turned back.
Meanwhile an army formed in South France.
Count Raymond led the volunteers from
Provence France.

Godfrey of Bouillon led the Rhine lands.

Normandy was led by William, Robert the
conquror’s son.
Northern Italy was led by Bohemond.

Jerusalem

The reason of the
first crusade was to
regain the Holy land
and Jerusalem from
the Muslims
The Second Crusade
1147-1148
Second Crusade: 1147-1148


Muslims take back
Edessa in 1144;
Second crusade fails
to retake it
In 1187, Saladin—
Muslim leader and
Kurdish warrior—
retakes Jerusalem
Left: an artistic
representation of
Saladin
Right: Saladin the
Victorious by
Gustave Dore
nd
2
Crusade
Everyone went to Constantinople on their own time. The army
left with 700,000 men and 100,000 were knights. They went
down the Mediterranean coast. One of the battles on the way
to Jerusalem was the siege of Antioch. They lost 75% of their
men in Antioch. When they finally reached Jerusalem, the
army failed to take Jerusalem on the first attempt but
succeeded on the second. Once in Jerusalem they killed
the majority of the Muslims there and they looted all
the houses.
• The Second
Crusade took
place between
1145-1149
• It was formally announced by Pope
Eugene III
• Was the first Crusade to be led by
European Kings from France and Germany


With this ill advised attack on the
city of Damascus, the crusaders
lost a lot of men and it was a huge
success for the Muslims
This ultimately gave key influence
to the fall of Jerusalem and give
rise to the third Crusade in the
12th century
Saladin (Salahuddin): 1187

In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader
and Kurdish warrior—retakes
Jerusalem
Above: an artistic
representation of
Saladin
Left: Saladin the
Victorious by
Gustave Dore
The Third Crusade
1189-1192
The Third Crusade: 1189-1192

The Third Crusade was led by three
powerful rulers
Richard I of England—”The LionHearted”
Phillip II of France
Frederick I “Barbarossa” of
the Holy Roman Empire
(Germany)
The Third Crusade


One is Richard the
Lion-Hearted (king
of England)
The Robin Hood
stories and
legends often
surround Richard I
returning from the
Third Crusade.
19th-century portrait of
Richard by Merry-Joseph
Blondel
The Third Crusade


Phillip II of
France abandons
Crusade after
arguing with
Richard
The argument
was over Richard
breaking off an
engagement with
Phillip’s sister.
The Third Crusade

Frederick I of Germany
(Holy Roman Empire)
drowns during the
journey
Above: A depiction of Frederick I
drowning in the Saleph River in
Turkey from the Saxon Chronicle.
The Third Crusade


In 1192 Richard and
Saladin make peace
after many battles
Saladin keeps
Jerusalem but allows
Christian pilgrims to
enter the city
THE THIRD CRUSADE
• The Crusade was an attempt to take
back the holy land, it was largely
successful but fell short of its final
goal
• Lasted
between
1189-1192
• It was also
known as the
kings Crusade
The Fourth Crusade
1200-1204
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles:
The Later Crusades


Fourth Crusade (1200-1204)
 Crusaders sack the
Christian city Zara and are
excommunicated by the
pope for it.
 The Venetian leadership
keeps their
excommunication a secret.
Then Crusaders sack
Constantinople in 1204
Two other Crusades strike
Egypt, but fail to weaken the
Muslims
Looting of Constantinople, painting by
Eugene Delacroix, 1840
The Children’s Crusade
1212
In 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved
in a failed crusade.
The Children’s Crusade
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The traditional story says
that in 1212 thousands of
children possibly die or are
enslaved in a failed
crusade.
But these stories are
surrounded by legend and
fiction. The fact that this
really happened is
disputed.
The Children’s Crusade by
Gustave Doré
This event may very well
merely be a legend
embellished over time.
Two Stories about the Children’s Crusade
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Leader: Nicholas
Country: Germany
Purpose: intended to lead a crusade
to convert the Muslims to Christianity
by the preaching of children. Nicholas
promised a miracle that the waters of
the Mediterranean would divide so
they could walk to the Holy Land.
Result: A following of about 7,000
people, both adults and children arrive
in Genoa, Italy after preaching a
crusade throughout Germany and
crossing the Alps. The waters did not
divide. The movement continues to
Rome but begins to break up. The
Pope instructs the group to return
home. Nicholas does not survive the
return home.
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Leader: Stephen
Country: France
Purpose: He claims
Jesus appeared to him
and gave him a letter for
the king of France.
Result: Phillip II, king of
France is unimpressed.
Stephen, however,
continues to preach and
tries to lead a group to
Marseilles. It seems like
many surviving youths
returned to their families.
The Spanish Crusade
Christians fight: Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain,
1100-1492
A Spanish Crusade
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Most of Spain
controlled by Muslim
people
Christians fight:
Reconquista—drive
Muslims from Spain,
1100-1492
Spain has
Inquisition—court to
suppress heresy;
expels non-Christians
Inquisition scene of people accused
of heresy being tortured.
The Effects of the Crusades
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Crusades show power of Church in convincing
thousands to fight
Women who stay home manage the estate and
business affairs
Merchants expand trade, bring back many
goods from Southwest Asia
Failure of later crusades weakens pope and
nobles, strengthens kings
Crusades create lasting bitterness between
Muslims and Christians
Thank you
May God Bless you