Download First Crusade

The Crusades
Pope Urban II
Rough chronology of
Crusades
 First Crusade (1096 – 1102). Captures Jerusalem 1099.
 Second Crusade (1147 – 9). Led by Louis VII of
France and Conrad III of Germany.
 Third Crusade (1189 – 92). Response to Saladin’s
devastating victory at Hattin (1187). Involves Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa, Richard I of England and Philip
II of France.
Battle of Hattin
 Fourth Crusade (1202 – 4) takes Constantinople and
much of Greece.
 Fifth Crusade (1239 – 41). Ends with recovery of
Jerusalem by Emperor Frederick II.
 Louis IX’s first crusade (1269 – 72) is a response to the
loss of Jerusalem in 1244.
Multiple theatres of conflict
 Crusades in Iberian peninsula preached (1114, 1118
and 1122) to accompany Second Crusade
 Crusade against Wends authorised by Pope Eugenius
III in 1147.
 Crusade against English rebels who’ve forced King
John to concede Magna Carta (1216 –7)
 Crusade against Frederick II in 1239.
Logistics
Organisational problems
 Who pays for recruitment? Voluntary contributions of
participants. Outlay of kings and lords. Taxation of all
subjects.
 Attempts by popes to control military strategy.
Innocent III in Fourth Crusade.
 Problem of non-combatants. Leads to system of
commutation.
Difficulties
 No clear command-structure (at least to begin with)
 Difficulties in communication and co-ordination.#
 Suspicious relationship with Byantine rulers
 Divisions among crusader leaders
Reasons for successes
 Development of a military caste in Latin Christendom
 Political instabilities among Muslim rulers.
Competition between Seljuk Turks and Fatimid
caliphate.
 Competition between heirs of Saladin (Ayyubid
dynasty)
 Desire to preserve trade.
s.
Fulke of Neuilly
Siege of Antioch 1098
Popular crusades
 Children’s Crusade of 1212
 Shepherd’s Crusade of 1251–2.
Military Orders
 Holy Order of the Temple of Jerusalem (Templars)
founded in 1120. Hugh of Payns. Supported by St
Bernard of Clairvaux.
 Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
(Hospitallers). Recognised by papacy in 1113. Look
after sick and poor in Jerusalem. Later become
increasingly military in character.
Latin East (Crusader states)
 Christian groups: Armenian, Jacobite, Orthodox, Copts and
Nestorians.
 Slaughter of Muslims in 1097–8 at Tilbeşar, Ravanda and
Artah.
 But there is a mixture of violence and toleration.
 Muslim dhimmi laws adopted and adapted by Crusaders.
 Countryside. Headman – ra’is. Tax – kharaj.