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Test Bank for Contemporary Society An Introduction to Social Science Twelfth Edition John A. Perry Emeritus, Cuyahoga Community College Erna K. Perry Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid Munich Paris Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town Sydney Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced with Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science, Twelfth Edition, by John A. Perry and Erna K. Perry, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any form for any other purpose without written permission from the copyright owner. To obtain permission(s) to use the material from this work, please submit a written request to Allyn and Bacon, Permissions Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617-671-2290. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-57915-0 ISBN-10: 0-205-57915-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 Test Bank Contents Chapter 1 1 Chapter 2 15 Chapter 3 31 Chapter 4 46 Chapter 5 62 Chapter 6 76 Chapter 7 91 Chapter 8 109 Chapter 9 125 Chapter 10 139 Chapter 11 157 Chapter 12 174 Chapter 13 192 Chapter 14 209 Chapter 15 226 Chapter 16 239 Chapter 17 256 Chapter 18 273 Chapter 19 290 TEST BANK Chapter 1 Through the Lens of Science 1.1 True/False Questions 1) The scientific method may be considered apart from science Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 5 2) Selecting an area to be researched and defining the problem to be investigated are steps that are taken for granted and, therefore, are unimportant. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7 3) Researchers use their senses and precision instruments such as computers to observe and record the subject under investigation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 8 4) Only selected social sciences study human societies and human behavior. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 9 5) Sociology deals with the study and comparison of preliterate societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13 6) Economics is concerned with the universal problem of scarce resources and how T societies and individuals deal with this problem. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 11 7) Specialization results from the attempt to learn as much as possible about a small portion of knowledge–all social sciences study the same subject. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 9 8) It is as easy to study people as it is to study inanimate objects or other animals. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 21 9) In participant observation, the researcher studies the subject in a laboratory setting. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17 10) Participant observation is the social scientist's most trusted method of research. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17 11) Verification is an important step in the scientific method. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 1 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) Research is used mainly to refute theories. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 6 13) Concepts, theories, and research constitute the scientific spirit. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 5-6 14) Psychology and sociology both study individuals in interaction. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13-14 15) In a cross-sectional study, a broad spectrum of the population is surveyed at a specific point in time. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 17 16) Descriptive statistics convey the central tendency of a group of numbers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 19 17) The mean, the median, and the mode are concepts used in participant observation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 19-20 18) Controlling variables and observing the results is part of the case study. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 19 19) A longitudinal study is a survey taken on the same day throughout the country. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17 20) Systematically and methodically are key words in scientific investigation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 5 1.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In defining the social sciences, which of the following phrases is the most appropriate: A) rules for behavior B) social philosophy C) systematic and methodical study D) study of individual behavior Answer: C Page Ref: 2 2) The research method in which the researcher controls one variable and observes and records the results is called: A) case study B) observation C) experiment D) social research Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 2 TEST BANK 3) A detailed investigation of a single social unit in order to study it in depth is: A) a case study B) participant observation C) sample survey D) laboratory experiment Answer: A Page Ref: 17 4) Human beings are born into a social world that is: A) not of their own making B) newly created in each generation C) the result of cultural development over previous generations D) totally beyond their control Answer: C Page Ref: 1 5) People manipulate the social world, which helps them to: A) change the nature of the physical environment B) adapt to the environment C) take over the environment D) regulate the environment Answer: B Page Ref: 2 6) Scientific conclusions are: A) relative to time and place of study and subject to revision B) absolute truths for all times C) universally accepted D) personal opinions of important scholars Answer: A Page Ref: 9 7) Scientific observations are based on: A) controlled conditions B) precision C) organization of the data D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 7-9 8) The social sciences have: A) more control over data than physics B) complete objectivity C) problems with studying people in laboratories D) been accepted as equally valid as the physical sciences Answer: C Page Ref: 21 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 3 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 9) Scientists start an investigation with by: A) selecting and defining a topic B) verifying an hypothesis C) analyzing data D) replicating an experiment Answer: A Page Ref: 7 10) During the Enlightenment of the 18th century: A) scholars emphasized the supernatural B) scholars denied the possibility of a scientific study of humans C) a number of scholars believed human social life could be studied scientifically D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 3 11) The Industrial Revolution: A) eliminated social classes B) made all social classes equal C) created a class of industrial workers D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 4 12) Anthropology is restricted to the study of: A) primitive peoples only B) prehistoric peoples only C) modern peoples only D) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 10-11 13) Economics deals with: A) production of goods and services B) consumption of goods and services C) distribution of goods and services D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 11 14) The social science that deals with human use of the natural environment is: A) genetics B) geography C) chemistry D) physiology Answer: B Page Ref: 11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 4 TEST BANK 15) History is often NOT considered a social science because: A) its primary concern is to record events of the past B) historians do not use computers C) it does not study people D) it is not based on evidence Answer: A Page Ref: 12-13 16) Political science stresses the study of: A) government B) state C) power D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 13 17) Psychology deals with: A) only violent behavior B) only normal behavior C) mental states of individual humans D) groups of people in interaction Answer: C Page Ref: 13 18) The study of human group behavior is the definition of: A) psychology B) geology C) sociology D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 13-14 19) Durkheim was one of the first scientific sociologists who studied: A) suicide B) mental illness C) sex D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 15 20) A theory is a: A) scientific law B) set of concepts and generalizations C) speculation about truth and beauty D) hunch regarding reality Answer: B Page Ref: 5-6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 5 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 21) The social sciences lack: A) theories B) concepts C) scientific laws D) generalizations Answer: C Page Ref: 5 22) Scientific research relates to: A) controlled inquiry B) relationships among variables C) consideration of independent and dependent variables D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 5-7 23) A sample survey deals with: A) an entire population B) a statistically valid section of a population C) eating samples at various supermarkets D) asking people who walk by to fill out questionnaires Answer: B Page Ref: 16-17 24) An intensive study of an individual or a small group is made by using the following research method: A) case study B) crosssectional sample C) longitudinal sample D) experiment Answer: A Page Ref: 17 25) An anthropologist living with a group of people and engaging in some of their rituals is using the following research method: A) sample survey B) participant observation C) statistical survey D) experiment Answer: B Page Ref: 17 26) Experiments are: A) the most common method of social investigation B) based on controlling a variable and observing the results C) not used in the study of humans D) valid only if performed on white mice Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 6 TEST BANK 27) Objectivity means: A) precision B) taking nothing for granted C) eliminating bias D) repeating observations Answer: C Page Ref: 9 28) Skepticism refers to: A) impartiality B) doubting C) repetition D) precision Answer: B Page Ref: 9 29) Once a social scientist has formulated the hypothesis, what is the next step of the scientific method? A) Generalization B) Developing a research design C) Data analysis D) Replication Answer: B Page Ref: 7 30) The scientific method contains all but one of the following techniques: A) scientific observation B) systematic collection of data C) making data public D) selecting data to prove a point Answer: D Page Ref: 5-9 31) The current trend in the social sciences is toward: A) statistical and quantitative ways of investigating human behavior B) a totally valuefree approach C) using the findings of the social sciences to reform society D) using whatever technique seems best to fit Answer: D Page Ref: 21 32) The study and comparative analysis of preliterate societies is one of the chief concerns of: A) sociology B) psychology C) anthropology D) history Answer: C Page Ref: 10-11 33) For the better part of recorded history, knowledge about social relationships was principally based on: A) scientific investigation B) speculation C) inspiration D) measurement Answer: B Page Ref: 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 7 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 34) Scientific observation in the social sciences differs from that in the natural sciences because: A) the social sciences deal with the behavior of people B) the social sciences deal with the extraterrestrial C) the social sciences have developed concrete laws of behavior, while the natural sciences have only theories D) people's behavior is predictable, while the behavior of inanimate objects is not Answer: A Page Ref: 21 35) Which of the following is FALSE? Scientific observation: A) must proceed systematically B) must occur under controlled conditions C) yields valid data with classification, organization, or recording D) is open to anyone who wants to pursue it Answer: D Page Ref: 5 36) All but WHICH of the following characteristics of humans led to the development of science? A) Blushing B) Curiosity C) Fascination with the self D) The use of reason Answer: D Page Ref: 4 37) It is true of science that: A) it is a body of knowledge organized in a logical manner B) it is not concerned with the method of acquiring knowledge C) it does not include the method of investigation D) its content is more important than its method Answer: A Page Ref: 3 38) The first step in the scientific method is: A) obtaining a government grant B) classification and organization of data C) selection of area to be researched D) observation and recording of data Answer: C Page Ref: 7 39) It is true that the differences among the social sciences: A) are differences of vantage point B) are a matter of stress C) consist of the examination of various facets of a social universe D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 8 TEST BANK 40) The scientific method in the social sciences: A) is as effective as in the natural sciences B) is hampered by difficulties in attaining objectivity C) has led to great discoveries in the human knowledge of the physical universe D) has been found to be totally useless Answer: B Page Ref: 9 41) Which of the following is NOT an example of a subject investigated by social scientists? A) The functioning of supply and demand B) Case study of an urban gay community C) The interaction of various drugs in humans. D) The course of population growth and decline Answer: C Page Ref: 9-15 42) Intuition, authority, tradition, and common sense: A) have been totally replaced by the scientific method B) are all equally valid tools of inquiry C) are still used as tools of inquiry D) are just as exact as the scientific method Answer: C Page Ref: 2 43) When gathering data, the scientist is required to exhibit all BUT which one of the following traits? A) Courage B) Patience C) Ethical neutrality D) Social involvement Answer: D Page Ref: 8- 9 44) The hypothesis is a statement of: A) a universal truth B) the scientist's conclusions C) a tentative statement of a topic that is subject to testing D) disagreement with a generally accepted theory Answer: C Page Ref: 7 45) The social sciences first emerged: A) as a method of social control B) as a search for universal social laws C) to systematically apply common sense to issues D) to defend the established order Answer: B Page Ref: 4 46) The social sciences were initially concerned with the consequences of: A) the American Revolution B) the French Revolution C) the Russian Revolution D) the Industrial Revolution Answer: D Page Ref: 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 9 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 47) Concepts in the social sciences: A) resemble common-sense notions B) reflect the biases of their authors C) differ considerably from the generally understood versions D) are vaguely defined Answer: C Page Ref: 5 48) Social science theories: A) have the force of laws B) are open to challenge C) are little more than educated guesses D) always express ideological preferences Answer: B Page Ref: 5 49) The social sciences have no laws because: A) social scientists are a lawless group B) social science research techniques are flawed C) the various disciplines squabble among themselves D) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 5 50) The opposite of a variable is a: A) law B) concept C) value D) constant Answer: D Page Ref: 7 51) Variables that exercise influence on other variables are called: A) independent variables B) constants C) dependent variables D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 7 52) The scientist's skepticism extends to: A) the value of scientific objectivity B) his or her own credentials C) his or her own findings D) the usefulness of scientific inquiry Answer: C Page Ref: 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 10 TEST BANK 53) Ethical neutrality is the opposite of: A) objectivity B) judgmental social science C) generalization D) participant observation Answer: B Page Ref: 9 54) A trained observer: A) knows what to expect B) knows which data are relevant to the research problem C) records everything that he or she sees D) is most at home in experimental settings Answer: B Page Ref: 5 55) A case study is most useful when: A) limited research funds are available B) no hypothesis can be formulated C) events under consideration are rare D) facts must be established Answer: D Page Ref: 17 56) Experiments: A) are conducted in both field and laboratory settings B) involve the risk that people may modify their behavior C) must involve control groups of some kind D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 19 57) Correlation differs from causation in that correlation: A) precedes causation B) only indicates a probable relation C) occurs purely by chance D) occurs among more than two variables Answer: C Page Ref: 7 58) A researcher will settle for pinpointing a correlation when: A) a causal relationship is of no consequence B) a causal relationship is difficult to prove C) variables are vaguely defined D) research monies are not forthcoming Answer: A Page Ref: 7 59) Every hypothesis must: A) predict a relationship between two factors B) be general C) be based on scientific theory D) predict a causal relationship Answer: A Page Ref: 7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 11 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 60) Repeating a research project is called: A) verification B) generalization C) replication D) validation Answer: C Page Ref: 9 61) The study of traits that appear in specific populations as adaptations to specific environments is called: A) physical anthropology B) cultural anthropology C) demography D) psychology Answer: A Page Ref: 10 62) Furnishing historical data about past societies with no written records is the task of: A) archaeology B) cultural geography C) history D) ornithology Answer: A Page Ref: 11 63) Political science has taken a turn toward the social sciences in its studies of: A) law and administration B) the moral effects of government policies C) work as a source of identity D) the social impact of government on groups and individuals Answer: D Page Ref: 13 64) The most experimental of the social sciences is: A) sociology B) psychology C) archaeology D) economics Answer: B Page Ref: 13 65) If a broad spectrum of the population is surveyed at a given time, the study is called: A) longitudinal B) inferential C) descriptive D) cross sectional Answer: D Page Ref: 17 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 12 TEST BANK 66) The totality of the phenomenon under study is called the: A) population B) universe C) sample D) inferential Answer: A Page Ref: 16-17 67) Participant observation: A) is exclusively used by anthropologists B) requires the researcher to disguise his or her identity C) involves experimental controls D) may compromise the objectivity of the researcher Answer: D Page Ref: 17 68) If we add the numerical values of all our cases together and divide by the number of cases, we get the: A) median B) mode C) mean D) moot Answer: C Page Ref: 19-20 69) Statistics that allow researchers to generalize to a population from a sample are called: A) correlational B) descriptive C) inferential D) longitudinal Answer: C Page Ref: 20 70) Descriptive statistics: A) permit researchers to generalize from samples B) convey information about central tendency C) allow researchers to test hypotheses D) convey information about atypical behavior Answer: B Page Ref: 20 71) Types of survey data include: A) questionnaires B) personal interviews C) previously gathered statistical information D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 16-17 72) Anthropologists have developed: A) laws governing ancient societies B) a number of theories C) methods of explaining human behavior D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 13 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 73) The classical, neoclassical, monetarist, Keynesian refers to the discipline of: A) economics B) anthropology C) sociology D) psychology Answer: A Page Ref: 11 74) The discipline that studies such disparate subjects as the environment, religion, politics, criminality, organization, and so on, is: A) history B) sociology C) political science D) psychology Answer: B Page Ref: 13 75) Symbolic interactionism, functionalism, conflict, feminism, exchange are: A) economic theories B) issues in psychology C) theoretical models used by sociologists and anthropologists D) the vocabulary of computer science Answer: C Page Ref: 10-13 1.3 Essay Questions 1) If you were a social scientist and you wanted to establish the existence of a relationship between single parenthood and social class, what kind of a research design would you choose? Explain why your particular choice is the best, as well as the steps you will have to follow. Answer: Page Ref: 2) There has been pressure on a number of state legislatures to give legal status to gay and lesbian unions, and a few states have done so. You, as a social scientist, are conducting research on how the American people feel about the issue. How do you go about it? Do your feelings interfere with the way you form your questions? With the way you report the answers? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 14 TEST BANK Chapter 2 In the Beginning… 2.1 True/False Questions 1) Life on earth began on dry land and moved into the oceans. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 27 2) The advantage of mammals was that they were larger than the reptiles. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 37 3) Mammals took to the trees as a result of climatic changes on earth. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 37 4) Prosimians developed grasping hands with which they hung onto branches. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 37 5) The first hominid appeared on earth some 90 million years ago. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 38 6) Humans evolved in a straight line from prosimian to Ramapithecus. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 37 7) Homo sapiens is descended from monkeys. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 38 8) CroMagnon humans have given us the stereotype of the "caveman." Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 42 9) Until the invention of agriculture, humans survived by hunting and gathering alone. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 42 10) Biological and cultural evolution proceeded separately. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 44 11) Walking on two feet instead of four was a successful adaptation for humans to their environment. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 44 12) When human mothers began to walk on two feet, they became less effective food providers because they had to hold on to their babies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 44 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 15 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) All manner of social processes developed from biological changes in our prehuman ancestors. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 44 14) Organization into troops, tribes, and tribal confederations became necessary with the increase in numbers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 44 15) The discovery of fire contributed to the development of language and religion. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 44 16) Human nature and the way of life of people emerged in tandem with biological developments. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 44-45 17) The theory of evolution proposes that species change to adapt to changing environments. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 28-29 18) The biblical view is one of immutable creation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 28 19) The 19th century introduced a questioning attitude that made the work of Darwin and Mendel acceptable. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 29 20) Darwin maintained that species were changeable, that they evolved into more successful forms, and that the less successful forms became extinct. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 21) The mechanism at work in evolution is natural selection. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 22) Gregor Mendel said that the traits of each parent are blended in the offspring. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 30 23) Natural selection is a process in which all of an individual's traits are passed on to his/her offspring. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 30 24) A trait that helps in survival is at first acquired at random. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 25) The science that studies heredity is evolution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 30 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 16 TEST BANK 26) Chromosomes are organized into genes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 31-32 27) The genetic blueprints are contained in the cell nucleus. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 32 28) A person's genotype is his/her visible traits. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 34 29) An offspring receives two genes for each trait, one from each parent. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 32 30) Genes are made up of a complex biochemical substance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31 31) Permanent changes in genetic material are called gene flow. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 34 32) Gene flow is the movement of genes from one breeding population to another. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 34 33) Genetic drift causes changes in the gene pool. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 34 34) Speciation is the evolution of one species from another. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 35) Variation among humans occurs because of heredity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31-35 36) There are a definite number of races in the world. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 35 37) A race is a breeding population in which a number of inherited traits appear with great frequency. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 38) The traits that differ among breeding populations are adaptations to a specific environment at a certain stage of evolution. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 17 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 2.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Evolution refers to: A) the gradual development of living organisms over time B) the development of humans from early forms of hominids C) the process of genetic flow and mutation D) the beginning of technology in human history Answer: A Page Ref: 28 2) Definite Homo sapiens fossils date back approximately: A) 12 billion years B) 75, 000 years C) 1 million years D) 2000 years Answer: B Page Ref: 40 3) To which of the following categories do humans belong? A) animalia B) chordata C) vertebrata D) hominidae E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 38 4) What was the situation on earth ten million years ago, compared to five million years ago? A) Five million years ago the world was inhabited by apes. B) Homo sapiens sapiens appeared five million years ago. C) Ten million years ago the earth was inhabited by hominids. D) Five millions years ago hominids appeared, and ten million years ago the earth was full of apes. Answer: D Page Ref: 39 5) The fossil remains of the Neanderthals have been found: A) only in western Europe B) in North Africa C) in the Fertile Crescent D) on all continents except Oceania and the Americas Answer: D Page Ref: 41-42 6) The CroMagnon are: A) an African tribe contemporary to the Neanderthal B) definitely classified as Homo sapiens sapiens C) what is meant by the stereotype of a caveman D) the inventors of agriculture Answer: B Page Ref: 42 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 18 TEST BANK 7) It is thought that Homo sapiens sapiens first arrived in the Americas by way of the: A) Panama Canal B) Fertile Crescent C) Bering Strait D) Persian Gulf Answer: C Page Ref: 42 8) Which statement is true? A) The earth is the center of the universe B) The Milky Way galaxy is the largest in the universe C) The Big Bang theory is the only possible explanation for the origin of the universe D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 25-26 9) The first form of life was probably a: A) onecelled organism called thermophile B) onecelled organism on land C) multicelled organism on both land and in water D) multicelled organism in the air Answer: A Page Ref: 27 10) Which early thinkers believed that life changed by adapting to different environments? A) Christian thinkers B) Greek and Roman thinkers C) followers of Biblical writings D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 28 11) During the 17th and 18th centuries, events and trends led to an emphasis on: A) stability B) lack of critical thinking C) change D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 28 12) Darwin's famous work, On the Origin of Species, stated that: A) species do change B) change results from adaptation to the environment C) natural selection is the basis of evolutionary change D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 29-30 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 19 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) Natural selection refers to: A) lack of adaptation B) having a trait or traits useful in a change of environment C) creationism D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 30 14) Darwin's theory lacked an explanation of: A) how traits were transmitted to offspring B) environmental influences C) how species changed D) why chimps did not evolve into humans Answer: A Page Ref: 30 15) Gregor Mendel's experiments indicated that traits: A) would disappear completely B) were blended C) were either dominant or recessive D) would repeat themselves in every third generation Answer: C Page Ref: 30 16) The original size of the universe, according to the Big Bang theory, was: A) unthinkable in its vastness B) submicroscopic C) about that of a grapefruit D) no larger than our solar system Answer: B Page Ref: 25 17) The chemical basis of the gene consists of: A) ABC B) BBD C) DNA D) DOC Answer: C Page Ref: 33 18) Regarding chromosomes, it is true that: A) they are found in the nucleus of a cell B) humans have 46 of them C) each parent contributes half of them to the offspring D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 31 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 20 TEST BANK 19) Change in a gene caused by a change in its chemical composition is called: A) mutation B) gene drift C) gene flow D) speciation Answer: A Page Ref: 33-34 20) Change in the gene frequency when traits are lost by chance in a small population is referred to as: A) gene flow B) gene presence C) gene drift D) gene theft Answer: C Page Ref: 34 21) The movement of genes from one population to another is: A) gene flow B) mutation C) speciation D) gene loss Answer: A Page Ref: 34 22) Speciation refers to: A) one species becoming larger B) a species separating into new species that cannot interbreed with one another C) the development of the human species D) the disappearance of a species Answer: B Page Ref: 34-35 23) Human evolution is: A) based only on biochemical changes B) also related to cultural factors like mating customs C) not related to any genetic factors D) a figment of the creationists' imagination Answer: B Page Ref: 35-36 24) The first major primate adaptation was to: A) mountains B) trees C) water D) deserts Answer: B Page Ref: 37 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 21 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 25) Hominids are primates that exhibit: A) bipedal locomotion B) tool making C) fire D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 37-38 26) Studies of human fossils and molecular evidence: A) agree that hominids appeared 14 million years ago B) differ in that fossil studies show humans to be only 4 million years old C) show that hominids appeared between 7 and 5 million years ago D) prove that humans were created only six thousand years ago Answer: C Page Ref: 38 27) Australopithecus robustus, Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus boisei had these traits in common: A) very tall bodies B) macrobiotic diet C) they coexisted by exploiting different resources D) ability to write Answer: C Page Ref: 39 28) Homo sapiens: A) has a multiregional origin B) had teeth like presentday apes C) hunted alone D) lived in an urban setting Answer: A Page Ref: 38 29) Neanderthals: A) had tall bodies but thin skulls B) exhibited no brow ridges C) buried their dead D) had organized religion Answer: C Page Ref: 41-42 30) The hominid that lived in France 35,000 years ago and painted cave walls was: A) Homo habilis B) Homo erectus C) Cro-Magnon D) Piltdown Man E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 42 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 22 TEST BANK 31) Agriculture developed: A) only in the Near East B) only in Central America C) in several areas independently D) only in Palestine Answer: C Page Ref: 42-44 32) Agriculture stimulated: A) population growth B) permanent settlements C) warfare D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 43 33) The enlargement of the human brain is related to: A) a long period of human infant dependency B) increasingly complex behavior C) greater dependence on learning D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 44 34) Human females are unusual among primates in that they have: A) estrus B) continual sexual receptivity C) less intelligence than human males D) larger brains than human males Answer: B Page Ref: 44 35) Humans are unusual mammals in that : A) they walk on two feet B) care for infants C) eat meat D) are social E) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 44 36) Molecular biologists: A) have found that we differ substantially from the apes in genetic makeup B) have shown that we are very close to the apes in genetic makeup C) state that humans are really kinds of monkeys D) have made little progress in determining our relationship to apes Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 23 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 37) The ancestors of crabs, lobsters, and insects deserve credit for: A) providing food for the first humans B) forcing humans to leave the warm waters of the oceans C) being the first creatures to seek life on dry land D) forming the first proteins Answer: C Page Ref: 27 38) Mammals: A) made their appearance on earth some 65 to 55 million years ago B) fed at night to stay out of the way of gigantic reptiles C) became accustomed to be active in cool temperatures D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 38 39) Humans, monkeys, and apes are all: A) mammals B) primates C) arthropods D) BOTH mammals and primates Answer: D Page Ref: 38 40) In the evolutionary process: A) every organism progresses through a number of definite stages B) random characteristics prove to be successful in adaptation C) monkeys eventually become human D) smallbrained animals invariably become large brained Answer: B Page Ref: 30 41) All the visible or apparent traits of an individual constitute that individual's: A) phenotype B) genotype C) chromosome D) nucleus Answer: A Page Ref: 34 42) A population whose members are capable of breeding among themselves but are incapable of breeding with other populations is a: A) gene pool B) race C) hybrid stock D) species Answer: D Page Ref: 34 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 24 TEST BANK 43) Permanent changes in genetic material are referred to as: A) speciation B) races C) mutations D) hybridizations Answer: C Page Ref: 33-34 44) Protoplasm: A) is the basic building block of life B) refers to the first living things, probably microorganisms C) is found in fossil remains D) is a kind of complex protein Answer: B Page Ref: 27 45) Monkeys, apes, and humans all belong to the same order of: A) prosimians B) hominids C) pithecines D) primates Answer: D Page Ref: 37 46) Agriculture: A) marks the beginning of permanent settlements B) was brought to Europe from the New World C) originated in Africa D) failed to spread to other areas until communication techniques improved Answer: A Page Ref: 42 47) All primates share an important social characteristic: A) organization into troops with hierarchies of dominance B) organization into nations and empires C) reciprocal altruism D) the incest taboo Answer: A Page Ref: 44 48) The discovery of agriculture had one of the following results: A) the amount of protein in the human diet decreased, leading to a decrease in brain size B) Homo sapiens became warm blooded C) humans began to bury their dead D) surpluses of food emerged, allowing people to concentrate on the development of social structure Answer: D Page Ref: 44 49) Gregor Mendel is known for having contributed to the science of: A) biochemistry B) evolution C) genetics D) mathematics Answer: C Page Ref: 30 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 25 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 50) Darwin's view of nature stipulated that: A) the biggest and strongest species survive B) successful species annihilate lesser species C) species compete for living space and resources D) there is an abundance of resources for all Answer: C Page Ref: 29-30 51) The "modern synthesis" refers to: A) a combination of Karl von Linne's work with that of Charles Darwin B) Judeo-Christian evolutionism C) the combining of Darwinian theory with Mendelian genetics D) the application of Darwin's theory to the evolution of human societies Answer: C Page Ref: 30 52) Cytogenetics is concerned with: A) natural selection B) the transmission of genes across generations C) biochemical and cellular events D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 31 53) A group of individuals who breed with one another because they live in the same general territory is called: A) a sub-species B) an inbreeding population C) a hybrid population D) ramaphithecines Answer: B Page Ref: 33 54) Ramapithecus refers to fossil remains of: A) ground dwelling hominoids B) tree dwelling hominoids C) ground dwelling hominids D) tree dwelling hominids Answer: A Page Ref: 37 55) Based on molecular analysis, it appears that the split between hominoid and hominid occurred: A) 13 million years ago B) between 7 and 5 million years ago C) no more than two million years ago D) 15 million years ago Answer: B Page Ref: 39 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 26 TEST BANK 56) The chances of mutation occurring in a gene are about: A) five in 1,000,000 B) one in 100,000 C) one in 10,000 D) one in 1,000 Answer: A Page Ref: 34 57) Gene mutation may occur through: A) radiation B) chemical reactions C) heat D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 34 58) The family name for human beings and their ancestors, Australopithecus and Homo erectus, is: A) Anthropoidea B) Hominoidea C) Hominidae D) Homo Sapiens Answer: C Page Ref: 38 59) The earliest hard evidence of human presence in the New World goes back: A) 12,000 years B) 40,000 years C) 100,000 years D) 300,000 years Answer: A Page Ref: 40 60) The world's very first farmers are thought to have inhabited: A) a 2,000 mile arc from the Persian Gulf to what are today Israel and Jordan B) the central plains of North America C) Central America, south of the Yucatan peninsula D) Central Asia, from the Altai Mountains to the Tibetan Plateau Answer: A Page Ref: 43 61) At the hominid stage, walking upright: A) led to the enlargement of the brain B) facilitated gestation and child bearing C) made it easier to sight predators and prey D) made it easier to carry tools Answer: C Page Ref: 38 62) The helplessness of the newborn human is used to explain: A) hunting and gathering societies B) the loss of estrus in human females C) a division of labor based on sex D) the enslavement of women Answer: C Page Ref: 44 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 27 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 63) Natural selection, when applied to human beings, has tended to favor those individuals who: A) acted upon impulse B) were the fiercest fighters C) learned best and remembered longest D) accumulated the greatest surplus Answer: C Page Ref: 30 64) The two competing theories of the origins of modern humans are called: A) "Out of Africa" and "Multiregional" B) "homo erectus" and "Neanderthal" C) "Homo erectus" and "Homo Sapiens" D) "unilineal" and "multilineal" Answer: A Page Ref: 38 65) "Lucy," a fossilized specimen found in Ethiopia, is thought to be the common ancestor of: A) Homo habilis and Homo erectus B) Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus boisei C) Australopithecus and Homo, although the latter's evolution continued in a different direction D) Homo sapiens and Homo erectus Answer: C Page Ref: 39 (box) 66) New dating techniques have estimated the earliest known fossil of the genus Homo to be: A) 5 million years old B) 2.4 million years old C) 8.6 million years old D) 75,000 years old Answer: B Page Ref: 39 67) All modern living human groups are classified as: A) Homo sapiens B) Homo sapiens sapiens C) Homo incipiens D) Homo erectus Answer: B Page Ref: 40 68) The three most general categories of living things, after the classification into kingdom, are: A) genus, family, and suborder B) phylum, order, and superfamily C) phylum, subphylum, and class D) order, suborder, and superfamily Answer: C Page Ref: 38 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 28 TEST BANK 69) Homo sapiens sapiens stands for: A) order, suborder, and family B) genus, family, and species C) genus, species, and variety D) subclass, suborder, and species Answer: C Page Ref: 38 70) Apes and humans are part of the same: A) superfamily B) family C) genus D) species Answer: A Page Ref: 38 71) Scientists at NASA, using the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, pegged the age of the universe at: A) 6,000 years B) 6 billion years C) 13.7 billion years D) 10 billion years Answer: C Page Ref: 26 72) The contents of the universe include: A) dark matter B) atoms C) dark energy D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 26 73) As the universe cooled and expanded: A) planet earth was formed B) gravity and electromagnetism appeared C) weak and strong nuclear forces working within atoms appeared D) only B and C Answer: D Page Ref: 26 74) The genes of humans and chimps: A) differ only in number B) are 99 percent identical C) are totally distinct D) differ in shape Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 29 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 75) The fact that a genetic mutation in humans diminished the size of the jaw allowed: A) the brain to grow larger B) the growth of teeth C) humans to chew meat D) for differentiation from apes Answer: A Page Ref: 34 76) Brain growth could not have occurred: A) without the previous growth of the skull B) with the initial human diet C) without the intervention of a superforce D) if humans had remained in the trees Answer: A Page Ref: 34 2.3 Essay Questions 1) Recount the scientific explanation of the creation of the universe. How does it differ from the biblical explanation? In what ways is it more difficult to comprehend? Is it possible to reconcile the two explanations? Which explanation do you personally accept? Defend your position. Answer: Page Ref: 2) Summarize the theory of evolution and the process of natural selection. How can racial differences be explained according to natural selection? According to the laws of genetics? Which would produce the most vigorous human being, genetic drift, gene flow, or gene frequency? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 30 TEST BANK Chapter 3 Culture: Product and Guide to Life in Society 3.1 True/False Questions 1) Cultural relativity requires tolerance and understanding of cultural features as they appear in their societal settings. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 67-68 2) A jail sentence is a positive unofficial sanction. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 65-66 3) Our biological heritage has enabled us to create culture, just as other animals developed their own cultures. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 52 4) Culture provides people with patterns of organized behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 51 5) Language plays a significant part in the development and transmission of culture. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 56-58 6) The automobile is an example of nonmaterial culture. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 59-60 7) The violation of norms is punished by the society as a whole. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 60-63 8) Folkways regulate significant areas of human life. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 63 9) Folkway violations are severely punished by the society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 63 10) Baseball is a culture complex in American society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 66 11) Religion is an institution that emerged to reduce people's fear of the unknown and to add purpose to life. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 67 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 31 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) Ethnocentrism suggests that there are no universal norms or moral absolutes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 67-68 13) Differences among human groups derive from the fact that we have a number of different ancestors. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 67-68 14) Each society develops a distinct culture, but all cultures share similarities. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 69-70 15) Folkways, mores, taboos, and laws are all part of material culture. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 60-63 16) Some official negative sanctions may deprive people of life and liberty. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 66 17) The cognitive component of cultures is the most important because it includes rules for behavior. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 61 18) A counterculture is a group in society that adopts a value system and goals that are in basic agreement to those of the larger culture. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 71-72 19) The goal of cultural relativity is to accept and cherish the cultural values of others. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 67-68 20) It is safe to say that more people practice ethnocentrism than cultural relativity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 68 21) Many more people conform to social norms than do not. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 62 22) Social control is unnecessary in a free democratic society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 65-66 23) Positive sanctions are used as methods of social control. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 64-66 24) Ethnocentrism means to analyze a culture on its own terms. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 67-68 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 32 TEST BANK 3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Americans are likely to experience culture shock: A) every time a new administration comes into office B) when they inadvertently see a pornographic movie C) when they come in contact with an unfamiliar culture D) when they witness atrocities committed in wars Answer: C Page Ref: 50 2) The double standard in the behavior of people in society is acknowledged by the existence of a(n): A) overt and covert culture B) moral and immoral culture C) legal and illegal culture D) ethical and unethical culture Answer: A Page Ref: 66 3) Some American Indians cannot express the idea of time in their tribal languages. This fact shows that: A) their culture is still at a primitive stage B) they have not yet reached the industrial stage of evolution when time is money C) like all lowerclass persons, they focus on the present D) time is not an important value in their culture Answer: D Page Ref: 61 4) The development of modern culture is CHIEFLY dependent upon: A) bifocalism B) upright posture C) grasping ability of the hand D) complex brain development E) complex symbolic communication Answer: E Page Ref: 54-55 5) Norms are essentially: A) what is right B) what is most feared C) rules for behavior D) systems of rewards and punishment Answer: C Page Ref: 62-63 6) The most important category of norms for maintaining social order are: A) folkways B) mores C) customs D) traditions Answer: B Page Ref: 63 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 33 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 7) Which type of norms is most easily changed or modified? A) folkways B) mores C) laws D) taboos Answer: C Page Ref: 64 8) Which of the following is an example of a culture trait? A) the family B) marriage C) wedding rings D) exchanging wedding vows E) BOTH rings and exchanging wedding vows Answer: E Page Ref: 66 9) Which of the following is an example of a culture complex? A) a football B) goal posts C) team uniforms D) playing football Answer: D Page Ref: 66 10) Systems of beliefs and behavior designed to meet basic human needs are called: A) the welfare system B) religions C) government D) institutions Answer: D Page Ref: 66 11) Cultural relativity ideally implies: A) that moral values different from one's own are all wrong B) everyone's crazy except you and me (and I'm not sure about you!) C) mindless acceptance of all cultural values of others D) tolerance and respect for the cultural values of others Answer: D Page Ref: 67-68 12) The most important differences among humans are based on: A) biology B) species separation C) culture D) physical aspect Answer: C Page Ref: 51-52 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 34 TEST BANK 13) Culture is the basis of: A) human social life B) not only human, but also ant society C) all animal groups D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 50-51 14) Culture is based on: A) instinct B) simple learning only C) learning through symbols D) genetic heredity Answer: C Page Ref: 55-56 15) Language: A) helps humans to cooperate B) passes on knowledge from generation to generation C) reflects changes in society D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 56-59 16) Sapir and Whorf believe that: A) the structure of a language shapes a people's view of the world B) language has no part in mental attitudes C) languages are limited to the number of words for any given object D) preverbal communication is more important than verbal Answer: A Page Ref: 59 17) Biological factors, which make the development of culture possible, include: A) vision in depth B) opposable thumb C) erect walking posture D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 52 18) Material culture: A) has no relation to symbols B) illustrates the evolution of tools and includes all objects made by humans C) is of limited importance to humans D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 59-60 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 35 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 19) Knowing the workings of a car engine represents which kind of knowledge? A) normative B) cognitive C) ruleoriented D) valueoriented Answer: B Page Ref: 62 20) Norms are: A) internalized in most cases B) guidelines for human behavior C) reflections of values D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 60-63 21) Burning your neighbor's house down is considered a serious offense. It is a violation of: A) folkways B) mores C) table manners D) taboos Answer: B Page Ref: 63 22) Love of money, peace, and God are American: A) norms B) folkways C) values D) mores Answer: C Page Ref: 61-62 23) In the United States: A) values, norms, and beliefs are always in agreement B) values, norms, and beliefs are unimportant C) values, norms, and beliefs are often in conflict D) people value and believe what they please because it's a free country Answer: C Page Ref: 63 24) In the United States, an example of a taboo is: A) making money B) marrying a sister C) gambling D) climbing Mt. Rushmore Answer: B Page Ref: 63 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 36 TEST BANK 25) Laws are: A) informal norms B) formal norms enforced by the state C) casual folkways D) less important than folkways Answer: B Page Ref: 63 26) People often accept social control based on: A) positive sanctions B) negative sanctions C) harsh rules D) violence Answer: A Page Ref: 65-66 27) There is a tendency for people to: A) rebel against group norms B) accept group norms C) respond only to negative sanctions D) respond only to violence Answer: B Page Ref: 66 28) Americans proclaim the need for honesty, but cheat on their tax returns. This situation indicates that: A) the overt culture is consistent B) Americans often follow a covert culture in actual behavior C) there is no covert culture in the United States D) people are only human Answer: B Page Ref: 66 29) A culture complex is: A) one cultural trait B) a psychological condition C) a cluster of traits centered around a common activity D) a theater, symphony hall, and museum Answer: C Page Ref: 66 30) Institutions are: A) unimportant B) found among all animals C) traditional habits centering around fundamental human needs D) places like schools and banks Answer: C Page Ref: 67 31) Which is an example of a pivotal social institution? A) A rock band B) The economy C) A jail D) A symphony orchestra Answer: B Page Ref: 67 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 37 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 32) To say that American music is the best in the world is an example of: A) ethnocentrism B) cultural relativity C) the truth D) a value Answer: A Page Ref: 67-68 33) Cultural universals include: A) personal adornment B) music C) food taboos D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 64-65 34) Which is an example of a subculture? A) American culture B) teenage customs C) French culture D) Kiwi culture Answer: B Page Ref: 70-71 35) A counterculture: A) emphasizes math B) is based in stores C) opposes values of the mainstream culture D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 71 36) Most animal behavior is determined by: A) symbolic interaction B) a system of symbols C) biology and instinct D) animal culture Answer: C Page Ref: 56 37) The principal difference between people and other animals is that: A) animals are larger and stronger B) people communicate with symbols while animals communicate with signals C) biology dictates human behavior while instincts direct animal behavior D) people live in families while animals live in tribes Answer: B Page Ref: 56 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 38 TEST BANK 38) The most essential element of culture is: A) cooperation B) group activities C) a warning system D) language Answer: D Page Ref: 56 39) When does a society need laws? A) when people commit too many sins B) when the court system declares that they are needed C) when the folkways and mores are not sufficient to control behavior D) when it is necessary to create folkways and mores Answer: C Page Ref: 64 40) The cognitive component of culture: A) includes knowledge, beliefs, and technology B) is made up of rules for behavior C) consists of values and morals D) is part of material culture Answer: A Page Ref: 60 41) Which of the following is an example of material culture? A) A football game B) The football itself C) The NFL rules D) "competition is good for you" Answer: B Page Ref: 59-60 42) "Personal space" is defined differently in different societies. Therefore, we can say that: A) culture shapes both verbal and nonverbal behavior B) personal space is controlled genetically C) many people have no manners D) nonverbal behavior is not part of culture Answer: A Page Ref: 56 43) The evaluation that a certain phenomenon is good, beautiful, moral, right, and therefore desirable is termed a: A) norm B) guideline C) folkway D) value Answer: D Page Ref: 61-62 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 39 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 44) Humans depend on others for full development and generally live in groups. They are: A) cultural B) social C) intelligent D) symbolic Answer: B Page Ref: 50 45) "Head hunting is wrong." This statement is made from the point of view of: A) ethnocentrism B) cultural relativity C) ethnic uniformity D) cultural pride Answer: A Page Ref: 67-68 46) When we refer to how people really behave, we: A) use statistical norms B) refer to the ideal norms C) speak of mores D) use folkways Answer: A Page Ref: 66 47) Ethnocentrism refers to: A) an attitude with which members of one society judge another society according to their own standards B) the attitude that cultures be analyzed on their own terms C) the attitude that certain values and practices are common to all cultures D) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 67-68 48) The attitude of some Americans toward the minorities in their midst shows: A) culture shock B) the importance of culture C) cultural superiority D) cultural relativity Answer: B Page Ref: 50 49) Pivotal institutions: A) arise from fundamental human needs B) include government, the economy, education, the family, and religion C) differ in traits and culture complexes from society to society D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 67 50) If culture is comparable to a script for a play, then: A) individuals may be compared to playwrights B) the economy may be compared to the director C) society may be compared to a troupe of actors D) social scientists may be compared to stage hands Answer: C Page Ref: 52 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 40 TEST BANK 51) Human life is acted out within a triangle of: A) rules, roles, and norms B) society, culture, and the individual C) income, safety, and deference D) class, status, and power Answer: B Page Ref: 52 52) The creation of culture, unlike playwriting: A) is the work of generations B) is not always a deliberate act C) never results in a final authorized script D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 52 53) Society and culture: A) are interrelated and interdependent B) are in continual conflict C) are separate phenomena D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 50 54) Culture: A) is based on symbols in animals and on signals among humans B) is a property of all higher animal groups C) is arguably possessed to some degree by nonhuman primates as well as humans D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 56 55) Symbols differ from signals in that: A) symbols have universal meaning B) symbols are intrinsically meaningful C) symbols are biologically determined D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 55 56) Language, gestures, and music are: A) symbol systems B) cultural traits C) normative systems D) human values Answer: A Page Ref: 55 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 41 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 57) All languages encompass and express notions of: A) shame and guilt B) past and future C) love and endearment D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 58 58) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: A) may well be unintelligible as translated in some languages B) is the product of a distinct world view C) emphasizes the difficulty of understanding another culture as its participants understand it D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 59 59) Values in any society: A) dictate conduct in every situation B) are specifically spelled out C) are often contradictory D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 61-62 60) Violation of a folkway is considered: A) a violation striking to the very heart of society B) a legally punishable offense C) a slight to one's group, but not a punishable offense D) an incident of no consequence whatsoever Answer: C Page Ref: 64 61) In many societies, cannibalism is: A) a mos B) a cultural trait C) a taboo D) a cultural complex Answer: C Page Ref: 64 62) Official sanctions usually entail: A) public recognition B) the threat of force C) a transgression of the law D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 65-66 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 42 TEST BANK 63) Social control through the enforcement of norms works because: A) everyone fears pain and embarrassment B) individuals are anxious to be accepted C) people need to be manipulated D) independent thought and action are too hard Answer: B Page Ref: 65-66 64) The five pivotal institutions are: A) the economy, medicine, family, religion, and education B) the military, religion, government, family, and education C) the family, the economy, government, the military, and education D) the economy, government, religion, family, and education Answer: D Page Ref: 67 65) Ethnocentrism has two meanings. The version, which may alternatively be called ethnochauvinism, refers to the conviction that: A) one's own culture, subculture, or society is best, bar none B) women are subordinate in every culture C) other cultures can be judged by the standards of one's own D) the males of a given ethnic group are superior Answer: A Page Ref: 67 66) In one sense of the term, everyone is ethnocentric. This is because: A) it is virtually impossible not to view people and situations in terms of some of the norms and categories derived from one's own cultural experiences B) people are intolerant by nature C) people are afraid and distrustful of strangers D) it is impossible to understand another culture or subculture without having been raised in it Answer: A Page Ref: 67 67) An extreme example of the consequences of ethnocentrism in the sense of ethnochauvinism is: A) cultural relativity B) "ethnic cleansing" C) ethnic pluralism D) assimilation Answer: B Page Ref: 68 68) Similarities common to all cultures are called: A) pivotal institutions B) cultural universals C) culture traits D) culture complexes Answer: B Page Ref: 69 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 43 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 69) Contemporary technologically advanced societies tend to be: A) hexahedronal B) hermetic C) heterogeneous D) homogeneous E) homophonic Answer: C Page Ref: 69 70) An example of a temporary subculture would be: A) the MTV generation B) vegetarians C) monks in a convent D) players of chess Answer: A Page Ref: 70 71) An example of a permanent or enduring subculture would be: A) a group of guerrillas B) the military establishment C) life in a survivalist enclave D) a doomsday cult Answer: B Page Ref: 70 72) Countercultures are: A) subcultures that refuse to assimilate B) groups whose values differ from the mainstream C) groups whose values are in explicit opposition to those of the wider societal culture D) the most active subcultures E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 71 73) The research on an isolated Amazon tribe: A) supports the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis B) shows that perceptions affect reality C) language affects perceptions of reality D) only A and C Answer: D Page Ref: 59 74) Cultural change is always: A) fast and dramatic B) slow and imperceptible C) neither of the above D) both of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 50 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 44 TEST BANK 3.3 Essay Questions 1) Adorning one's body is a cultural universal. In the library or on the Internet, find crosscultural examples of how different this cultural universal is interpreted in at least five societies. Answer: Page Ref: 2) A new family moved in next door to you. The members wear sandals all year round. They throw the garbage out into the back yard. The children dye their hair green. Describe your new neighbors to your friends. Are you ethnocentric in your description? Do you allow for cultural relativity? How can their behavior be explained from the point of view of the culture or subculture in which they were socialized? Answer: Page Ref: 3) In the 2004 presidential election, the incumbent president received a majority of the votes because people understood him to stand for moral values. What do you understand by the term "moral values?" Do you think this administration represents such values? Why or why not? Are these values universally accepted in the United States? Answer: Page Ref: 4) Describe a cultural value to which your parents subscribe, but about which you are not quite sure. Which cultural values in American society are in the process of change, and how will such change affect social norms? What is the danger in unstable norms? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 45 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 4 Group Interaction: From Two to Millions 4.1 True/False Questions 1) Continued interaction with others is vital to an infant's survival, and thus to the human race. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 75 2) Groups, aggregates, and categories are the same thing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 83 3) Symbolic interaction among members is the foremost prerequisite for a group. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 85-86 4) Primary groups differ from secondary groups on the basis of size alone. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 85-86 5) The interactions at a corner gas station are secondary. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 86 6) Small groups form the basis of modern industrial societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 85 7) The largest group to which we belong is our family. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 85 8) The concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft resemble those of primary and secondary group. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 90 9) Individuals and groups interact through social processes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 90-92 10) Cooperation and competition are social processes, but conflict is not. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 92 11) A social system is an imaginary model of how social relationships work. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 76-77 12) Role conflict and role confusion are common in modern societies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 81 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 46 TEST BANK 13) Failure to carry out successfully the roles for which individuals are prepared may result in frustration and even in mental illness. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 81 14) In American society, the individual has complete freedom of action. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 76 15) Reference groups provide patterns of behavior for individuals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 87 16) A number of people make up a group if there is some kind of communication among them that results in mutual adjustment of behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 83-84 17) The smallest of groups consists of two members and is called a triad. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 84 18) Achieved status is more prevalent than ascribed status in industrial societies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 78-79 19) Gemeinschaft societies are large and heterogeneous, just as modern industrial societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 90 20) Social organization may be defined as the network of patterned behavior that is the product of interaction. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 76 21) People usually experience consistency in their statuses because all statuses are equally important in a person's life. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 78-79 22) Generally, one performs some social roles better than others because some roles are considered more important than others. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 80 23) The patterned and recurring ways in which individuals and groups interact make up the social structure. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 76 24) Ingroups are those that confer upon their members a social identity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 87 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 47 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 25) Groups such as fraternities, clubs, and occupational cliques are involuntary organizations. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 87 4.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The family is the prime example of a(n): A) Gesellschaft B) secondary group C) voluntary group D) primary group Answer: D Page Ref: 86 2) If the daughter of a factory worker wants to become the president of the company for which her father works, we may assume that: A) she has a different reference group than her social class would indicate B) her father has special connections to the boss C) the daughter likes to daydream D) she has been reading too many yuppie biographies Answer: A Page Ref: 87 3) Which is false of reference groups? They: A) provide standards against which we measure ourselves B) are important during socialization C) affect our values, goals, attitudes, and behavior D) are groups to which we belong from birth on Answer: D Page Ref: 87 4) Faulty role performance: A) may create much stress B) sometimes occurs by chance C) could mean that another role is being performed well D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 81 5) Which of the following is likely to be an involuntary group? The: A) Boston Bruins B) Ku Klux Klan C) campaign staff working for presidential candidate D) the Smith family Answer: D Page Ref: 87 6) A reference group is a(n): A) group of which one is a member without having asked to be B) formal or informal organization to which one belongs C) hierarchical system in an organization D) group to which an individual aspires to belong Answer: D Page Ref: 87 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 48 TEST BANK 7) When interaction is guided by shared and patterned expectations of behavior, the social system has acquired a(n): A) social process B) social structure C) social stability D) social value system Answer: B Page Ref: 76 8) Which is NOT an element of social structure? A) Norms B) Concepts C) Statuses D) Roles Answer: B Page Ref: 76-77 9) Which is an ascribed status? A) Black female B) President of the U.S. C) Exotic dancer D) Thief Answer: A Page Ref: 78-79 10) Role conflicts tend to occur: A) over scarce resources B) within aggregates C) because we must fulfill several demanding roles simultaneously D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 81 11) Emotional stress and maladjustment may occur as a result of: A) faulty role performance B) status inconsistency C) improperly learned roles D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 81 12) Which of the following is a group? A) commuters riding a train B) spectators watching the construction of a building C) lines of people at a supermarket checkout counter D) softball players performing in a playoff tournament Answer: D Page Ref: 83 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 49 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) Which of the following would fit Charles Horton Cooley's classification of a primary group? A) Redheads B) Tourists visiting a resort C) A married couple D) A sales clerk and a customer Answer: C Page Ref: 85-87 14) The allocation of tasks to particular individuals who specialize in performing them is referred to as: A) division of labor B) status fulfillment C) ascribed status D) status specialization Answer: A Page Ref: 89 15) Studying interaction within a human family would occur on a: A) microsocial level B) macrosocial level C) macroscopic level D) microscopic level Answer: A Page Ref: 76 16) Studying the interaction between government and the economy would occur on a: A) microsocial level B) macrosocial level C) secondhand level D) macroscopic level Answer: B Page Ref: 76 17) Social systems are based on: A) expectations as to the behavior of others B) chaos C) haphazard behavior D) disorganization Answer: A Page Ref: 76 18) Social structure refers to: A) biological cell patterns B) norms, roles, and groups in a social system C) patterns of individual behavior D) what the individual becomes in society Answer: B Page Ref: 76-77 19) Norms are: A) social rules of behavior B) important institutions C) specific roles D) name given to certain kinds of laws Answer: A Page Ref: 94 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 50 TEST BANK 20) A mother preparing lunch for her child is an example of a (n): A) status B) role C) macrolevel behavior D) unliberated woman Answer: B Page Ref: 80 21) A general in an army chart of command positions would constitute a: A) status B) role C) norm D) institution Answer: A Page Ref: 94 22) Statuses are based on: A) division of labor B) age C) gender D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 77-78 23) In the United States, a college degree is generally associated with: A) achieved status B) ascribed status C) no status D) castes Answer: A Page Ref: 77-78 24) Achieved status would be especially important in: A) ancient Egypt B) 19th century India C) feudal Europe D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 77-78 25) The master status of George W. Bush was: A) husband B) president C) dog owner D) jogger Answer: B Page Ref: 79 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 51 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 26) A police officer follows a speeding car and when the car finally stops, she is horrified to discover her husband at the wheel. In giving him a ticket, she experiences: A) fear of a divorce B) role conflict C) no role involvement D) a master status Answer: B Page Ref: 81 27) A working wife and mother is likely to encounter: A) no role involvement B) role happiness C) role strain D) the best of both roles Answer: C Page Ref: 81 28) The smallest group is constituted by the: A) triad B) quadrad C) dyad D) monad Answer: C Page Ref: 84 29) The largest group to which a person belongs is: A) triad B) family C) primary group D) society E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 85 30) A secondary group is characterized by: A) small size B) daily contact C) intimacy D) formal interaction Answer: D Page Ref: 86 31) A good example of a primary group is: A) the U.S. Army B) a family C) AT&T Corp. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 86 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 52 TEST BANK 32) One British psychologist believes that the Western family causes most of the mental illness in individuals. This theory implies that: A) the primary group is always helpful to the individual B) primary group relations can be harmful to the individual C) secondary relations are more important than primary ones D) none of the above are relevant Answer: B Page Ref: 86 33) For a young guitar player, a rock band seen on TV would represent a(n): A) reference group B) membership group C) involuntary group D) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 85 34) To a person who belongs to it, a beer can collectors' club is a(n): A) reference group B) membership group C) voluntary group D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 85 35) Agrarian societies are based on: A) the use of the plow B) hunting animals C) factories D) farm animals Answer: A Page Ref: 87 36) Industrial societies are based on: A) kinship B) primary ties C) machines for production D) smokestacks Answer: C Page Ref: 88 37) A society based on close, personal ties is a: A) Gemeinschaft B) Gesellschaft C) Mineshaft D) family Answer: A Page Ref: 88 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 53 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 38) The microelements of societies are made up of: A) processes of social interaction B) diseases that harm societies C) problems of cement roads D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 87 39) The situation in the Middle East is an example of: A) competition B) cooperation C) conflict D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 92 40) The human social process most important for social interaction is: A) conflict B) competition C) cooperation D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 91 41) The group way of life characteristic of humans may be traced to: A) our human ancestors' way of life in trees B) the fact that human infants are helpless for a long period of time C) a faulty genetic development D) the small size of humans relative to other animals Answer: B Page Ref: 76 42) Symbolic interaction: A) excludes written language B) is entirely nonverbal C) includes gestures, speech, and music D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 83 43) A social system: A) is a model B) is a concept C) illustrates how social relationships work in a group D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 76 44) Social organization: A) may be analyzed at the microsocial and the macrosocial levels B) is a fixed set of rules C) is sometimes used interchangeably with social structure D) is microsocial, macrosocial, and interchangeable with social structure Answer: D Page Ref: 76 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 54 TEST BANK 45) The form of interaction that occurs when two or more individuals try to possess a scarce object or value is: A) violence B) coercion C) contest D) competition Answer: D Page Ref: 91-92 46) The earliest and least complex society was: A) agrarian B) pastoral C) hunting and gathering D) horticultural Answer: C Page Ref: 87-90 47) "The largest group of people inhabiting a specific territory and sharing a common culture" is a definition of a: A) nation B) state C) government D) society Answer: D Page Ref: 87 48) Utilitarian organizations include: A) the military, prisons, and mental hospitals B) businesses and industries of all types C) professional and religious organizations D) all of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 96 49) Weber's abstract model of bureaucracy entails: A) task specialization, governed by explicit rules B) a pyramid of authority based on inherited privilege C) leadership by a self-appointed elite D) systematic discrimination against minorities Answer: A Page Ref: 96 50) Critiques of bureaucratic forms of business administration argue that: A) explicit standards of quality control must be imposed by management B) employees are given too much discretion C) small organizations inevitably become bureaucracies D) vertical hierarchies of power are too sluggish Answer: D Page Ref: 96 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 55 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 51) A group way of life lends itself to disorder because: A) individuals differ in temperament, goals, and desires B) the world is based on randomness C) humans are solitary creatures D) human behavior is unpredictable Answer: D Page Ref: 86 52) Social life is organized and structured through: A) rules and regulations B) group situations and the positions of individuals C) patterns of actions D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 76-77 53) Tolerance of conflicting ideas has been: A) the downfall of industrialized societies B) one of the great contributions of democracy C) a major obstacle to establishing social order D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 90 54) Another way of saying that positions in a group are value-rated by group members is: A) statuses are ascribed B) authority is hierarchical C) statuses are ranked D) roles are scripted Answer: C Page Ref: 76 55) The norm of reciprocity entails: A) doing things in an institutionalized way B) working jointly in a common enterprise for a shared goal C) doing something in return for what someone has done for you D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 91 56) Societies in which ascribed statuses have been prevalent include: A) estate systems in feudal Europe B) industrial societies like the United States C) occupationally-based caste systems, as in pre-modern India D) A and C only E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 79 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 56 TEST BANK 57) Master status refers to: A) the attainment of recognized excellence B) a dominant position in a relationship C) the most widely recognized among several positions D) the position from which all other positions are derived Answer: C Page Ref: 80 58) Role strain: A) may occur within the confines of a single role B) may result from faulty role performance C) may occur when entrenched statuses become altered D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 81 59) The struggle of women and ethnic minorities to change certain discriminatory practices concerns: A) role strain B) ascribed statuses C) master statuses D) role conflict Answer: B Page Ref: 80 60) An example of a category would be: A) the N.A.A.C.P. B) the N.R.A. C) sharpshooters at a pistol range D) all the redheads currently imprisoned in the U.S. E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 83 61) "Humanity" is: A) an aggregate B) a group C) a category D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 83 62) Primary groups are basic to the development of: A) politics B) law C) personality D) social change Answer: C Page Ref: 85-86 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 57 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 63) Which of the following is NOT true of primary relations? A) they cannot exist in secondary groups B) they are always harmonious C) the family is the only source of primary relations D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 86 64) A person's family, in addition to being a primary group, is also a: A) voluntary group B) reference group C) membership D) Gesellschaft Answer: C Page Ref: 86 65) The most self-sufficient group is: A) the family B) the military C) one's in-group D) society Answer: D Page Ref: 87 66) Bureaucracy and extensive social differentiation initially occur in the historical transition from: A) hunting and gathering to pastoral society B) pastoral to horticultural society C) horticultural to agricultural society D) agricultural to industrial society Answer: C Page Ref: 96 67) A separation of institutional forms is most characteristic of: A) industrial societies B) agricultural societies C) pastoral societies D) horticultural societies Answer: A Page Ref: 94 68) Daniel Bell has called the newly emerging form of society: A) technological B) informational C) post-subsistence D) postindustrial Answer: D Page Ref: 90 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 58 TEST BANK 69) According to Daniel Bell, the first technological revolution: A) was the first of three such revolutions B) entailed the harnessing of electricity C) involved a change in farming techniques D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 90 70) Four primary social processes are: A) differentiation, stratification, conflict, and coercion B) accommodation, assimilation, conflict, and coercion C) exchange, reciprocity, competition, and conflict D) conflict, exchange, cooperation, and competition Answer: D Page Ref: 91 71) Conflict: A) underlies both competition and coercion B) is diametrically opposed to competition C) is a hostile form of struggle D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 91 72) Organizations differ from institutions in that: A) one cannot join an institution B) only a few organizations last long enough to become institutions C) institutions are organizations in which people no longer discuss the basis of the rules D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 94 73) A formal structure of an organization is its: A) leadership structure B) full-time employees C) bylaws and body of officers D) appearance to its general public Answer: C Page Ref: 94 74) Organizations open to all who feel their goals are worthwhile are called: A) public organizations B) voluntary associations C) utilitarian organizations D) formal organizations Answer: B Page Ref: 96 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 59 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 75) Utilitarian organizations are so named because they: A) produce useful things B) serve the practical purposes of their owners C) provide useful services to the community D) provide material benefits in exchange for work Answer: D Page Ref: 96 76) Max Weber intended his "ideal type" of bureaucracy as an: A) accurate description of existing bureaucracies B) idealized or exaggerated model of rational administration C) explanation of elite domination D) obviously false portrait of democratic administration Answer: B Page Ref: 96 77) An extreme type of coercive organization is called a(n): A) oligarchy B) economic institution C) public institution D) total institution E) bureaucratic institution Answer: D Page Ref: 96 78) A makeshift organizational network which often parallels bureaucratic administration is called: A) oligarchy B) humanized bureaucracy C) informal bureaucracy D) scientific management Answer: C Page Ref: 98 79) It is true that: A) formal organizations are the same as institutions B) formal organizations are based on groups of people C) institutions are groups of people D) institutions are voluntary Answer: B Page Ref: 94 80) Formal organizations have: A) clearly stated goals and policies B) no ranking of their members C) little durability D) no people in them Answer: A Page Ref: 94 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 60 TEST BANK 81) Americans who join voluntary associations are generally: A) poor B) black C) Catholic D) urban Answer: D Page Ref: 94 82) Bureaucracy is based on: A) ad hoc rules B) specialization C) unpredictability D) lack of authority Answer: B Page Ref: 96 4.3 Essay Questions 1) A young woman in the United States today is faced with a large number of options. If she is so inclined, she can follow a career path as far and as high as her hard work and intellect will allow. On the other hand, our society still values the roles of wife and mother, and as an individual, the young woman feels the need of forming a close relationship and eventually of creating a family of her own. What stresses and strains do you foresee for the young woman? Research how a majority of women in their child-bearing years manage to reconcile the forces pulling them in opposite directions. Answer: Page Ref: 2) We all experience life in primary groups. Describe the most important primary groups in which you are a member, and how they help or hinder your existence. Answer: Page Ref: 3) Bureaucracy in the form in which it has been practiced up to now has become counterproductive, in the opinion of most experts. Tell of some of your personal experiences with bureaucracies in which the system managed to make your life miserable. On the other hand, speculate how large organizations - and societies -can be administered more efficiently yet more humanely with another type of system. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 61 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 5 Becoming a Person: The Birth of Personality 5.1 True/False Questions 1) All personalities in a given culture develop in the same way. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 102 2) Personality is an abstract but dynamic configuration of a person's behavior and emotional traits that remain more or less consistent. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 104 3) Socialization is a learning process in which the new individual learns how to be human from those around him. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 107 4) Human infants are well disposed to accept socialization because they are dependent for such a long time. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 107 5) Symbolic interactionism is a school of philosophy developed by Charles Horton Cooley. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 110 6) Symbolic interaction precedes the acquisition of language, and the consciousness of self. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 110 7) According to Charles Horton Cooley, the human self must have other people who react toward it in order to emerge and develop. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 109 8) Socialization is an innate process through which an individual acquires the social and cultural heritage of the group. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 108 9) Psychodynamic theories are based on the view that biological drives are of central importance to human behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 110-111 10) The psychodynamic theory of Sigmund Freud postulates that fear of death gives rise to unconscious processes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 110-111 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 62 TEST BANK 11) Defense mechanisms are frequently unconscious feelings of hostility toward other people. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 111 12) The libido is the pleasure drive, represented by the id. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 110 13) Erik Erikson developed a number of psychosocial stages that parallel Freud's psychosexual stages of development, but encompass all of a person's life. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 111-113 14) Piaget was responsible for developing the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages of human development. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 113 15) Developmentalists like Jean Piaget stress that learning occurs through conditioning and is strongly affected by external factors. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 113 16) Rhesus monkeys - as well as human infants - show a need for close contact with others of their species, or a reasonable facsimile. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 105 17) The same environment is perceived differently by different individuals - even siblings - because of their unique genetic inheritance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 105 18) Each society develops its own personality type: the modal personality is representative of all members of a specific society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 107 19) Three fundamental human emotions are hunger, sex, and anger. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 108 20) The existence of the unconscious is a part of the socialization theory of George Herbert Mead. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 110 21) An infant's parents are most probably his or her first significant others. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 108 22) According to Erik Erikson, the reason young people overidentify with heroes and fall in love often is that they suffer from role confusion and are unsure of their identity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 112 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 63 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 23) Police officers are important agents of socialization in our society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 114-118 24) Socialization is a one-time occurrence - once you are socialized, you never have to be socialized again. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 120 25) The media have an insignificant role in the process of socialization. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 119 26) Sigmund Freud assumed that people were born with strong aggressive and libidinal tendencies which needed to be controlled by a well developed superego. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 110-111 5.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Specialized socialization occurs most frequently in: A) the family B) the peer group C) church D) occupational groups or organizations Answer: D Page Ref: 120 2) Individuals who become inmates of a total institution undergo the process of: A) anomie B) socialization C) desocialization D) resocialization Answer: D Page Ref: 120 3) The theory of symbolic interactionism in personality formation is associated with: A) William Sheldon B) Abraham Maslow C) Charles Horton Cooley D) George Herbert Mead Answer: D Page Ref: 110 4) A person who is suddenly set down on a commune in rural China would most likely undergo: A) change to conform to the Chinese modal personality B) the process of the lookingglass self C) the process of resocialization D) a severe anxiety attack Answer: C Page Ref: 120 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 64 TEST BANK 5) The emergence of the self as a result of interaction with others is a common thread in ALL BUT ONE of the following theories: A) lookingglass self B) symbolic interactionism C) behaviorism D) developmental theory Answer: C Page Ref: 110 6) Maturation is a term used by developmental psychologists to refer to: A) the development of personality B) physical (biological) development C) the development of natural resources D) the aging process, or senescence Answer: B Page Ref: 108 7) Which of the following refers to Piaget's developmental theory? A) Personality development acts independently of physical development B) Personality development proceeds in stages related to sensorymotor maturation C) Behavior is the product of genetic predispositions D) The most important influence on personality development is social class Answer: B Page Ref: 113 8) What is one difference between Freud's developmental stages and Erikson's? A) Freud stopped at adolescence B) Freud thought all conflicts were conscious C) Freud saw conflicts with parents as predominant D) Freud only worked with males Answer: A Page Ref: 110-113 9) According to George Herbert Mead, the self is: A) the subconscious mind B) an individual's selfconcept or selfawareness C) a person's conscience D) the equivalent of the libido in Freud's theory Answer: B Page Ref: 110 10) The "significant others" of Mead's theory are: A) important because they provide the initial role models B) unimportant because models do not influence personality C) constituted by governmental authorities who must be obeyed D) similar to the ego of Freud's theory Answer: A Page Ref: 110 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 65 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 11) An individual learns to be a human being by: A) instincts B) socialization C) cosmic influences D) in our society, watching television Answer: B Page Ref: 108 12) Socialization involves the use of which process to turn a "horde of barbarians" into productive human beings? A) trial and error B) reinforcement C) symbolic and physical interaction D) prohibition Answer: C Page Ref: 108 13) Maturation for humans involves: A) socialization B) the development of instincts C) physical development D) learning to be responsible Answer: C Page Ref: 104 14) Successful socialization for humans requires: A) the absence of others B) genes alone C) contact with other humans D) the existence of schools or the media Answer: C Page Ref: 106 15) A personality refers to: A) behavioral traits of a person B) emotions of a person C) attitudes of a person D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 104 16) When one knows the roles that one is expected to play and is willing and able to do so, one is: A) successfully socialized B) brainwashed C) conditioned D) a significant other Answer: A Page Ref: 104 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 66 TEST BANK 17) Personality must be considered as: A) interplay between environment and learned behavior B) a result of biology alone C) role demands D) more a function of heredity than anything else Answer: A Page Ref: 104-106 18) Humans exhibit: A) no biological needs B) strong instincts C) biological drives D) natural conditioning Answer: C Page Ref: 106 19) Human infants, in order to become successful adults, need: A) learning B) social interaction C) body contact D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 104-107 20) The human infant's first step in socialization is: A) awareness of self B) walking C) speaking D) crying Answer: A Page Ref: 107 21) Telling a child "You should always say thank you when someone gives you something" is an example of: A) conscious socialization B) unconscious socialization C) subconscious socialization D) conscience socialization Answer: A Page Ref: 108 22) Socialization happens in: A) children B) adults C) persons of all ages D) infants Answer: C Page Ref: 108 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 67 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 23) People who are important in shaping your self-concept and whose approval you wish to have are: A) significant others B) generalized others C) the I and the me D) the ego and the superego Answer: A Page Ref: 110 24) An example of unconscious socialization would be: A) child taught to read B) child absorbing parents' attitudes toward race C) correcting a child's use of words D) child taught to use knife and fork Answer: B Page Ref: 108 25) Our type of society fosters: A) a sense of calm B) love of all humans C) anxiety D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 108 26) Cooley's lookingglass self refers to: A) self regard based on instinct B) a person's perception as to what others think of him/her C) negative self image D) positive self image Answer: B Page Ref: 109 27) Children have taken on the role of the generalized other when: A) most of the important norms have been internalized B) they start school C) they have learned to speak D) they are consciously socialized Answer: A Page Ref: 110 28) Agents of socialization consist of: A) instincts B) genes C) drives D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 114 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 68 TEST BANK 29) The primary agent of socialization is the: A) peer group B) school C) family D) mass media Answer: C Page Ref: 114 30) Recent studies related to daycare centers indicate that: A) children are generally emotionally impaired by them B) children lose intellectual progress C) there is no important loss or gain in intellectual development in well managed centers D) they are a breeding ground of child abuse Answer: C Page Ref: 115-117 31) The mass media, especially TV, have been: A) definitely proven to increase the crime rate B) definitely proven to improve school learning C) providing a realistic view of the world D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 119 32) A child shows her parents how to operate a computer. This situation reflects: A) primary socialization B) secondary socialization C) reverse socialization D) tertiary socialization Answer: C Page Ref: 119-120 33) A prison is a: A) primary institution B) secondary institution C) total institution D) reverse institution Answer: C Page Ref: 120 34) Freudian psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of the: A) unconscious level of personality B) conscious level of personality C) the absence of the unconscious level D) empirical level of personality Answer: A Page Ref: 110 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 69 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 35) The superego of Freud's theory is similar to Mead's: A) I B) me C) generalized other D) libido Answer: C Page Ref: 111 36) A major criticism of Freud's theory is: A) his overemphasis on early childhood B) his overemphasis on adulthood C) nonehis theory is widely accepted D) his stress on the spiritual facet of personality Answer: A Page Ref: 111 37) According to Freud, certain mental problems are caused by an adult being fixed in a stage of development. From that perspective, an adult who constantly licks lollipops is stuck in which stage? A) anal stage B) genital stage C) oral stage D) Oedipal stage Answer: C Page Ref: 111 38) According Piaget's developmental theory: A) a child of five can learn philosophy B) a child of one can understand social rules C) a child of eight can master addition D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 113 39) Gestalt psychology looks at: A) separate items of personality B) behavior as a whole C) instincts D) physical appearance Answer: B Page Ref: 124 40) The biological basis of human personality derives from: A) the absence of instincts B) the need for love C) the need for body contact D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 104-106 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 70 TEST BANK 41) Which is NOT an aim of the process of socialization? A) To teach infants to sit, stand, walk, and run in that order B) To teach infants the fundamentals of life in society C) To instill societal aspirations D) To transmit skills important in the society Answer: A Page Ref: 108 42) The psychodynamic theories of personality are associated with: A) Charles Horton Cooley B) Sigmund Freud C) George Herbert Mead D) Jean Piaget Answer: B Page Ref: 110-112 43) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are associated with the following theories of personality: A) developmental B) stressing selfconcept and selfactualization C) psychoanalytic D) environmental determinism Answer: B Page Ref: 124 44) Studies of siblings who shared parents, social class, and everyday experiences have shown that they: A) view the same experiences differently B) arrive at a common view point through discussion C) perceive the same events in the same way D) pretend to disagree when they really agree Answer: A Page Ref: 106 45) When the Ik of Uganda lost their traditional hunting grounds, they: A) rapidly became shepherds B) their formerly outgoing personalities changed C) became savage warriors D) became outgoing, accomplished entrepreneurs Answer: B Page Ref: 107 46) A sense of one's distinctiveness is a first step toward: A) successful conditioning B) successful socialization C) personality D) the emergence of self Answer: D Page Ref: 107 47) According to Mead, the generalized other is: A) one's mother B) shame C) societal norms D) analytic internalization Answer: C Page Ref: 109 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 71 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 48) Personality may be seen as a circular system in that: A) every adult experience cycles back to childhood B) personality affects roles and vice-versa C) all feelings revolve around the self D) all experience is based on preconceptions Answer: B Page Ref: 104 49) Hunger, thirst, and the need for sex are: A) instincts B) conditioned responses C) biological drives D) stimuli Answer: C Page Ref: 105 50) Absence of body contact and stimulation in infants inhibits: A) instinctual development B) development of higher learning functions C) biological drives D) aggressive behavior Answer: B Page Ref: 105-106 51) Adult socialization typically: A) occurs incidentally and unconsciously B) involves acquiring a self-image C) is less effective and easier to resist than childhood socialization D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 108 52) Anger is: A) an innate human response to deprivation and frustration B) a definite, sharply defined emotion C) subject to manipulation D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 108 53) In the metaphor of the "looking-glass self,": the looking glass represents: A) the expressed judgment of one's peers B) the imagined judgments of others C) the person's self-feeling, such as pride D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 109 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 72 TEST BANK 54) According to George H. Mead, mind is: A) the acting subject, as opposed to "object" B) the source of experience C) an emergent outcome of social acts D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 110 55) Mead's "I": A) corresponds to Freud's "ego" B) emerged before the "me" C) eventually completely merges with the "me" D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 110 56) According to Freud, the crucial institution for the development of personality is: A) religion B) the family C) the economy D) education Answer: B Page Ref: 110-111 57) Psychodynamic approaches to personality are so named because: A) they are based on a sophisticated definition of instinct B) they emphasize sexual dysfunction C) they stress the irrational D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 110 58) Freud located the "libido:" A) within the Id B) within family relations C) in the genital stage D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 110 59) The sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages is: A) anal, genital, oral, phallic, and Oedipal B) oral, anal, phallic, Oedipal, and latency C) oral, Oedipal, phallic, latency, and genital D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 111 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 73 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 60) Defense mechanisms function to: A) protect the superego B) deceive sexual targets C) ward off sexual advances D) deflect anxiety Answer: D Page Ref: 111 61) The term "neo-Freudian" refers to: A) behavior based on sexual drives B) thinkers prior to Freud who anticipated his ideas C) thinkers opposed to psychoanalysis D) thinkers influenced by Freud who have modified his ideas Answer: D Page Ref: 111 62) Like Freud, Erik Erikson maintains that: A) there are five psychosexual stages B) the personality is fixed by age five C) psychoanalysis, including dream analysis, is the only way to overcome personality problems D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 111-112 63) In Erikson's system, each of the stages present the individual with: A) ethical dilemmas B) opportunities for self-transcendence C) crises of self-definition D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 112 64) The succession of stages in Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development is: A) infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood B) early childhood, play, concrete operational, and formal operational C) sensimotor, pre-operational, intuitive operational, and concrete operational D) sensorimotor, intuitive operational, concrete operational, and formal operational E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 113 65) Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development claims: A) universal validity B) limited applicability to technologically-advanced societies C) the desire for equality is peculiar to democratic nations D) postconventional morality is a luxury few cultures and societies can afford Answer: A Page Ref: 113-114 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 74 TEST BANK 66) Kohlberg's three stages of moral development are: A) conventional, postconventional, and legal-rational B) pre-conventional, authoritarian, and post-conventional C) pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional D) charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 114 67) The newest challenge to the family's formerly exclusive claim to the socialization of its children has come from: A) the peer group B) the mass media C) the day-care center D) child psychotherapy Answer: C Page Ref: 116 68) Recent research supports the notion that mother-infant bonding: A) has a cultural basis B) has a biological basis C) depends on how wanted the infant is D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 105 69) An infant's cries for help: A) signify a weakness in its development B) are instrumental in cementing the mother-infant bonding C) should be ignored or the infant will be spoiled D) are natural in all mammals Answer: B Page Ref: 106 5.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe your socialization experiences. Who were your significant others, during childhood, during adolescence? Who are your significant others now? Would you say that you successfully tamed the "id" or the "I," and are you aware of having passed through a number of stages in your life so far? Answer: Page Ref: 2) Knowing what you now know about socialization and the formation of personality, how will you raise your children? Answer: Page Ref: 3) Societies must socialize each new generation to conform to certain norms, else the society would disintegrate in chaos. Yet, one of our strong cultural values is individualism, which militates against conformity. How do most individuals reconcile the need for conformity with the need to express their individuality? Do we dance to society's tune? If we do not, what are the consequences? Give examples. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 75 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 6 Deviance and Criminality: The Need for Social Control 6.1 True/False Questions 1) Both psychologists and sociologists view deviant behavior as pathological. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 130 2) The treatment of deviants depends on how deviance is viewed and explained by society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 129 3) Biological explanations of deviance attribute it to inborn, genetically-transmitted traits. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 131-132 4) Deviance is more common in heterogeneous societies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 128 5) Deviance is dangerous to societies because it threatens order. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 130 6) Deviance is always destructive to societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 130 7) Mental illness is never a cause of deviant behavior because the mentally ill are not responsible for their behavior. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 133-134 8) Criminals constitute a large percentage of the total population. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 128 9) "Departure from social norms" is an adequate definition of deviance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 129 10) It is correct to say that deviance is relative. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 129 11) One of the functions of deviance is as a model for how not to behave. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 130 12) The existence of deviance enhances group cohesion in non-deviants. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 130 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 76 TEST BANK 13) Researchers believe that deviance has a destabilizing effect on society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 130 14) Deviance never leads to social change. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 130 15) Psychologists search for the reasons for deviance in the interactions of people. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 135-36 16) The Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso believed that criminal types were born, not made, and that they could be recognized by certain physical traits. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 131-132 17) According to William Sheldon, mesomorphs are disproportionately represented among delinquent boys. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 131 18) The Gluecks maintained that body type predisposes individuals toward deviant behavior. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 131 19) Scientists have concluded that deviance has a single, biological cause: some people cannot control their impulses nor defer gratification. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 131-132 20) Sigmund Freud believed that deviance results when the superego is insufficiently developed and cannot control the other components of the personality. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 135 21) An overdeveloped superego can also lead to deviance, according to Freud. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 135 22) Psychological theories follow a medical model, but are more sophisticated. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 135 23) Psychosomatic disorders are not expressed in any physical disease. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 133 24) People afflicted with neuroses cannot function in society and are considered disabled. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 134 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 77 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 25) Serial killers are usually neurotic. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 134 26) Schizophrenia is a psychosis which generally requires the affected person to be institutionalized. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 134 27) A person who believes that the CIA is trying to kill him is probably suffering from paranoia. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 134 28) Frontal lobotomies are a successful method of treating mental disorders. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 135 29) An early attempt to see deviance from a sociological perspective was made by Emile Durkheim. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 136 30) The concept of anomie is associated with Sigmund Freud. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 136-138 31) Robert Merton sees deviance as the result of the lack of balance between what society puts up as its goals and the means at the disposal of people to reach those goals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 138 32) Anomie theory does not lend itself to the explanation of gang membership. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 137-138 33) Anomie theory focuses on society, rather than on the individual, as the source of deviance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 138 34) The proposition that deviance is learned through symbolic interaction is the basis of the anomie theory. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 137 35) Edwin Sutherland is associated with the cultural transmission theory. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 138 36) Howard Becker was instrumental in developing the labeling theory. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 139 37) Everyone engages in secondary deviance, but not everyone engages in primary deviance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 139 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 78 TEST BANK 38) Crime and deviance are basically the same thing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 140 39) Index crimes are the most serious because they consist in violations of mores and taboos. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 141 40) The highest number of index crimes is committed by individuals in the age group of 18 to 24 years. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 144-146 6.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The concept of deviance refers to: A) going in the wrong direction B) bad manners C) departure from social norms D) reversing one's opinion Answer: C Page Ref: 129 2) According to the text, the following people were/are deviant: A) Joan of Arc B) Mozart C) The Hell's Angels D) People with high IQs Answer: C Page Ref: 129 3) Deviance is defined: A) in the same way everywhere B) in some cultures, as nonexistent C) in the context of time and place D) as another world for crime Answer: C Page Ref: 129 4) Deviance: A) shows what is proper behavior B) helps group cohesiveness C) promotes social change D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 130 5) The biological explanations of deviance include: A) Lombroso's criminal types B) Sheldon's mesomorphs C) the extra Y chromosome D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 131-132 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 79 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 6) An emotional disorder that still allows one to work in society is called a(n): A) neurosis B) psychosis C) halitosis D) prognosis Answer: A Page Ref: 134 7) Schizophrenia is: A) another name for split personality B) a term meaning "to hallucinate" C) applied to a number of disturbances for lack of any other label D) a psychosomatic disorder Answer: C Page Ref: 134 8) Merton attributed deviance to "anomie," meaning: A) lack of legitimate means to attain group goals B) mental retardation C) neurosis D) wild mood swings Answer: A Page Ref: 137 9) Index crimes include all but one of the following: A) manslaughter B) robbery C) moving traffic violation D) aggravated assault Answer: C Page Ref: 141 10) The treatment of mental illness based on rewards and punishment is referred to as: A) chemotherapy B) hypnotherapy C) shock therapy D) behavior therapy Answer: D Page Ref: 135 11) Studies of delinquent gangs indicate that: A) gang norms are substituted for society's norms in some cases B) gangs are useful for society C) gangs have no norms D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 138 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 80 TEST BANK 12) A mother who says "If you hang out with bums, you will become a bum" favors which theory of deviance? A) Differential association B) Anomie C) Labeling theory D) Gang imitation theory Answer: A Page Ref: 138 13) According to the cultural transmission theory, deviance is learned through: A) genetic inheritance B) being labeled as deviant C) close association with deviants D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 138 14) According to the differential association theory, deviant acts are: A) considered normal by some antisocial individuals B) caused by abnormal chromosomes C) learned through interaction with others D) the result of social deprivation Answer: C Page Ref: 138 15) To some degree, according to some research, heredity determines: A) the ability to control impulses B) leadership abilities C) sociability D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 132 16) Deviance is defined as: A) breaking legal codes B) behavior forbidden by religion C) behavior that passes the limits of what the social group tolerates D) any violation of societal norms Answer: C Page Ref: 129 17) Deviant individuals: A) set examples for others, thus reaffirming existing norms B) are invented by society to promote group cohesion C) hinder group cohesion by disrupting stability D) prevent social change from occurring Answer: A Page Ref: 130 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 81 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 18) According to the labeling theory, which of the following concepts explains why a labeled individual becomes deviant? A) Resocialization B) Ethnocentrism C) Selffulfilling prophecy D) Rebellion Answer: C Page Ref: 139 19) The theory speculating that every society develops a number of cultural goals for members to attain, but that attainment is not possible for all, is called the: A) anomie theory B) differential association theory C) deviant personality theory D) focal concerns theory Answer: A Page Ref: 136-138 20) Deviance is relative because: A) psychologists prefer the term "abnormality" B) moralists prefer the term "immorality" C) the definition of social norms varies by culture and subculture D) no two people agree what deviance is Answer: C Page Ref: 129 21) Determining that a particular act is deviant may depend on: A) the place, time, and circumstances B) the social status of the person committing the act C) the social status of those judging the act D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 129 22) From a sociological viewpoint, to say that deviance has functions means that: A) deviant acts serve the individual's purpose B) deviant acts are escape valves for anxiety C) deviance may contribute to group cohesion D) successful deviants become stronger people Answer: C Page Ref: 129 23) Deviance contributes to social change in that: A) today's deviant is tomorrow's leader B) deviant acts invariably point to outdated rules C) deviance is a fad D) some actions initially defined as deviant eventually become generally accepted Answer: D Page Ref: 130 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 82 TEST BANK 24) Deviance that has not been discovered is called: A) secondary deviance B) final deviance C) primary deviance D) sinful deviance Answer: C Page Ref: 139 25) Deviance that has been exposed leads to: A) anomie B) labeling C) transmission D) forgiveness Answer: B Page Ref: 139 26) Labeling theory has been criticized because: A) an undiscovered teller who steals from his bank is still a deviant B) it does not take biology into consideration C) it discounts the power of anomie D) it is necessary to be realistic about people's behavior Answer: A Page Ref: 139 27) Deviance that is covered by the laws of a society is called: A) anomie B) alienation C) crime D) differentiation Answer: C Page Ref: 140-141 28) Which of the following is an index crime? A) being in a football pool B) speeding C) robbery D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 141 29) White-collar crime: A) is based on violence B) gains small amounts of money for its perpetrators C) is very costly to society D) is punished more severely than blue-collar crime Answer: C Page Ref: 143 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 83 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 30) Which is true of crimes against persons in the United States? A) The homicide rate is one of the lowest in the industrial world. B) The homicide rate had been decreasing in the past several years, but is rising again.. C) Rape is an unknown crime in the U.S. D) Most homicides are committed with knives. Answer: B Page Ref: 145 31) The Uniform Crime Reports: A) are an accurate reflection of the crime rate in the U.S. B) focus mainly on "index crimes" C) indicate that most crimes are solved D) deal with the number of crimes actually committed Answer: B Page Ref: 144 32) The criminal justice system of the United States: A) has a high rate of apprehension B) is engaged in vigorously prosecuting white-collar criminals C) punishes only 5% of serious criminals with incarceration D) handles whites and minorities in the same proportion as they are found in the population Answer: C Page Ref: 148 33) Compared to other democratic nations, the U.S. has: A) more crowded jails B) longer prison terms C) the death penalty for murder D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 149 34) American prisons are: A) effective in reducing recidivism B) effective in deterring crime C) effective as schools of crime D) effective in reducing crime Answer: C Page Ref: 152 35) The U.S. has: A) an unusually high imprisonment rate B) milder penalties than most other Western countries C) a large number of imprisoned white-collar criminals D) fewer jails than other industrialized countries Answer: A Page Ref: 149 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 84 TEST BANK 36) A condition of normlessness and separation from legitimate modes of behavior is termed: A) trauma B) anomie C) alienation D) anomaly Answer: B Page Ref: 136 37) Which of the following acts does NOT constitute a crime if committed by an adult? A) Illegal drug use B) Copyright infringement C) Prostitution D) Homicide E) Truancy Answer: E Page Ref: 143 38) Which of the following is a social order crime? A) Premeditated murder B) Rape C) Public drunkenness D) Burglary E) Arson Answer: C Page Ref: 143 39) According to the differential association theory, deviant acts are: A) considered normal by some antisocial individuals B) caused by abnormal chromosomes C) learned through interaction with others D) the result of social deprivation Answer: C Page Ref: 138 40) Which of the following is an example of a sociological theory of deviant behavior? A) Freud's theory that anatomy is destiny B) Mead's theory of inherited criminality C) Cooley's theory of original sin D) None of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 136-140 41) Biological explanations of deviance: A) were popular during the first half of the 20th century B) agree on the causes of deviance C) are strongly supported scientifically D) explain all types of deviance Answer: A Page Ref: 131 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 85 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 42) Primary deviance: A) is deviance of which we are all guilty, at one time or another B) occurs when deviants accept the label C) is a more serious offense than secondary deviance D) is the first deviant act ever discovered Answer: A Page Ref: 139 43) Serious mental disorders that often require periods of hospitalization or institutionalization are called: A) neuroses B) sociopathologies C) psychoses D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 134 44) Psychosomatic illness entails: A) anxiety or emotional tension producing physical symptoms B) purely imaginary physical problems C) bodily ailments creating mental disorder D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 133 45) A medical model of deviance assumes that it is caused by: A) illness B) abnormality C) mental defects D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 133 46) A form of treatment for severe mental disorders that has been largely abandoned is: A) psychotherapy B) psychosurgery C) hypnotherapy D) electroconvulsive shock therapy Answer: B Page Ref: 135 47) Criminologists Cloward and Ohlin classified delinquent gangs into which of the following categories? A) Ritualistic, territorial, rebel B) Realist, drug and alcohol, territorial C) Conflict, subcultural, criminal D) Criminal, realist, conflict Answer: D Page Ref: 138 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 86 TEST BANK 48) Another name for cultural transmission theory is: A) anomie B) labeling theory C) innovation D) differential association theory Answer: D Page Ref: 138 49) According to Edwin Sutherland, becoming deviant is a matter of: A) inventing or creating new ways of seeing B) modeling oneself on mass media characters C) learning in small groups D) learning a society's traditions Answer: C Page Ref: 138 50) Howard Becker's term for the process whereby individuals are accused, sermonized, and punished is: A) primary deviance B) secondary deviance C) tertiary deviance D) labeling Answer: D Page Ref: 139 51) Secondary deviance does not occur unless people: A) reject deviant labels B) accept deviant labels and eliminate the behavior in question C) reject the deviant labels but maintain the behavior in question D) accept the deviant labels and maintain the behavior in question Answer: D Page Ref: 140 52) Gambling and prostitution are included in the category of: A) organized crime B) crimes against persons C) social order crimes D) sins against religious teaching Answer: C Page Ref: 143 53) Embezzlement and fraud are two examples of: A) white collar crime B) crimes against persons C) organized crime D) property crimes Answer: A Page Ref: 143 54) Drug addiction has been characterized as a victimless crime, meaning: A) drug addiction is a sustainable life style B) drug users are not responsible for their actions C) addicts choose to be addicted, and hurt no one but themselves D) society does not care what happens to addicts Answer: C Page Ref: 143 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 87 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 55) Our justice system cannot work as decisively as it might because: a. constitutional safeguards of individual rights are observed A) American judges tend to impose more lenient sentences than their European counterparts B) our rate of incarceration is lower than that of Japan or Europe C) all of the above D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 145 56) Among the causes of violence, the most probable is/are: A) a shocking decline in moral standards B) a street ethic that requires young men to commit murder to prove their manhood C) violence presented as entertainment by the media D) poverty, drugs, and hopelessness Answer: D Page Ref: 141 57) A low incidence of crime is more characteristic of: A) homogeneous societies B) societies that value the social group over the individual C) societies with a ruthless police force D) only A and B Answer: D Page Ref: 143 58) Two nations with a low street-crime rate are: A) Honduras and Mexico B) Japan and Finland C) Switzerland and France D) Germany and Austria Answer: B Page Ref: 128 59) Illegal acts that are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust is the FBI's definition of: A) arson B) robbery C) white-collar crime D) organized crime Answer: C Page Ref: 143 60) Crimes that are tolerated more than others because they seldom include violence include: A) copyright infringement B) date rape C) price fixing D) all but B Answer: D Page Ref: 143 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 88 TEST BANK 61) The high cost of fighting crime is due in large part to: A) the increase in organized crime B) high unemployment rates C) tax cuts instituted by the present administration D) an increase in prison inmates Answer: D Page Ref: 152 62) The price of fighting crime in the U.S.: A) has been radically lowered in the last decade B) has remained the same as in earlier years C) has increased dramatically, by billions of dollars D) is negligible in comparison to societies such as Japan Answer: C Page Ref: 152 63) The death penalty: A) has been reinstated by the United States in 1976 B) is in effect in 38 states C) is illegal in the United States D) only A and B Answer: D Page Ref: 153-154 64) Americans: A) support the death penalty, but prefer life imprisonment without possibility for parole B) are against the death penalty in large numbers C) are for the death penalty in large numbers D) believe in the "eye for an eye" biblical revenge system Answer: A Page Ref: 154 65) The rationalization for having capital punishment is that: A) it prevents capital crime B) it acts as a deterrent C) societies need to threaten prospective criminals D) it protects the Biblical commandment against killing Answer: B Page Ref: 154 66) According to criminologists: A) the death penalty does act as a deterrent B) the death penalty does not act as a deterrent C) the death penalty is a sign of an uncivilized society D) it is preferable to judge each criminal case individually Answer: B Page Ref: 154 67) The greatest problem with capital punishment is that: A) many witnesses lie B) it is a cruel way to end someone's life C) sometimes an innocent person is put to death D) only God has the right to kill Answer: C Page Ref: 154 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 89 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 68) Between 1973 and 1995: A) no death penalty cases were overturned B) two-thirds of death penalty verdicts were overturned C) the number on death row diminished to a few D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 154 69) Among the reasons for overturning death penalty verdicts on appeal are: A) improved DNA technology B) findings of incompetent counsel C) indications that prosecutors or police withheld information D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 154 6.3 Essay Questions 1) Most people know how they should behave and agree about the value of the golden rule: do unto others as you would have them do onto you. Yet, most people violate the golden rule, in big ways or small, every day. Why? Is violence part of the human makeup?: Through the thousands of years of evolution, why did people retain such emotions as anger, or such feelings as frustration and anxiety, or hatred and distrust of strangers? Are these traits necessary to our survival? Answer: Page Ref: 2) In your opinion, what is most responsible for people's behavior, nature or nurture? Consider the grim activities of people like the young man who not only killed his victims, but dismembered them, keeping some in his refrigerator to eat. This individual not only violated many important mores (kidnapping, torture, murder), but also broke wellentrenched taboos (eating human flesh). What made him do it? Was he born with some mental abnormality? Was his socialization at fault (he came from a family of educated, middle-class parents)? What should society do with such an individual? Answer: Page Ref: 3) Why is the breaking of social norms so much more prevalent in a free, democratic, heterogeneous society? Should our society adopt stricter rules in order to apprehend and punish more lawbreakers? Should the death penalty be adopted nationally and for lesser crimes than murder? What are the dangers of a harsh, punitive society? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 90 TEST BANK Chapter 7 The Great Divide: Ranking and Stratification 7.1 True/False Questions 1) Social scientists assume that stratification is a consequence of the way resources are distributed in a society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 158 2) In the classical liberal view inequality is considered part of the law of nature. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 159-160 3) The view that humans are basically selfish and greedy is at the bottom of conflict theory. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 161 4) Functionalist theorists view stratification systems as mechanisms of coercion. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 160-161 5) Max Weber agreed with Karl Marx that stratification included the dimensions of life chances, status, and power. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 162 6) In American society, positions of high status are awarded on merit alone. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 163164 7) The desire to obtain a high status is universal, at least in our society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 163-164 8) Stratification disappears in societies that are able to produce a surplus. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 158 9) Social mobility refers to the society's willingness to change the system of stratification. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 184 10) Education is the most important variable in upward mobility. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 185-186 11) At the two extremes of the stratification system, vertical mobility is common. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 184 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 91 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) Part of the reason for greater mobility in industrial societies is the effect of the upgrading of the work force. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 185 13) All human social systems are characterized by inequalities stemming from social differentiation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 158 14) Functionalists stress the needs of the society over those of the individual because individual needs can only be satisfied within a society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 160-161 15) Everyone agrees about what are the essential functions in a society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 161 16) Marx pointed out that the existence of inequality was a motivating force for people, making them work harder to acquire wealth, status, and power. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 161 17) The President of the United States possesses social power which, since it is exercised legitimately, is called authority. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 165 18) The estate system permitted more social mobility than the caste system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 166-167 19) To determine social class, researchers use either the occupational prestige approach, or such measures as the SES. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 168 20) Child-rearing practices differ according to religion rather than according to social class. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 179 21) Members of the upper classes believe that luck and forces beyond their control govern their lives, whereas middle-class people tend to think that they are in control of their lives. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 181 22) The "New Class" is a term that describes a professional middle class consisting of journalists, academics, writers, media commentators, and others who have skills important in an information society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 171 23) Vertical mobility means that a person obtains a better or worse job than the previous one, whereas horizontal mobility means that the person changes jobs, but at no greater salary and with no greater status. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 181 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 92 TEST BANK 24) It has been suggested that in the 1990s, the restraints of class that had eased following World War II began to emerge again. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 183 25) In the United States, poverty does not mean absolute deprivation, as it does in the Third World, but rather relative deprivation, or a comparison to others in the society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 172 7.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) According to Karl Marx: A) classes are the result of different life styles B) status is also a phenomenon of stratification C) classes are determined by the relationship of a group in society to the means of production D) classes are composed of the have-nots who eventually revolt against the haves Answer: C Page Ref: 162 2) All systems of stratification display the following characteristics except: A) differentiation B) segmentation C) ranking D) institutionalization Answer: B Page Ref: 158 3) Negative life chances correspond to: A) a high position in the stratification system B) a low position in the stratification system C) lack of talent D) lack of desire for an education Answer: B Page Ref: 162 4) "The ability of one individual or group to control the actions of another individual or group without the latter's consent" is a definition of: A) coercion B) violence C) power D) force Answer: C Page Ref: 164 5) If a janitor got a job as a security guard because it was closer to home, he would be experiencing: A) horizontal mobility B) vertical mobility C) intragenerational mobility D) interstructural mobility Answer: A Page Ref: 181 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 93 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 6) Social ranking is based on: A) age B) sex C) wealth D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 158 7) Among preliterate peoples: A) food is hoarded by a few B) food is shared by all C) hunting lacks prestige D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 159 8) In stratified societies, categories of people are ranked by: A) wealth B) power C) prestige D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 159 9) Stratification occurs in societies that have a: A) surplus B) shortage of everything C) equality D) capitalistic system Answer: A Page Ref: 159 10) Social Darwinists believed that: A) resources belong to all the people B) only the strongest persons should control the resources of a society C) the weak shall inherit the earth D) natural selection was a hoax Answer: B Page Ref: 159 11) The classical conservative approach to stratification is that: A) inequality is the law of nature B) stratification must be legislated C) inequality results from exploitation D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 159 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 94 TEST BANK 12) The structuralfunctionalist explanation of social stratification asserts that: A) nature demands the existence of social classes B) there is a limited number of skilled, talented people; thus, they should be rewarded C) resources are plentiful, so there is enough for all D) people were not meant to work Answer: B Page Ref: 160-161 13) Criticisms of structuralfunctionalism include: A) who says that a football player is more important than a college professor? B) sons of talented persons are privileged even if they themselves lack talent C) is a stable society better than an unequal society? D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 161 14) Marx's view of social class is that: A) private ownership of the means of production perpetuates class divisions B) talented people will always rise to the top C) religion helps fight social inequality D) the bourgeoisie will eventually triumph Answer: A Page Ref: 161 15) Which of the following is a criticism of Marxist theory? A) Inequality is a motivating force for people to rise in the stratification system B) Everyone is talented equally C) Marxism tries to explain all social problems D) Democracy delivers equality better than Marxism does Answer: A Page Ref: 161 16) Max Weber believed that: A) property was the only determinant of class B) class was based on exploitation of the masses C) class is closely related to life chances D) societies should have at least three classes Answer: C Page Ref: 162 17) A modern definition of class maintains that social class is constituted by: A) the owners of the means of production B) persons who have similar forms of power, prestige, or wealth C) categories of people set up by governments D) people especially endowed by nature Answer: B Page Ref: 162-163 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 95 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 18) Martin Luther King's status was based on his: A) wealth B) property C) social influence D) color Answer: C Page Ref: 163-164 19) The following people enjoy both status and wealth in our society: A) professors B) physicians C) ministers D) research scientists Answer: B Page Ref: 164 20) In the Soviet Union, most physicians are women; however, they earn less than skilled male machinists. This situation is an example of: A) status attainment B) status inconsistency C) status equality D) status mastery Answer: B Page Ref: 164 21) Power is: A) the most important feature of stratification B) restricted to a small elite in traditional societies C) widely distributed and diffused in industrial societies D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 165 22) Which is characteristic of a strictly closed society? A) Estate B) Class C) Caste D) Strata Answer: C Page Ref: 166 23) In an open, or class, society: A) status is always achieved B) status is always ascribed C) status is both achieved and ascribed D) status has no importance Answer: C Page Ref: 167-168 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 96 TEST BANK 24) Which society lacks social classes totally? A) The Soviet Union B) China C) The United States D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 167-168 25) An upwardly-mobile American is apt to: A) marry late B) be born into a high class family C) have less schooling as his/her parents D) have little ambition Answer: A Page Ref: 185 26) The concentration of wealth in the United States: A) increased greatly between 1932 and 1968, due to Democratic policies B) decreased during the Reagan Administration C) greatly increased during the 1990s D) has steadily increased since WWII as a result of massive technological changes Answer: C Page Ref: 178 27) The objective approach to determine social class membership is based on: A) income B) years of education C) prestigious position D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 168 28) The American trend toward the concentration of wealth and structural changes in the occupational sector: A) are unique to the United States B) are closely matched in Third World countries C) reflect a global restructuring of trade, technology, and finance D) will eliminate the underclass by the year 2010 Answer: C Page Ref: 178 29) The modern approach to studying social classes, based on several dimensions of the stratification system, is the: A) SES B) BES C) CES D) TES Answer: A Page Ref: 168 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 97 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 30) Discipline by middleclass parents generally consists of: A) slapping or paddling the disobedient child B) saying "Mother doesn't love a nasty boy" C) loss of food D) making the child sleep outdoors in foul weather Answer: B Page Ref: 181 31) In the United States, the upper classes tend to be: A) Protestant (Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Anglican) B) Roman Catholics C) Jewish D) Southern Baptists Answer: A Page Ref: 181 32) Divorce is more common among Americans belonging to the: A) upper class B) professional class C) lower class D) college-educated group Answer: C Page Ref: 181 33) When a bricklayer gets a job as a carpenter, the job switch exemplifies: A) vertical mobility B) horizontal mobility C) intragenerational mobility D) upward mobility Answer: B Page Ref: 184 34) Among the factors that favor individual mobility are: A) late marriage B) rural residence C) one of many children D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 184-186 35) Joe is president of United Airlines. His father was an aircraft mechanic. Joe's position represents: A) horizontal mobility B) intragenerational mobility C) intergenerational mobility D) immobility Answer: C Page Ref: 184 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 98 TEST BANK 36) The similarity in patterns of mobility of the U.S., Britain, and Germany, are based on: A) structural mobility B) biological factors C) closed systems D) economic alliances Answer: A Page Ref: 185 37) The son of a bluecollar worker is more likely to become a top manager in: A) Italy B) Sweden C) the U.S. D) Denmark Answer: C Page Ref: 185 38) The most likely factor to overcome the low status of a father's occupation is: A) education B) religion C) hard work D) belonging to organized crime Answer: A Page Ref: 185 39) Open stratification systems are associated with: A) industrialization B) agriculture C) pastoralism D) hunter-gatherers Answer: A Page Ref: 167-168 40) Poverty in the United States tends to be based on: A) absolute deprivation B) relative deprivation C) lack of motivation D) ignorance Answer: B Page Ref: 173 41) Rates of poverty tend to be highest among: A) femaleheaded households B) children C) minorities D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 173 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 99 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 42) The most fundamental factor(s) in stratification is (are): A) the ability to make someone do what you want B) education and income C) access to economic resources D) an ambitious mother and later marriage Answer: B Page Ref: 168 43) Poverty is related to: A) technological changes only B) lack of work ethic C) patterns of prejudice and technological change D) discrimination only Answer: C Page Ref: 173-176 44) The overall poverty rate is highest among: A) women B) children under 6 C) the elderly D) black males Answer: B Page Ref: 175 45) Modern industrial societies such as the United States most nearly approximate the model of: A) an open or class society B) a closed or caste society C) an estate system D) a masterslave system Answer: A Page Ref: 167-168 46) Most researchers today use only two approaches to determine social class. They are the: A) life style approach B) reputational approach C) subjective approach D) objective approach E) occupational prestige and socioeconomic status (SES) Answer: E Page Ref: 168 47) Power is exercised in: A) complex industrial societies B) simple farming societies C) hunting and gathering societies D) all social systems Answer: D Page Ref: 165 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 100 TEST BANK 48) Power is defined by Max Weber as the ability to: A) be the strongest in mind and body B) carry out one's wishes in spite of resistance C) gain consent D) do as one pleases Answer: B Page Ref: 165 49) The highest status in American society is held by persons: A) with the highestpaid occupations B) with high morals and reputation C) who are aged and wise D) who have good taste Answer: A Page Ref: 164 50) Status inconsistency is defined as: A) the condition of persons who are ranked higher in one variable of status than another B) the order of importance given to status variables C) the mechanism high status persons use to protect themselves from competition D) the least important dimension of stratification Answer: A Page Ref: 165 51) People who suffer from status inconsistency: A) usually do not worry about it B) tend to suffer more frustration and dissatisfaction than those whose status is consistent C) work hard to accumulate wealth to make up for it D) willingly accept a lower status in return for social recognition Answer: B Page Ref: 165 52) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an upwardly mobile individual? A) Urban resident B) More educated than parents C) Comes from a large family of several brothers and sisters D) Marries later and limits family to no more than two children Answer: C Page Ref: 184-186 53) Which are the dimensions of stratification? A) Class, status, and power B) Family background, attractiveness, wealth C) Talent, service, goodness D) Caste, estate, feudalism Answer: A Page Ref: 159 54) The ultimate effect of stratification systems is to: A) create inequality B) help people decide whom they should marry C) provide a work force for society D) fulfill the laws of nature Answer: A Page Ref: 159 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 101 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 55) Conflict theorists view stratification systems as: A) resulting from class struggles B) effects of the law of nature C) mechanisms of coercion D) none of the above E) BOTH coercive and resulting from class struggles Answer: E Page Ref: 161 56) Functionalist theorists view stratification systems as: A) resulting from a need for order B) providing a stabilizing influence on society C) preventing conflicts among individuals D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 160-161 57) Present theories of stratification: A) offer ways to end inequality B) answer the question of what causes inequality C) agree that inequality is an evil D) offer two different ways of looking at inequality Answer: D Page Ref: 161 58) The important point about biological and cultural differences among people is: A) the social meanings people give these differences B) the evidence that some traits are more desirable than others C) the fact that to have more is better than to have less in all circumstances D) those with most power can determine cultural values Answer: A Page Ref: 158 59) Which is NOT a type of social differentiation? A) Stratification B) Ethnicity and race C) Head shape and eye color D) Sex and age Answer: C Page Ref: 158 60) Which statement is FALSE? A) In simple societies, social differences among individuals are nonexistent. B) Slavery, serfdom, and caste are all instances of inequalities that are social in nature C) People rank themselves according to wealth, prestige, and power. D) Stratification occurs in every society that has produced a surplus. Answer: A Page Ref: 159 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 102 TEST BANK 61) Inequality has been explained as: A) being part of the law of nature B) resulting from the struggle for goods and services in a society C) serving the needs of society D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 159-161 62) The conflict theory of inequality is based on the work of: A) Charles Darwin B) Karl Marx C) Talcott Parsons D) Kingsley Davis Answer: B Page Ref: 161 63) According to Gerhard Lenski, what is ". . . one of the few motives that can make men lay down their lives on the field of battle"? A) The love of a woman B) The loss of social status C) Patriotism D) One's social class Answer: B Page Ref: 163-164 64) According to Blau and Duncan, occupational upward mobility is greatly influenced by: A) the amount of education B) occupation of the father C) the nature of the first job D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 185 65) While there is more upward mobility than downward mobility in the U.S.: A) most Americans experience little mobility B) real earnings have declined in some sectors C) it has become harder to climb out of poverty D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 185 66) There is inequality among the Siriono of Bolivia in that: A) the families of the best hunters are permitted to hoard food B) the elder females make all the group's rules C) there is a priestly caste D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 158 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 103 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 67) The Siriono make no provision for inequality in: A) wealth B) prestige C) power D) wealth or prestige E) prestige or power Answer: A Page Ref: 158 68) The view that inequality is based on the corrupting and divisive actions of institutions is part of the ideology of: A) social Darwinism B) classical conservatism C) structural functionalism D) classical liberalism Answer: D Page Ref: 159 69) Structural functionalism is the intellectual descendent of: A) Marxism B) b social Darwinism C) classical liberalism D) classical conservatism Answer: D Page Ref: 160 70) The notion that social institutions reinforce and legitimize class divisions is derived from: A) Karl Marx B) Emile Durkheim C) Adam Smith D) Max Weber Answer: A Page Ref: 161 71) The text primarily applied Weber's notion of status to: A) positions in the social system B) ranked occupational positions C) spending and consumption patterns D) prestige derived from ancestry Answer: B Page Ref: 163 72) Max Weber's notion of life chances closely resembles the concept of: A) social status B) personal power C) social power D) occupational prestige Answer: B Page Ref: 162 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 104 TEST BANK 73) Societies with landed gentry and inherited titles resemble: A) caste systems B) estate systems C) class systems D) status systems Answer: B Page Ref: 167 74) The victims of crime tend to be: A) members of the middle class B) members of minority groups C) poor D) B and C E) young and affluent Answer: D Page Ref: 182-183 75) The rise of social classes is almost always associated with the development of: A) the state B) democracy C) totalitarianism D) international trade Answer: A Page Ref: 162 76) The categories used by researchers to pigeonhole people into social classes: A) reflect the common-sense, self-ratings of individuals B) indicate that there are two classes: the working class and the middle class C) tend to be arbitrary and artificial D) adequately reflect the complexity of the American class system Answer: C Page Ref: 168 77) Subdued religious rituals, which appeal to upper-middle-class Protestants, are the hallmark of which of the following denominations? A) Episcopalians B) Presbyterians C) Congregationalists D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 181 78) Life expectancy is: A) about the same across social classes B) lower for the upper-middle class C) lower for the lower classes D) lower for the middle class Answer: C Page Ref: 181 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 105 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 79) The "New Class" is characterized as consisting of: A) apolitical bureaucrats B) the working poor C) former members of the middle class D) professionals with skills important in the information society Answer: D Page Ref: 172 80) Members of the "New Class" occupy which of the following occupations: A) Computer programmers B) MBAs starting their own firms C) Out of work middle managers D) journalists, academics, media commentators Answer: D Page Ref: 172 81) Individuals who hold lesser positions and make less money than their parents are displaying: A) status inconsistency B) horizontal mobility C) intragenerational mobility D) intergenerational mobility Answer: D Page Ref: 185 82) The loss of entire categories of jobs without the creation of new occupations would be: A) structural mobility of a negative sort B) horizontal mobility C) intragenerational mobility D) status ambiguity Answer: A Page Ref: 185 83) Blau and Duncan's 1967 research may be summarized as follows: A) two-thirds of the people who start at the bottom end up in the bottom half B) education means everything in America C) inherited social class means nothing in the U.S. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 185 84) The importance of status is supported by: A) statistics on cancer deaths B) a recent study by an epidemiologist C) the fact that people revere academics D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 164 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 106 TEST BANK 85) Where one stands in the social hierarchy is intimately related to: A) how one performs one's job B) how long one lives C) how much stress one experiences D) only B and C Answer: D Page Ref: 164 86) The Marxian model of class structure divided the population into: A) quintiles B) six or seven layers C) the bourgeoisie and the proletariat D) the haves and the have nots Answer: C Page Ref: 161 87) The majority of Americans belong to the: A) working class B) middle class C) underclass D) upper middle class Answer: B Page Ref: 169 88) The middle quintile, or 20 percent, of the population: A) earns about $56,000 a year B) earns about $75,000 a year C) is made up mainly of professionals D) consists of the chronically unemployed Answer: A Page Ref: 169 89) Craftsmen, foremen, secretaries, office workers, belong to the: A) upper-middle class B) middle-middle class C) working class D) "new class" Answer: C Page Ref: 171 90) In 2006, the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line was: A) 34 percent B) 5 percent C) 12.3 percent D) 25 percent Answer: C Page Ref: 174 91) Poverty, in the United States, means that people live in: A) absolute deprivation B) relative deprivation C) homeless shelters D) the same conditions as people in undeveloped nations Answer: B Page Ref: 173 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 107 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 92) The smallest percentage of the poor consists of: A) the elderly B) women C) minorities D) children Answer: A Page Ref: 174 93) Global inequality is evident in: A) the size of families B) per capita consumption C) the items rich countries throw out D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 186-188 94) By 2050, 8 billion of the projected 9.5 billion people will be: A) as wealthy as the developed nations B) living in poor countries C) living in industrial nations D) living in predominantly agricultural nations Answer: B Page Ref: 186 7.3 Essay Questions 1) Stratification is a way or organizing society based on a ranking system that measures money, occupation, education, family background, and life style. It is designed to make society run smoothly and with a minimum of stress and disintegration. As we know, it does not achieve this goal. If you could, what kind of system would you design that would reach the goal of a smoothly-running society, yet avoid the gross inequalities that the present ranking system carries. Answer: Page Ref: 2) Rank yourself, as objectively as you can. In what social class do you think you belong? What privileges or shortcomings does your rank provide? Are you upwardly mobile? How do you intend to attain upward mobility? Was your father upwardly mobile? For how many generations did your family remain in the same social class? Or was social class membership changed at some point? Answer: Page Ref: 3) If you were a member of the upper class - one of the "haves" - you too would want to retain your position in society and pass it on to your heirs. But in so doing you are helping to institutionalize inequality. How do you reconcile a natural desire to keep what you have worked for - or what you possess - with the desire to contribute to a just society. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 108 TEST BANK Chapter 8 Minority Status: Race and Ethnicity 8.1 True/False Questions 1) The word "minority" refers to a group in society that is dominated by another group because of its superior size. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 193 2) For some ethnic minorities, religion has been the primary factor in determining low status. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 194 3) The problems encountered by minorities stem from their own inadequacies and deviations from the standards of American society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 193 4) Minorities are categories of people that possess imperfect access to positions of equal power, prestige, and privilege. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 193 5) The melting pot theory assumed that it would be possible to fuse, biologically and culturally, all the various groups that had come to America. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 195 6) Historically, Angloconformity had the greatest following in the United States. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 195 7) Racism as an ideology has declined markedly among Americans in recent years. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 201-202 8) In general, prejudice and discrimination are mutually reinforcing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 198-201 9) Prejudice is action taken against minorities based on discrimination. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 198-202 10) The concept of race has been misunderstood in that people tend to believe that behavior and customs are genetically inherited. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 202 11) Scientists have agreed on the precise number of races in existence in the world. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 202 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 109 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) Stereotyping is a process in which common, uniform characteristics are assigned to an entire group of people without allowances for individual differences. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 199 13) Prejudice is inborn behavior and seems to be largely unconscious. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 198-199 14) Institutional discrimination refers to the system of inequalities existing in a society even apart from personal prejudices. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 201 15) The meltingpot ideology is the one preferred by minorities today. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 195-196 16) The various minorities in the United States live in a situation of perfect cultural pluralism achieved after great conflict. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 196 17) Native Americans have become well assimilated into the mainstream culture and consequently are no longer a minority. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 203 18) The success of Asian Americans is due to their culture's difference from the dominant culture. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 205-206 19) White ethnics have become almost totally absorbed into mainstream culture. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 219 20) The minority in any society is always numerically inferior to the majority. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 193 21) Human populations are clearly demarcated, distinct groups, according to the American Anthropological Association. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 202 22) Social traits have a definite connection to inherited racial traits. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 194 23) In accommodation, a minority chooses to retain its own norms and values, although accepting and adapting to those of the majority. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 197 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 110 TEST BANK 24) The process of amalgamation has taken place in the United States. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 197 25) "Ethnic cleansing" is a new idea invented in the Balkans at the end of the twentieth century. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 197 8.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Membership in specific racial, ethnic, and religious groupings is: A) characteristic only of industrial societies B) a variable of the stratification system C) a biological rather than a social product D) the cross every individual must bear Answer: B Page Ref: 193 2) The term "minority" may be defined as: A) a small group of people living within a large nation B) a group of people who possess the same access to prestige, privilege, and power but who differ in looks C) any group in society that is socially dominated by another group through discrimination because of race, culture, religion, or sex D) any small group in society which is disliked and abused Answer: C Page Ref: 193 3) The difference between racial minorities and ethnic minorities is: A) in the size of each group B) ethnic minorities do not suffer from discrimination, but only from prejudice C) racial minorities differ biologically, ethnic minorities differ culturally from the dominant group D) racial minorities have been here longer than ethnic minorities Answer: C Page Ref: 194 4) Minorities have reacted to domination by developing goals that may be called: A) pluralistic B) assimilationist C) secessionist D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 197 5) Conflicts between the dominant group and minorities develop because: A) minorities are perceived as different B) minorities perceive themselves as different C) the dominant group has coercive power D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 198-202 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 111 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 6) Dominant groups tend to use all but which of the following methods in dealing with minorities? A) forced assimilation B) cultural relativity C) population transfers D) economic exploitation Answer: B Page Ref: 197 7) Scientists agree that: A) there are three races B) there are fifty two races C) there are no races D) all of humankind is descended from the same common stock Answer: D Page Ref: 201-202 8) Members of an ethnic group: A) share behavioral traits B) share social and cultural traits C) share physical traits D) are heterogeneous Answer: B Page Ref: 194 9) The term "prejudice" implies that: A) one makes a judgment before having all the facts B) one refuses to change one's mind even when confronted by facts C) one takes action against minorities D) one's judgments are BOTH preconceived and unchangeable Answer: D Page Ref: 198-200 10) Which is NOT a reason for the low economic and social status of Mexican Americans? A) They are concentrated in agricultural and lowskill jobs B) The nearness of Mexico leads to a retention of Spanish as the principal language C) Parents tend to be ambitious and upwardly mobile which leads to rebelliousness in their children D) The norms of their subculture are not conducive to upward mobility Answer: C Page Ref: 212-217 11) Which statement is false regarding prejudice? A) It may be culture-conditioned or character-conditioned B) It may reflect the norms of the community C) Its source may be the personality of a specific person D) It is almost never found in persons with an authoritarian personality type Answer: D Page Ref: 198-200 12) Stressing the desirability of retaining each group's cultural distinctiveness is part of the ideology of: A) Anglo-conformity B) melting pot C) ethnicity D) cultural pluralism Answer: D Page Ref: 196 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 112 TEST BANK 13) Discrimination is: A) an attitude or feeling of dislike for a certain group B) an action taken as a result of prejudicial feelings C) racial hatred D) belief in the superiority of one's own group Answer: B Page Ref: 201 14) Discriminatory behavior prompted by the knowledge that prejudice exists on a societywide level is called: A) attitudinal discrimination B) institutional discrimination C) cultural discrimination D) personal discrimination Answer: B Page Ref: 201 15) Prejudice persists because it: A) is learned in school B) is emotionally satisfying C) is based on rational thought D) causes guilt feelings and most people need a scapegoat Answer: B Page Ref: 198 16) Which statement is FALSE? A) Blacks still lag behind whites in life chances, particularly in the economic sector B) The black underclass finds itself in the situation of being a minority within a minority C) Relations between blacks and whites are 100 percent improved D) The civil rights movement has raised black consciousness and helped decrease selfhatred Answer: C Page Ref: 208-211 17) Native Americans have: A) experienced the greatest amount of upward mobility of all minority groups B) been helped in their assimilation into mainstream society by the Bureau of Indian Affairs C) been divided among themselves by tribalism D) been rejected by the majority because of their clannishness Answer: C Page Ref: 203-205 18) Cubans who came to the U.S. in the early 1960s: A) are found chiefly in the Southwest B) entered the U.S. illegally C) had a middle-class background and experienced upward mobility in the U.S. D) have become mostly working class in the U.S. Answer: C Page Ref: 217 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 113 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 19) Chinese and Japanese Americans have in common: A) their language B) a secretive nature C) upward mobility through education D) their appearance Answer: C Page Ref: 206 20) In sociological studies of race and ethnic relations: A) minority refers to the smaller group B) minority refers to an oppressed group C) majority represents the group in power because of its large numbers D) minorities are described on the basis of biology Answer: B Page Ref: 193 21) Nation-states stimulated raceethnic conflict because: A) they were homogeneous B) they tried to absorb different ethnic and racial groups suppressing their identities and values C) they were peaceful D) they were patriotic Answer: B Page Ref: 193 22) Ethnic groups are based on: A) skin color B) common customs and/or identities C) genes D) eye shape Answer: B Page Ref: 194 23) Human races reflect: A) pure stock B) differences in intelligence C) primarily differences in language D) mixtures of several populations Answer: D Page Ref: 194 24) Classification of human races is: A) clearcut B) vague because of overlap of traits C) restricted to skin color D) done according to physical appearanceW Answer: B Page Ref: 194 25) An ascribed status that a person cannot change is: A) race B) religion C) political party D) last name Answer: A Page Ref: 194 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 114 TEST BANK 26) Second- and third-generation immigrants failed to melt in the melting pot because of: A) language differences B) residence stability C) religion D) skin color Answer: C Page Ref: 195 27) Maintaining a group's distinctive customs and identity is called: A) cultural decline B) cultural pluralism C) cultural complex D) cultural trait Answer: B Page Ref: 196 28) In recent years there was an awakening of ethnic identity among the following groups: A) African Americans B) Hispanics C) Native Americans D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 194 29) The Cuban community in Miami is an example of: A) assimilation B) acculturation C) accommodation D) segregation Answer: C Page Ref: 197 30) When a minority group accepts the culture of the dominant group, it is called: A) accommodation B) acculturation C) amalgamation D) assimilation Answer: D Page Ref: 197 31) The merging of majority and minority groups, as happened in Brazil, is called: A) segregation B) acculturation C) accommodation D) amalgamation Answer: D Page Ref: 197 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 115 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 32) Racism is based on the belief(s) that: A) groups inherit certain traits that are inferior B) the dominant majority is the fittest, from a Darwinian point of view C) minority groups should not have access to wealth and power D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 201-202 33) Which statement is an example of stereotyping? A) Judge each individual on his own merits B) All blacks are good basketball players C) There are good and bad among all ethnic or racial groups D) Talent is not the exclusive property of any ethnic group Answer: B Page Ref: 198 34) The Germans blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat in World War I. The persecution that resulted is an illustration of: A) scapegoating B) assimilation C) historic truth D) stereotyping Answer: A Page Ref: 199 35) Admiration of power and intolerance of differences is linked to a: A) Democratic personality B) unprejudiced personality C) authoritarian personality D) totalitarian personality Answer: C Page Ref: 200 36) The small number of black managers and coaches in professional baseball and football is an example of: A) individual discrimination B) institutional discrimination C) cultural discrimination D) lack of talent among blacks Answer: B Page Ref: 201 37) The decline of unskilled factory jobs has increased black unemployment. The situation is a result of: A) structural discrimination B) individual discrimination C) nature of life D) personal discrimination Answer: A Page Ref: 201 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 116 TEST BANK 38) Standard English and the music of Mozart are better than black English and rap music. This belief is an example of: A) structural discrimination B) attitudinal discrimination C) individual discrimination D) elitist discrimination Answer: B Page Ref: 201 39) According to Gordon Allport, much prejudice is based on: A) economic competition among different groups B) equality of groups C) lack of human compassion D) plain ignorance Answer: A Page Ref: 201 40) Among the factors that improve a group's status in the United States is (are): A) concentration in neighborhoods B) entrance into the middle class C) economic development D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 201 41) Native Americans, in comparison to other minority groups: A) have a low death rate from alcohol B) enjoy a low unemployment rate C) live in the best housing available D) are severely disadvantaged E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 203 42) Asian Americans: A) lack mobility B) do not value education C) tend to have low incomes D) have been generally successful E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 205-208 43) The most recent view of black family problems is that they are a result of: A) biology B) the heritage of slavery C) historic events of recent years D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 208 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 117 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 44) The black movement to the urban North from the rural South was similar to: A) the experience of the American Indians B) immigration from Europe C) moves of professionals from New York to Los Angeles D) the arrival of the Cuban middle class after Castro Answer: B Page Ref: 208 45) As of the late 1990s: A) black unemployment was the same as that of whites B) blacks and whites had the same average income C) blacks and whites graduated from college at the same rate D) at least 40 percent of blacks were squarely in the middle class Answer: D Page Ref: 208 46) The median income of African American families is: A) the same as that of whites B) much lower than it was before World War II C) continuing to improve without declines D) still lagging behind that of whites E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 209 47) For African Americans: A) things are still as bad as they were fifty years ago B) college attendance is still out of the question C) the economic situation has hardly changed D) there is evidence of increasing entrance into politics and professions Answer: D Page Ref: 210-211 48) The most numerous of Hispanic Americans are the: A) Mexicans B) Cubans C) Puerto Ricans D) Colombians Answer: A Page Ref: 214 49) The most economically successful Hispanic group in the U.S. consists of: A) Chicanos B) Cubans C) Puerto Ricans D) Spaniards Answer: B Page Ref: 217 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 118 TEST BANK 50) In the United States, Catholics have been: A) below Protestants in income and education B) remaining in white ethnic enclaves C) dominated by Hispanic elements D) subjected to less prejudice than in the past Answer: D Page Ref: 219 51) Jewish Americans in the United States: A) have average to high incomes B) exhibit a high rate of intermarriage C) are poorly represented in corporate elites D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 220-221 52) Stratification systems tend to: A) differentiate among people within societies B) equalize the status of people in a society C) oppress children and the old D) create conflict between old and young Answer: A Page Ref: 193 53) Pluralist societies depend upon one of the following for their existence: A) immigration B) colonization C) conquest D) coexistence Answer: D Page Ref: 222 54) The dominant group in a society is the one that is the: A) most powerful B) subordinate C) largest D) oldest Answer: A Page Ref: 193 55) A minority group consists of: A) fewer people than the majority group B) people distinguished by their physical or cultural traits C) the hostile subcultures in the society D) the most recently settled immigrants Answer: B Page Ref: 193 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 119 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 56) Which of the following is NOT true of minority groups? A) They are recognizable by their visible ascribed traits or cultural customs B) They are subject to differential treatment C) They are not aware of their minority status D) They are aware of a common group identity Answer: C Page Ref: 194 57) Minority groups: A) constitute a subculture within the larger culture B) tend to show solidarity to each other C) exhibit clannish behavior D) practice cultural relativity Answer: A Page Ref: 194 58) For many second and third generation immigrants, ethnic background is less a focus of identity than: A) social class B) religion C) race D) residence Answer: B Page Ref: 219 59) The first ideology prevalent in the United States regarding the treatment of minorities assumed that they: A) should retain their cultures of origin B) fuse into the melting pot C) assimilate into WASP culture D) should do as they pleased Answer: C Page Ref: 195 60) Which of the following processes includes isolation of the minority population? A) acculturation B) accommodation C) segregation D) assimilation Answer: C Page Ref: 197 61) What is the basis of racist ideology? A) An inaccurate interpretation and social application of Darwin's theory of evolution B) "Social Darwinism" applied to religious beliefs C) An invention of European colonial governments D) The New Testament Answer: A Page Ref: 202 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 120 TEST BANK 62) To assign uniform characteristics to an entire group of people without allowing for individual differences is called: A) prejudging B) characterizing C) stereotyping D) discriminating Answer: C Page Ref: 198 63) When confronted with evidence contrary to their beliefs, prejudiced persons will: A) suspend judgment until more evidence is found B) change their judgment to conform to new evidence C) refuse to change the original judgment in spite of evidence to the contrary D) apologize to the victim of their prejudice Answer: C Page Ref: 198 64) According to Gordon Allport's theory of contact: A) unequal status between groups reduces prejudice B) equal status between groups leads to reduced competition C) Southern blacks and whites of the same social class have been driven further apart in recent years D) equal status between groups increases prejudice Answer: B Page Ref: 200 65) In the social sciences, discrimination as a concept means: A) having good taste in art and music B) actions taken as a result of prejudicial feelings C) ability to discern the direction of social relations D) the physical ability to see in the dark Answer: B Page Ref: 201 66) Discrimination occurs: A) with prejudice B) as a result of informal quotas C) with or without accompanying prejudice D) as a result of government rulings Answer: C Page Ref: 201 67) Prejudice diminishes as: A) the majority becomes more oppressive B) assimilation occurs C) the economic status of minorities becomes equal to that of the majority D) the economic status of minorities declines Answer: C Page Ref: 200 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 121 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 68) The mechanisms of upward mobility of minorities did NOT include: A) internal economic development and specialization B) development of a middle class C) geographic concentration D) a social caste system Answer: D Page Ref: 200 69) In the Puerto Rican community, "va y ven" means: A) the movement to the suburbs B) commuting back and forth to work C) returning to Puerto Rico after living in the U.S. D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 215 70) Which is false about Asian-Americans? A) They have the highest poverty rate of all minorities B) They have the lowest poverty rate of all minorities C) Their educational achievement is higher than that of whites D) Sixteen percent of Asians and Pacific Islanders have professional degrees. Answer: A Page Ref: 206 71) Psychologists researching the causes of prejudice have found that: A) it may have an evolutionary origin B) it is caused by anger C) it is directed at a target from a different group D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 200 72) Which is false? A) In 2002, the annual median income nationally was approximately $43,000, while the median income of African Americans was approximately $29,000. B) The income gap between whites and African Americans has totally disappeared. C) Forty-eight percent of Africans owned their homes in 2002. D) Thirty-six percent of black women worked in technical support and managerial jobs. Answer: B Page Ref: 211 73) According to the Pew Research Center: A) 77 percent of Americans believe that it is OK for whites and blacks to date each other B) Americans of both races have become much more tolerant. C) on issues such as the pace of progress, affirmative action, and civil rights the two groups are in accord D) all of the above E) only A and B Answer: E Page Ref: 212 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 122 TEST BANK 74) The difference in attitudes of whites and African Americans is related to: A) age B) social status C) social class D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 212 75) The fiftieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education is not the success it was intended to be because: A) schools are becoming segregated again B) the law has been changed again C) people prefer to live in segregated neighborhoods D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 212 76) Hispanic Americans represent what percentage of the population: A) 12 percent B) 20 percent C) 14.5 percent D) 9 percent Answer: C Page Ref: 212 77) Latino neighborhoods have prospered because: A) Latinos have a strong sense of community B) they are well organized politically C) they try to use English instead of their native Spanish D) they have a common culture Answer: A Page Ref: 214 78) The largest number of Latinos come from: A) Latin America B) Spain C) Mexico D) Puerto Rico Answer: C Page Ref: 214 79) Economically, one of the most disadvantaged ethnic minorities in the U.S. are: A) Mexicans B) Puerto Ricans C) Cubans D) South Americans Answer: B Page Ref: 215 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 123 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 80) Jewish Americans in the United States: A) experience a great deal of prejudice and discrimination B) have high rates of intermarriage C) are highly represented among college graduates D) only B and C Answer: D Page Ref: 220-221 81) In the future, the American population will: A) become more pluralistic B) consist of immigrants from European countries C) experience a loss of immigration D) remain racially segregated Answer: A Page Ref: 222 8.3 Essay Questions 1) No one is totally exempt from discrimination and prejudice, either as perpetrator or as recipient. Examine your own feelings and views for the possible existence of prejudice, and examine your own feelings and views for the possible existence of discrimination. Do you accept popular stereotypes? Do you tend to scapegoat? Be honest. Answer: Page Ref: 2) Do you consider yourself a member of a minority group? If so, on what basis? If you are a minority, have you experienced instances of prejudice and discrimination personally? Has your minority status had positive results? Have members of your family experienced prejudice and discrimination? What do your family members say about the present situation in regard to minority status? Answer: Page Ref: 3) This society was intended to be one that accepts all the persecuted of the world, a haven for those who suffer elsewhere. But immigrants tend to compete for jobs and privileges with the natives. How do we reconcile the rights of the natives with the aspirations of the immigrants? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 124 TEST BANK Chapter 9 Minority Status: Race, Gender, and Sexuality 9.1 True/False Questions 1) Anatomy, genes, and hormones affect human behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 237-238 2) Gender roles are learned instinctively. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 241-243 3) Imitation and reinforcement are some ways in which gender roles are learned. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 241-243 4) People are not socially differentiated according to their age. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 227 5) The elderly have a high status in modern industrial societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 228 6) Depression and feelings of social isolation complicate the lives of the elderly. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 229 7) The new roles women are expected to play are clear-cut. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 249-251 8) Conditioning, imitation, and selfdefinition are stages of disengagement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 228 9) Women earn less than men because they are not heads of families. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 244 10) Most American women are interested in a reversal of sex roles. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 251 11) Ageism is an ideology that maintains the superiority of the old against the young. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 228-229 12) Senescence is the process of growing old. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 229 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 125 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) A female is born when an ovum bearing the X chromosome is fertilized by a sperm bearing a Y chromosome. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 237 14) An increase in testosterone produces an increase in aggressive behavior and sex drive. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 238 15) Margaret Mead concluded that culture is solely responsible for gender roles. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 239 16) Even in industrial and postindustrial societies, gender roles reflect a society's agricultural past. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 241 17) Behavioral scientists admit that in sex role socialization there may be biological predispositions that prompt specific behaviors. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 239 18) One out of every four women experience clinical depression at least once in their lives. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 250 19) Age is an ascribed characteristic according to which people are assigned a status in society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 228 20) Many of the problems associated with old age are the result of disease, abuse, and disuse. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 229 21) The higher the social status of a worker, the more job satisfaction he or she enjoys, and the later the age of retirement tends to be. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 231 22) A majority of the elderly live with their middle-aged children. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 233 23) Today, death is considered an out-of-the-ordinary event and is understood in very negative terms, unlike in previous historical eras when it was considered a natural concomitant of life. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 235 24) By the year 2050, those 65 years old and older will comprise almost 25 percent of the population of the United States. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 227 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 126 TEST BANK 25) Maleness and femaleness are gender roles. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 241 26) Hormones play an irrelevant role in the development of the sexes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 238 9.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A study of male identical twins, one of whom had been castrated by accident during circumcision and treated as a little girl until puberty, showed that: A) the castrated male still acted like a tomboy B) the intact twin gradually became more "feminine" C) the castrated twin was tidier than his brother, but never played with dolls D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 239 2) The hormones involved in the development of sex characteristics are: A) phlogiston and progesterone B) progesterone and testosterone C) estrogen and amalyase D) progesterone and estrogen E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 237-239 3) The basic assertion of ageism is that: A) the young are superior to the old B) the old are superior to the young C) there is a smooth transfer of roles between the old and the young D) work is best left to those who can do it Answer: A Page Ref: 228 4) Males are conceived with which of the following chromosome configurations? A) XY B) XX C) XXX D) YYY Answer: A Page Ref: 227 5) Males: A) have a lower birthrate than females B) live longer than females C) are more prone to aggressiveness than females D) are less likely to die violently E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 238 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 127 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 6) The hormone associated with male traits and aggression is: A) testosterone B) estrogen C) premarin D) progesterone Answer: A Page Ref: 238 7) Mead's work in New Guinea indicated that: A) biology totally controls social role behavior B) all tribes in her study stressed male aggression and hostility C) sex role behavior is conditioned differently in different cultures D) men are men and women are women everywhere Answer: C Page Ref: 239 8) Studies other than Mead's show that: A) in most cultures males are more aggressive than females B) there is no pattern to aggressive behavior in either males or females C) biology is totally unimportant in sex role behavior D) aggression is strictly socially learned Answer: A Page Ref: 240 9) The subordinate position of women in decision making may result from: A) the instrumental role assumed by males B) women being less intelligent than men C) the choice of women as leaders D) women's modesty Answer: A Page Ref: 241 10) When parents give rewards for certain sex role behavior, the process is called conditioning, and is the basis for: A) the social learning theory B) initiation C) selfdefinition D) bribing Answer: A Page Ref: 247 11) According to the cognitive development theory, children learn gender roles according to: A) instinct B) attempt to elicit parental approval C) which stage of cognitive development they have reached D) biology Answer: C Page Ref: 248 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 128 TEST BANK 12) The female role as a passive and domestic creature may be conditioned by: A) children's picture books B) stress on male sports in school C) TV ads showing women as domestics D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 242-243 13) Gender assignment is based on: A) biological sex only B) sexuality only C) social expectations only D) a combination of biology and socialization Answer: D Page Ref: 245 14) The "feminization of poverty" refers to: A) the fact that most men are rich B) an equal number of men and women being poor now C) the fact that female-headed households are usually poor D) the fact that women are more blessed than men, in spite of poverty Answer: C Page Ref: 244 15) Feminist theory has borrowed much of the ideas of: A) psychology B) conflict and Marxist theories C) the ideology that tries to rationalize women's low position in society D) The Feminine Mystique Answer: B Page Ref: 247 16) Women throughout the world: A) lack parity with men in salaries B) are concentrated in women's work C) have a high rate of poverty D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 249 17) There is no conclusive evidence that differences in the behavior of the two genders are due to: A) anatomical differences B) hormonal differences C) chromosomal differences D) environmental differences E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 237 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 129 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 18) Ageism in the United States is rationalized by stereotyping the elderly as: A) senile B) slow C) unpleasant to look at D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 228 19) Disengagement refers to: A) aged persons maintaining their regular social roles B) aged persons abandoning their regular roles so that younger people may assume them C) a period before retirement D) a pleasant interlude for the elderly Answer: B Page Ref: 228 20) Sex stereotypes are traditionally found in: A) books B) movies C) segregation of boys and girls in certain activities D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 249-251 21) Secondary sex characteristics: A) are anatomical differences between men and women B) develop when specific hormones are introduced into an organism C) are mental differences between men and women D) none of the above E) are BOTH anatomical and hormonally-induced Answer: B Page Ref: 238 22) Sex roles are: A) behavioral norms into which males and females are socialized B) behavioral norms into which only males are socialized C) equivalent to macho roles D) what women are attempting to throw off Answer: A Page Ref: 241-243 23) Discrimination against the elderly has been especially apparent in the area of: A) creditworthiness B) employment C) retirement D) hospitalization Answer: B Page Ref: 230-231 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 130 TEST BANK 24) It has been found that disengagement is usually: A) very voluntary B) never forced C) often forced D) rarely enforced Answer: C Page Ref: 228 25) The elderly are a minority because they: A) are a small percentage of the population B) are physically weak C) lack power D) cannot defend themselves Answer: C Page Ref: 227 26) The most obvious effect of sexism on women has been that they: A) have become passive and accepting of the status quo B) have been denied alternatives to the roles of wives and mothers C) have become masculine since they joined the work force D) realized that motherhood had fewer satisfactions than a career Answer: B Page Ref: 250 27) Persons set apart for differential treatment include: A) those affected by physical and mental disabilities B) the rich and famous C) homosexuals D) none of the above E) BOTH the disabled and those with same-sex preferences Answer: E Page Ref: 252 28) Ageism asserts that: A) wisdom accompanies advancing age B) each stage of life has its own rewards C) the young are superior to the old D) life begins at forty Answer: C Page Ref: 228 29) The experience of loss, or impending loss, of a person to whom one is close is called: A) disengagement B) displacement C) bequeathment D) bereavement Answer: D Page Ref: 235 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 131 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 30) It is fairly certain that male and female brains: A) are functionally identical B) differ in left-right communication C) distribute sensory functions differently D) differ in size, weight, and capacity E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 238 31) In his book, The Inevitability of Patriarchy, Steven Goldberg asserts that: A) matriarchal societies have never existed B) men perform the highest status non-maternal roles in all societies C) men dominate male-female relationships D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 240 32) From the dawn of history through the development of agriculture: A) men and women participated in a sex-based division of labor B) human infants and their mothers had to be protected C) males were assigned hunting and other dangerous tasks D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 241 33) Structured inequality of gender roles: A) has been with humans from the dawn of culture B) began with hunting and gathering societies C) has its origins in agricultural communities D) is peculiar to industrial societies Answer: C Page Ref: 241 34) Women first assumed subordinate roles when they: A) stayed home when men hunted B) ceased to gather the majority of the food supply C) assumed primary child-care responsibilities D) left home to gather food Answer: B Page Ref: 241 35) American gender role socialization research has concluded that almost all children know their sex and how each sex is to behave by the age of: A) one or two B) three or four C) five or six D) six or seven Answer: B Page Ref: 247 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 132 TEST BANK 36) Identification theory is based on the ideas of: A) Freud B) Cooley C) Mead D) Erikson Answer: A Page Ref: 248 37) Male dominance is expressed: A) in spite of ours being an egalitarian society B) by the frequent instances of sexual harassment on the job C) for the lack of wage parity D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 243-245 38) The most pernicious aspect of sexist ideology is: A) the belief that the sexes differ by nature B) that men are superior in certain activities C) that men are basically superior by nature D) the pervasiveness of the ideology Answer: D Page Ref: 237 39) Women are a minority group insofar as: A) they are treated unequally and are aware of their minority status B) they are residentially segregated C) they control few resources D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 237 40) The media present gender roles: A) realistically B) according to a Victorian model C) stereotypically D) idealistically Answer: C Page Ref: 249 41) Which statement appears to be most correct: A) gender roles have been reversed B) in a marriage, spousal roles are egalitarian C) housekeeping and childcare are still considered women's work D) sex roles are blurred Answer: C Page Ref: 249 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 133 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 42) In the case of the male twin castrated during circumcision: A) he was content living as a female B) he behaved as a little girl once he was given female hormones C) in spite of attempted socialization as a female, he was unhappy in his gender D) his case proves that nurture is stronger than nature Answer: C Page Ref: 239 43) Women's rate of diagnosed depression is: A) twice as high as men's B) half that of men C) the same as men's D) similar in duration to that of men Answer: A Page Ref: 250 44) As of 2005, what proportion of women were in managerial, professional, and administrative positions? A) 20% B) 12.% C) 50% D) 4% E) less than 1% Answer: C Page Ref: 244 (Table) 45) By advocating the acquisition of "more androgynous roles" by both men and women, what is meant is that: A) bisexuality should be the norm B) we should adopt passive roles C) we should adopt blurred, ill-defined roles D) we should combine male and female sex-typed traits Answer: D Page Ref: 251 46) The view that the elderly lack social and material resources to reciprocate in relationships and consequently occupy a subservient status is the point of: A) activity theory B) disengagement theory C) exchange theory D) modernization theory E) interactionist theory Answer: C Page Ref: 228 47) What percentage of elderly Americans experience mild memory loss? A) 70% B) 56% C) 39% D) 23% E) 10% Answer: E Page Ref: 229 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 134 TEST BANK 48) As of 2000, what percentage of those over 65 years old lived in nursing homes? A) less than 20% B) about 10% C) 29% D) 4.5% Answer: D Page Ref: 279 49) The trend toward early retirement seems to be: A) irreversible B) the inevitable outcome of modernization C) a reasonable response to the declining intellectual performance that occurs after age 55 D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 230 50) Retirement's negative effects are felt most strongly by: A) upper-class men and service workers B) women in general and lower-class workers C) middle-class men and lower-class women D) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 230 51) In 2002, what percentage of elderly Americans' aggregate income came from Social Security? A) 22 percent B) 38 percent C) 98 percent D) 59 percent Answer: B Page Ref: 231 52) Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases affect approximately how many elderly Americans? A) 2.5 million B) 20 million C) 100 million D) 1 million Answer: A Page Ref: 229 53) Which groups are hardest hit by the death of a spouse? A) The more elderly widowers B) Women who derived their identity from being someone's wife C) Women living in large cities, those with small incomes, and those who are fairly young D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 234 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 135 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 54) In modern society, death has acquired, to some extent, a sense of: A) meaninglessness B) ordinariness C) unnaturalness D) appropriateness Answer: C Page Ref: 235 55) Which of the following statements is true? A) Most of the health problems associated with growing old pose serious problems by the age of 65 B) A majority of the elderly live in nursing homes C) Young workers perform far better than elderly workers, which is why employers prefer them D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 229-232 56) The ideology of ageism: A) prevails only in the U.S. B) applies only to the old C) asserts that the very young and the very old are inferior D) has little impact on the society Answer: C Page Ref: 227 57) The belief in biological determinism of sex roles: A) has a significant amount of scientific support B) has been supported by anthropological research, especially by Margaret Mead C) is based on the wrong assumption that biological differences indicate superiority or inferiority D) shows the importance of socialization E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 237 58) The identical twin who lost his penis in a tragic accident: A) accepted his female identity B) acted as a female would C) preferred dolls to guns D) grew up to be a perfectly adjusted young woman E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 239 59) The instrumental role was traditionally assigned to: A) males B) females C) the old D) children Answer: A Page Ref: 241 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 136 TEST BANK 60) Homosexuality: A) is a product of the sexual revolution of the 1960s B) is a sin against nature C) has been known to exist throughout history D) is a way of curbing population Answer: C Page Ref: 252 61) Scientists agree that homosexuality is: A) a disease B) biologically caused C) culturally learned behavior D) the result of imperfect socialization E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 252-254 62) The proportion of American men who admit to being homosexual is: A) 10 percent B) 20 percent C) less than 3 percent D) 25 percent Answer: C Page Ref: 253 63) Kinsey maintained that: A) sexuality exists on a continuum B) one is either a heterosexual or a homosexual C) bisexuals lack specific hormones D) people should have sex-change operations if they felt they were the wrong sex Answer: A Page Ref: 253 64) Approximately what percentage of the population admits to being bisexual? A) 30 percent B) 20 percent C) 10 percent D) 6 percent Answer: D Page Ref: 254 65) As a person ages: A) health care costs decrease B) senility sets in C) senescence affects a small minority D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 229 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 137 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 66) Which is false? A) more men than women live alone B) more elderly men than women are married C) only a small percentage of the 65- to 74-year olds live in nursing homes D) older workers perform as well as younger workers Answer: A Page Ref: 229 67) The differences in behavior between men and women: A) are due strictly to biology B) are due strictly to culture C) are due both to biology and culture D) are the product of totalitarian governments Answer: C Page Ref: 240 68) In most societies, male dominance is evident through: A) the differences in pay for the same job B) the small number of legislators who are women C) the sexual harassment situations in the military and other work places D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 243 69) Which is NOT a theory of socialization into gender roles? A) social learning theory B) cognitive development theory C) string theory D) identification theory Answer: C Page Ref: 247 9.3 Essay Questions 1) It is widely believed that women are more emotional, less aggressive, more nurturing, more compassionate, more devoted and concerned about the welfare of others, particularly of children, and more personal in their interrelationships. From your own experience, discuss whether these stereotypes are true or false. If these stereotypes are generally true, then are the qualities women embody valued in our society, or not? If they are valued, and if women possess them, why are women considered inferior? If the qualities are not valued, why are they not, since they correspond to Christian injunctions, and the United States is generally said to be based on Judeo-Christian values? Answer: Page Ref: 2) Which goals of the feminist movement do you fear, or object to? Which do you favor? Can you think of a society that would exhibit complete sexual equality? How would such a society operate? Answer: Page Ref: 3) Ours is not a society that values aging and the aged, or dying. Yet both are inevitable conclusions to life. How can people be educated to accept aging and dying? Which social forces militate against valuing age? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 138 TEST BANK Chapter 10 From the Plow to the Computer: Change, Collective Behavior, and Social Movements 10.1 True/False Questions 1) The speedup of technological progress led to a chain of revolutionary changes that have profoundly transformed our societies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 262-263 2) Social change occurs through scientific discoveries, technological inventions, and new achievements in the arts. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 266 3) An innovation can take the form of a discovery or of an invention. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 267 4) Technology refers to machine production and the factory system in modern industrial societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 269 5) The factory system became the basis of industrialism when it was discovered that specialization and division of labor were especially efficient ways of organizing production. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 271 6) Stability and change are equally characteristic of individuals, societies, and cultures. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 263 7) The Industrial Revolution began as a result of a violent upheaval in the American colonies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 270-271 8) People changed their belief that slavery was an acceptable institution. This constituted social change. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 268 9) In a revolution, cultural traits are spread from one society to another, or from one group in society to another. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 268 10) Diffusion occurs when change results from the violence used by people whose government has ceased to respond to their needs. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 268 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 139 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 11) Random events and acts of individuals have no impact on social change in societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 268 12) Computer-driven technologies are reversing the previous industrial system of production because they make it possible to produce small runs of customized goods and services aimed at specific markets. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 269 13) Iran is an example of a society in which the clash of modernization with traditional values produced great instability and conflict. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 272-273 14) Social scientists are now convinced that modernization works for all societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 273 15) Mass publics have changed the outward appearance of the country in that highways and freeways, shopping malls and amusement parks, golf courses and stadiums are now pervasive. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 277 16) Collective behavior is relatively unpatterned and unstructured. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 274-275 17) Social movements are much more likely to emerge during periods of rapid social change. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 282 18) A crowd is a collection of people who respond to a common stimulus. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 275-276 19) The readers of Time Magazine constitute a public. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 278 20) Reform social movements represent an attempt to remove the old social order and forcefully substitute it with a new one. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 284 21) Public opinion has meaning especially in a mass society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 281 22) Fashions, fads, and crazes are forms of social movements. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 277 (box) 23) A complete lack of structure in the behavior of an aggregate of people is normal. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 274-276 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 140 TEST BANK 24) Casual crowds come together for specific events, such as a concert. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 276 25) Organized crowds are more receptive to mob behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 276 26) A crowd can do what individual members do not want to do. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 276 27) Collective behavior can only take place among people who are close to one another. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 277 28) An out-of-control crowd with no particular goal in mind is a riot. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 276 29) Mobs are highly emotional and moved by the idea of violent action.. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 276 30) Designer jeans came into style because imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 276 31) A scattered collection of people who share a common interest or concern about an issue or who are affected by a common occurrence is the definition of a public. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 278 32) A mass public never changes, its composition remaining constant. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 278-279 33) Politicians exert the strongest influence on public opinion. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 280-281 34) Propaganda gives distorted information, while censorship deletes all or parts of information to the public. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 282 35) "Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life" is one definition of public opinion. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 283 36) Reform movements try to change some feature of an existing social order, while revolutionary movements seek its total destruction. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 284 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 141 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 37) The American Revolution was a class social movement, while the Russian Revolution was a nationalistic social movement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 284 38) A crisis of legitimacy is a predisposing factor for revolution. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 285 39) Change-resistant movements are joined by people who believe that things are changing too fast. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 286 10.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Collective behavior is often precipitated by: A) anomaly B) rapid social change C) deviant behavior D) fear of the future Answer: B Page Ref: 274 2) Collective behavior is: A) nonroutine B) alienating C) convergent D) emergent Answer: A Page Ref: 275 3) Which is NOT a characteristic of crowd behavior? A) Individuals totally shed their identity B) Development of a common mood C) Behavior according to previously established norms D) Temporary Answer: A Page Ref: 275-276 4) Change may be experienced at which level? A) Alpha, beta, and delta B) Micro, middle, and macro C) High and low D) Public and public opinion Answer: B Page Ref: 265 5) A scattered collection of people who share a common interest or a concern about an issue are a(n): A) group B) crowd C) public D) audience Answer: C Page Ref: 278-280 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 142 TEST BANK 6) A deliberate attempt to persuade the individual to accept a particular belief, or to make a specific choice, uncritically, is: A) brainwashing B) instruction C) education D) propaganda Answer: D Page Ref: 282 7) Which is NOT a form of collective behavior? A) Fashions B) Rumors C) Dining out with a friend D) Panic Answer: C Page Ref: 274-275 8) A temporary collection of people gathered in the same place at the same time becomes a crowd when they: A) interact on a facetoface basis B) respond to a common stimulus C) are personally acquainted with each other D) have the same thing in mind as to how to behave Answer: B Page Ref: 276 9) Crowds may engage in unpredictable behavior because: A) they are temporary B) individuals can remain anonymous C) individuals are unpredictable D) BOTH they are temporary and individuals are anonymous Answer: D Page Ref: 276 10) Publics and public opinion: A) are more characteristic of complex societies than of simple ones B) are more frequent in totalitarian societies than in democratic ones C) express the values of leaders of society D) have special meanings in traditional societies where conflicting issues are common Answer: A Page Ref: 278-281 11) Censorship: A) is the same as propaganda B) gives a onesided interpretation of an issue C) deletes all or parts of information D) is the opposite of propaganda Answer: C Page Ref: 282 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 143 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) Which is NOT an element of a social movement? A) It has a specific perspective and ideology B) It involves no orientation toward action C) It has a strong sense of idealism and solidarity D) It involves a significant number of people Answer: B Page Ref: 282-283 13) Collective behavior is: A) rather unstructured B) well planned C) based on regular norms D) individual behavior multiplied Answer: A Page Ref: 274-275 14) Collective behavior: A) completely lacks structure B) has some connection with social factors C) is always disorganized D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 274-275 15) Social scientists are interested in collective behavior because it is: A) so predictable B) not tied to social factors C) often the basis of important social change D) reflective of purely animal behavior Answer: C Page Ref: 274-275 16) The crowd at a religious revival meeting is: A) casual B) acting C) expressive D) disorganized Answer: C Page Ref: 276 17) Violent crowd behavior: A) has no limits in its antisocial nature B) always goes against the wishes of individual members C) is generally random D) is usually temporary Answer: D Page Ref: 276 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 144 TEST BANK 18) Many listeners to a 1938 sciencefiction radio program believed that Martians were really invading the Earth. They fled into the streets in panic. We would call their behavior: A) fashion B) rationallegal behavior C) fantasy D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 275 19) When old rules and laws are ignored and rebellious crowds set up new rules of behavior, social scientists call this situation: A) convergence B) revolution C) collective behavior D) coup d'etat Answer: B Page Ref: 275 20) Persons interested in saving the whales could be considered a (n): A) public B) acting crowd C) casual crowd D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 278 21) Public opinion is associated with: A) mass society B) primary groups C) face-to-face-communication D) emergent norms Answer: A Page Ref: 278 22) Telling people that using a certain toothpaste will make them sexually appealing is an example of: A) truth in advertising B) propaganda C) censorship D) practical use of scientific research Answer: B Page Ref: 282 23) Collective behavior favors social change because it: A) alters people's perspective B) prevents action C) destroys group identity D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 274 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 145 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 24) Social movements tend to: A) resist change B) encourage change C) redirect change D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 282-283 25) Ideologies: A) direct people to act in a certain way B) never distort the truth C) always abhor fanaticism D) refer to the study of ideas Answer: A Page Ref: 283 26) Social movements are forms of collective behavior that have: A) no specific ideology B) a sense of solidarity C) an insignificant number of persons involved D) no particular program of action Answer: B Page Ref: 282-283 27) Social movements never: A) develop into political parties B) are voluntary associations C) gain control of governments D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 283 28) In industrial societies, the social class most likely to participate in social movements is the: A) lower class B) upper class C) middle class D) all social classes equally Answer: C Page Ref: 287 29) In a developing nation, people start to obtain good jobs. Then, inflation cuts their income. The people begin to feel: A) relative deprivation B) a failure of rising expectations C) euphoria D) depression Answer: B Page Ref: 287 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 146 TEST BANK 30) Marxists are most interested in: A) nationalistic revolutionary movements B) class revolutionary movements C) coups d'etat D) guerrilla fighting Answer: B Page Ref: 284 31) The civil rights movement in the United States was a: A) reform movement B) nationalistic movement C) changeresistant movement D) ethical movement Answer: A Page Ref: 284 32) People who are suddenly thrust in a situation for which they know no precedent are vulnerable to: A) criminal behavior B) normative behavior C) collective behavior D) social behavior Answer: C Page Ref: 274 33) Billy Graham's religious revival meetings are an example of: A) expressive crowds B) social movements C) people's fear of the unknown D) spiritual awakening Answer: A Page Ref: 276 34) Crowds and masses differ in that: A) masses are not personally connected to one another B) people in a crowd are in close proximity to one another C) collective behavior cannot take place in masses D) masses of people must always be in the same physical setting Answer: B Page Ref: 277 35) Reform movements: A) are more successful in authoritarian than in democratic societies B) substitute one ruling class for another C) may be progressive or reactionary D) aim to change the entire society Answer: C Page Ref: 284 36) A crisis of legitimacy indicates that: A) the social order requires piecemeal reform B) general apathy has overtaken the public C) the public perceives that legitimate government has failed D) better government propaganda is in order Answer: C Page Ref: 285 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 147 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 37) The most recent social movements: A) focus more on economic issues B) attract the underclass rather than the working class C) are community and locality based D) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 285 38) A nationalistic revolution occurred in the: A) communist takeover of China in 1949 B) Cuban revolution of 1959 C) American Revolution D) French Revolution Answer: C Page Ref: 284 39) When a predominantly foreign government is overthrown, the revolution is called: A) alternative B) class C) nationalistic D) fascist Answer: C Page Ref: 284 40) Redemptive movements include: A) the antinuclear movement B) fundamentalist Christianity C) the civil rights movement D) the women's liberation movement Answer: B Page Ref: 284 41) When the public perceives that the government has failed, the state may be said to be undergoing: A) revolution B) a crisis of legitimacy C) a crisis of confidence D) involution Answer: B Page Ref: 285 42) Reform movements: A) are always progressive B) may be reactionary or progressive C) are equally successful in all types of societies D) have brought about both communism and fascism Answer: B Page Ref: 284 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 148 TEST BANK 43) The abolitionist movement sought the abolition of: A) alcohol consumption B) states' rights C) slavery D) compulsory education Answer: C Page Ref: 285 44) The Ku Klux Klan is an example of a(n): A) change-resistant movement B) progressive movement C) fascist movement D) neo-Nazi movement Answer: A Page Ref: 286 45) A social movement which becomes a formal organization is said to have undergone: A) cooptation B) incorporation C) oligarchization D) bureaucratization Answer: D Page Ref: 286 46) The failure of rising expectations is related to: A) a general rise in the standard of living for all segments of society B) a rapid decline in the standard of living C) dissatisfaction based on relative deprivation D) false advertising and credit expansion Answer: C Page Ref: 287 47) Ideologies: A) underlie all social movements B) do not underlie all political movements C) underlie only political movements D) underlie only revolutionary movements Answer: A Page Ref: 283 48) Change may be experienced on three levels: A) personal, impersonal, social B) invention, discovery, exploration C) micro, middle, and macro D) planning, reform, revolution Answer: C Page Ref: 265 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 149 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 49) Change, felt through new patterns of individual and small-group interaction, is called: A) diffusion B) micro-level change C) innovation D) macro-level change E) interpersonal change Answer: B Page Ref: 265 50) It is correct to say that: A) change is only a recent situation B) the more things change the more they remain the same C) the rate of change has increased in recent years D) change has been the downfall of societies Answer: C Page Ref: 263 51) "Future shock" is: A) a phrase used to describe an alien culture B) the name of a famous movie dealing with a society of the future C) a phrase used by Alvin Toffler to describe the rapidity of change D) what the elderly experience in every society when a new generation comes into power. Answer: C Page Ref: 263 52) Modernization means that a society becomes: A) democratic B) affluent C) agricultural D) industrial Answer: D Page Ref: 270 53) Modernization in Britain was not as disruptive as in other countries because: A) the British are smarter B) the rate of change was slower so integration of new values was possible C) the British were ahead of other societies in their level of civilization D) the British had the Magna Carta which protected civil rights Answer: B Page Ref: 272-273 54) When people's beliefs about the inferiority of a certain group undergo change, the process is called: A) social change B) cultural change C) political change D) radical change Answer: B Page Ref: 267 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 150 TEST BANK 55) Sociocultural change means that: A) social change is really separate from cultural change B) cultural change has nothing to do with social change C) social and cultural change are interrelated D) the concept is a contradiction in terms Answer: C Page Ref: 266 56) The first airplane was a(n): A) discovery B) invention C) diffusion D) miracle Answer: B Page Ref: 267 57) The knowledge of how the blood circulates in the body is a(n): A) invention B) discovery C) diffusion D) innovation Answer: B Page Ref: 267 58) The popularity of spaghetti in the United States resulted from: A) the discovery of noodles B) the invention of pasta machines C) diffusion D) an innovation in agriculture Answer: C Page Ref: 268 59) When one culture borrows traits from another culture, the borrowing culture tends to be: A) grateful B) selective in borrowing C) nonselective in borrowing D) gullible and impressionable Answer: B Page Ref: 268 60) The technological revolution that led to the control of food production is called the: A) Paleolithic revolution B) Industrial revolution C) Agricultural revolution D) Cultural revolution Answer: C Page Ref: 269 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 151 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 61) The Industrial Revolution was based on: A) the invention of basic machines B) the discovery of new material C) new sources of power D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 270-271 62) Placing workers and machines in one building is called: A) cottage industry B) guild system C) factory system D) exploitation of the proletariat Answer: C Page Ref: 272 63) The Industrial Revolution began with: A) the invention of a few basic machines B) the overthrow of the British C) the founding of Sony in Japan D) the proletariat in Russia Answer: A Page Ref: 271 64) The idea that technology changes social organization and ideology is called: A) scientific determinism B) technological revolution C) evangelical determinism D) secular humanism Answer: B Page Ref: 269 65) Today, physicians, the clergy, and lawyers have difficulty dealing with test tube babies and surrogate motherhood. We could say that they are grappling with: A) cultural advancement B) cultural change C) cultural lag D) cultural conflict Answer: B Page Ref: 267 66) When citizens or government agencies attempt to peacefully correct laws or institutions, they are engaged in: A) revolution B) reform C) diffusion D) innovation Answer: B Page Ref: 284 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 152 TEST BANK 67) The privileged position of the modern industrial nations was attained because of: A) a change in the economy from agrarian to industrial B) a change in the population distribution from rural to urban C) the discovery of natural resources D) both urbanization and industrialization Answer: D Page Ref: 271 68) The fact that pizza is now a popular American food is due to: A) cultural lag B) technological innovation C) cultural diffusion D) sociocultural drift Answer: C Page Ref: 268 69) The factory system: A) was introduced when it became convenient to house both workers and machinery under one roof B) gave more power to the employers, called entrepreneurs C) was an American invention popularized through cultural diffusion D) resulted from BOTH the convenience of housing workers and equipment together and gave more power to the entrepreneurs Answer: D Page Ref: 271-272 70) Which is false of the process of diffusion? A) It tends to be reciprocal B) Only some elements of a culture are accepted by other cultures C) Borrowing cultures modify the traits they accept D) A complex culture borrows more elements from a simple culture than the other way around Answer: D Page Ref: 268 71) The first technological revolution: A) took place in 1750 B) began with the invention of the steam engine C) turned people from food gatherers to food producers D) occurred in England Answer: C Page Ref: 269 72) The Industrial Revolution: A) began in England in the 1800s B) is already finished C) caused few sociocultural changes D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 271 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 153 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 73) Social statics and social dynamics: A) are two dimensions of the same phenomenon B) refer one to the structure, the other to the processes of a social system C) are separated only for the sake of analysis D) are two aspects of the same thing and, therefore, separated only for analysis E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 263 74) Industry: A) is a system of production B) represented a radical departure from previous methods of production C) meant that one worker manufactured the entire product D) is BOTH a productive system and a radical innovation E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 271-272 75) Futurist Alvin Toffler called his concept: A) future shock B) culture shock C) myocardial shock D) static shock Answer: A Page Ref: 263 76) Social change must be analyzed in terms of: A) stability and efficiency B) statics and dynamics C) backward and forward progress D) if it is good for the people Answer: B Page Ref: 263 77) The rate of change for most of human history has been: A) slow until the Industrial Revolution, then rapid B) rapid since the beginning of history C) unchanged D) slow because people are creatures of habit Answer: A Page Ref: 262 78) As a result of social change, some members of society: A) play new roles B) occupy new statuses C) become social climbers D) become downwardly mobile E) take on BOTH new statuses and new roles Answer: E Page Ref: 266 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 154 TEST BANK 79) Which of the following brings about cultural change? A) scientific discoveries B) technological inventions C) new art forms D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 266-270 80) The processes of cultural change include: A) conservatism and reactionism B) innovation and invention C) conformity and obedience D) nationalism and patriotism Answer: B Page Ref: 266-267 81) Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents is the definition of: A) social movements B) revolutions C) coups d'etat D) terrorism Answer: D Page Ref: 287 82) The purpose of terrorism is: A) to bring in new forms of government B) to start a nationalistic revolution C) reject modernization D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 287 83) The difficulty with fighting terrorism is that: A) terrorists have no single ideology B) terrorism is a transnational problem C) terrorists have differing goals D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 287 10.3 Essay Questions 1) Around a decade ago, the communist world effectively collapsed. That was an example of monumental change. Were the changes in each communist society cultural? Social? What processes were involved? Have these changes affected you personally? Do you think they will affect the United States? The world? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 155 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 2) On the world arena, two trends are clearly recognizable. On the one hand, the world is becoming a global village, with information and goods traded everywhere; on the other, nationalistic forces are pushing the world toward conflict and disunity. Is a world society desirable? Is it possible? How would it change your life? Which trend has a better chance of succeeding? Answer: Page Ref: 3) List all the forms of collective behavior in which you have participated, and in which you continue to participate. What kinds of crowds have you been part of? What were some of the emotions you felt? Can you see yourself taking part in the beating of an individual because everyone else in the crowd is doing it? Answer: Page Ref: 4) Fashion is a form of collective behavior only the strongest among us ignore. What force makes you wear your pants practically around your knees? If this fashion is a social pattern that reflects the interests, values, and motives of a segment of society at a certain point in time, can you identify that segment of society? Is that segment of society your reference group? Why or why not? An interesting research project would be to trace the development of an item of clothing - men's trousers, for instance - for about one thousand years, and see what interests, values, and motives we can deduce from each change in fashion. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 156 TEST BANK Chapter 11 Population, Urbanization, and Environment 11.1 True/False Questions 1) One of the side effects of the Industrial Revolution has been population growth. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 291 2) The Industrial Revolution began as a result of the demographic transition. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 303 3) The Malthusian prophecy accurately predicted that the American people would reach zero population growth in the 1970s. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 302-303 4) The fertility rate represents the number of births in a population in relation to every 1000 women of childbearing age. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 293 5) Thomas Malthus maintained that population grows by geometric progression, but the food supply grows by arithmetic progression. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 302-303 6) The demographic transition model is based on the fact that in the past 200 years Western societies have gone from high mortality and fertility rates to low fertility and mortality rates. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 303-305 7) In 1972, the birthrate in the United States had dropped below the replacement level: we had attained zero population growth. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 305 8) The population pyramid is a monument thought to have been built in memory of Egyptian royalty. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 300 9) The most technologically advanced nations also have the lowest fertility rates. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 304-305 10) Urbanization is the shift of population to cities. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 310 11) Urbanization and urbanism are interchangeable terms. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 310-311 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 157 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) Suburbanization is a significant factor in the urban crisis. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 312-314 13) Urban renewal has been shown to be highly successful. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 317 14) Urbanism results in central city degeneration. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 316 15) Urbanism is replacing traditional rural values. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 16) Rural values have been idealized by Americans; in reality, they are similar to urban values. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 17) Urban living is conducive to freedom of action under anonymous conditions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 18) Primary groups are especially important in urban surroundings. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 19) Laws, codes, and regulations are more prevalent in the city. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 20) A large number of SMSAs leads to an urban crisis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 315-316 21) A megalopolis is another name for urban sprawl. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 316 22) The inner cities of most metropolitan areas tend to house the very wealthy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 313 23) There are various levels of ecosystems, but a balance must be maintained in all. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 319 24) Planet Earth constitutes a global ecosystem. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 319 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 158 TEST BANK 25) Americans are worried most about the depletion of fossil fuels burned for energy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 322 26) A small creek in a suburban neighborhood is considered to be a local ecosystem. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 319 11.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Overpopulation is a problem worldwide but only in relation to: A) demography B) poor contraception C) population density D) political organization Answer: C Page Ref: 292 2) Population began to increase steadily: A) by around the middle of the 18th century B) with improvements in agriculture, technology, and medicine C) in the Bronze Age D) in the 17th century when agriculture, technology and medicine improved Answer: A Page Ref: 304 3) The number of births in a population in relation to every 1000 women of childbearing age in a year is called the: A) birthrate B) fertility rate C) population pyramid D) population growth rate Answer: A Page Ref: 293 4) Which is typical of the first stage of the demographic transition? A) high birthrates and high death rates B) high birthrates and declining death rates C) declining birthrates and high death rates D) cycles of growth and decline Answer: A Page Ref: 303 5) Which subject is NOT studied by demography? A) Birthrates, death rates, sex rates B) Age groups, marriage incidence, divorce frequency C) Human mobility D) Rockforming, landshaping, soilforming Answer: D Page Ref: 292 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 159 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 6) Zero population growth: A) means that no more children are born B) indicates that the fertility rate has dropped below the replacement level C) must be achieved by all nations by the year 2005 D) is actively pursued by many of the underdeveloped nations Answer: D Page Ref: 305 7) Demographers believe that: A) the demographic transition represents a general pattern B) Western societies are doomed to extinction C) the underdeveloped nations must increase their birthrate D) population grows in inverse proportion to food production Answer: A Page Ref: 303-305 8) It is true of the population of the United States that: A) it is getting older B) there are more women than men C) rural and sunbelt areas attract only the young D) it is BOTH older and more female Answer: D Page Ref: 298-300 9) Birthrates: A) generally correspond to population density B) are low in Western Europe and Japan C) are high in Arabia and interior Africa D) are low BOTH in Western Europe and Japan and high in Arabia and Africa Answer: D Page Ref: 293 10) Most population experts: A) expect the growth rate to remain constant B) expect population to level off at between 8 and 15 billion people C) have written off the Malthusian prophecy altogether D) believe that a high fertility rate continues to be necessary in the developing nations Answer: B Page Ref: 304 11) Urban families everywhere in the world: A) follow the dictates of religion and culture B) voluntarily curb their fertility C) have attained zero population growth D) willingly accept governmental family planning Answer: B Page Ref: 305 12) Environmental pollution is the result of: A) dysfunctions in the earth's atmosphere B) ignorance on the part of the underdeveloped nations C) human actions that have harmful consequences D) unknown bacteria and viruses Answer: C Page Ref: 320-321 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 160 TEST BANK 13) The real problem in population growth is: A) sheer numbers B) uneven density of population C) population growth presents no problem D) that most societies have a low fertility rate Answer: B Page Ref: 292 14) The highest percentage of humans live in: A) India B) Russia C) China D) the U.S. Answer: C Page Ref: 308 (Table) 15) Population density: A) always relates to birthrates B) is low in Japan C) is low in Western Europe D) is high in industrial areas Answer: D Page Ref: 292 16) The crude birthrate is the: A) number of births per thousand people per year B) number or births a year in the world C) the same as the fertility rate D) the same as the fecundity rate Answer: A Page Ref: 293 17) The highest birthrates today are found in: A) highly developed nations B) the underdeveloped nations C) Japan D) Western Europe Answer: B Page Ref: 307 18) Death rates are highest in: A) tropical Africa B) Britain C) Turkey D) Thailand Answer: A Page Ref: 293-295 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 161 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 19) Thomas Malthus stated that: A) food increases in a geometric progression B) populations grow in arithmetic progression C) populations increase in geometric progression D) population growth is a matter of algebra, not geometry or arithmetic Answer: C Page Ref: 302 20) World overpopulation could be prevented by: A) zero population growth worldwide B) the elimination of the demographic transition C) natural change D) a return to preindustrial medicine Answer: A Page Ref: 305 21) The stages of the demographic transition model are: A) high births, high death rates B) low death rates, high birthrates C) low birth rates, low death rates D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 303-305 22) An area which is today in the first stage of the demographic transition is the following: A) U.S.A. B) China C) Tropical Africa D) Japan Answer: C Page Ref: 305 23) Which Catholic nation displays high birthrates? A) Ireland B) France C) Italy D) Mexico Answer: D Page Ref: 305 24) How many children are American women having today? A) 1.8 per woman B) 2.1 C) 3.6 D) 4.0 Answer: B Page Ref: 305 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 162 TEST BANK 25) If population growth in the underdeveloped nations continues unabated, in 2050 world population will be: A) 6 billion B) 8 billion C) 10 billion D) 30 billion Answer: C Page Ref: 302 26) A population pyramid shows: A) sex and age distribution within a population B) the relation between population and land area C) the ratio between a nation's standard of living and its population density D) the relation between population growth and food supply Answer: A Page Ref: 299 27) Birthrates remain high in the Third World because: A) there has been a cultural lag following superimposed industrialization B) in many cultures, a man's worth is measured by the number of his children C) contraception is either opposed or not properly practiced D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 305-308 28) The relationship between population and income is: A) an increase in income produces a decline in fertility B) the birth rate rises because of an increase in education C) the rise in income and population results in a decrease of urbanization D) working women have more children Answer: A Page Ref: 308 29) The United States, Canada, Northern and Western Europe, among other areas, are: A) in the first stage of the demographic transition B) still trying to curb population growth C) threatened by underpopulation D) in the third stage of the demographic transition Answer: D Page Ref: 303-305 30) One of the perceived advantages of suburban living is: A) concentration of apartments B) larger variety of cultural resources C) older, more gracious housing D) greater safety from crime Answer: D Page Ref: 312 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 163 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 31) Factors in the urban crisis include: A) the move of the middle class and industry to the suburbs B) the inner city's declining tax base C) a high percentage of deprived and trapped individuals D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 316 32) Urbanism is defined as: A) the migration of people from rural to urban centers B) a set of attitudes and a way of life distinct from the rural C) the growth of cities and suburbs at the expense of rural areas D) the study of the growth and decline of populations Answer: B Page Ref: 311 33) The urban crisis: A) is intensified by the move of the middle class to the suburbs B) has been reduced by urban renewal C) has been intensified by gentrification D) is well on the way to being resolved Answer: A Page Ref: 316-317 34) The transition from rural living to city living occurred because: A) there was less need for farm workers as agriculture became mechanized B) factories were concentrated in cities C) social change dictated a new fad: urban living D) of BOTH a decrease in the need for farm workers and the fact that factories were located in cities Answer: D Page Ref: 310 35) Social organization in the city brought ALL BUT which one of these changes? A) The class structure became more rigid B) Families became nuclear C) Primary group ties became less important D) Formal agencies of control multiplied Answer: A Page Ref: 310-311 36) When farms are destroyed in favor of factories and suburbs, it is an example of: A) urbanization B) secularization C) popularization D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 310 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 164 TEST BANK 37) In developing nations, cities are growing along with rural areas because: A) of lower death rates B) of high birth rates C) cultural values encourage large families D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 311 38) Agriculture in industrial nations is now based on: A) many small farmers B) greater productivity of farms because of mechanization C) increases in rural population D) artificial food production Answer: B Page Ref: 310 39) An ecological city is: A) the central city, suburbs, and satellites B) one with a recycling center C) one containing a clean water supply for the area D) where urban planning originates E) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 315 40) A countertrend observable since the 1950s is: A) a great increase in population in the cities B) rural areas became very depopulated C) urban decentralization D) urban residents providing their own food supply by planting gardens Answer: C Page Ref: 315 41) A decline in the rural population was due chiefly to: A) factories B) the continued improvements in agricultural methods C) population size D) the favor of the local tyrant Answer: B Page Ref: 310 42) The urban trends resulting from the Industrial Revolution include: A) strengthening primary ties B) a return to Biblical religions C) homogeneous populations D) reduced family size Answer: D Page Ref: 311 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 165 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 43) The emphasis on rural virtues: A) has been reinforced by recent studies B) is based on stereotypes C) helped democratic representation in the states D) gave urban dwellers an inferiority complex Answer: B Page Ref: 311 44) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, a CMSA is defined as: A) a relatively large, dense, permanent settlement of heterogeneous individuals B) any locality with a population of one million people or more C) an ecological system D) any locality with a downtown and suburbs Answer: B Page Ref: 315 45) The percentage of people around the world who lived in cities in 2005 is approximately: A) 20 percent B) 49 percent C) 50 percent D) 80 percent Answer: B Page Ref: 310 46) Urbanism is associated with: A) extended families B) Gemeinschaft society C) increase in anomie and alienation D) public transportation Answer: C Page Ref: 311 47) Modern urban sociologists, in contrast to the Chicago school, believe that cities: A) are doomed to total disorganization B) are too expensive C) stimulate creativity D) will revert to rural areas within a short time Answer: C Page Ref: 313 (box) 48) Suburban growth was based on: A) the development of automobile travel B) expensive suburban property C) wartime industrial expansions D) movement of factories out of the cities Answer: A Page Ref: 312 49) Suburbanization today is based on: A) skin color only B) homogeneous families C) social class D) the grass being greener in the suburbs Answer: C Page Ref: 314-315 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 166 TEST BANK 50) Most American cities have: A) large shopping malls B) many high income taxpayers C) continual building of new industries D) a reduced tax base Answer: D Page Ref: 317 51) A metropolitan area consists of: A) several small towns B) a central city and surrounding suburbs and small towns C) the city only D) a city with a subway system Answer: B Page Ref: 315 52) The SMSA is based on: A) a town smaller than 2500 residents B) one or more counties containing at least one city of 50,000 residents, or two cities totaling 50,000 C) a town of 10,000 and surrounding counties D) a city of at least 100,000 residents and its suburbs Answer: B Page Ref: 315 53) When metropolitan areas start to merge with each other, the result is: A) a standard metropolitan area B) a megalopolis C) an ecological city D) a repetition of the Greek polis Answer: B Page Ref: 316 54) The model in urban ecology that stresses distance of residence from central business based on social class is the: A) sector model B) concentriczone model C) multiple nuclei model D) wedgeshape model Answer: B Page Ref: 313 (box) 55) A ghetto tends to contain: A) slums B) a concentration of one racial group in an area C) residents who make up an economic underclass D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 316-317 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 167 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 56) Gentrification is the trend of: A) city dwellers learning proper manners B) middleclass professionals renovating old city housing and using them as residences C) continued movement to suburbs D) city residents returning to manor houses in country Answer: B Page Ref: 317 57) Urban renewal has: A) provided good housing for the poor B) secured many jobs for the poor C) eliminated housing discrimination D) moved residents but not improved conditions Answer: D Page Ref: 317 58) The relationship of organisms to their environments is called: A) physical B) chemical C) ecological D) astral Answer: C Page Ref: 319 59) A lake is polluted. The fish in it die. The algae make unpleasant odors. It may be said that: A) the ecosystem is disturbed B) biological capital is lost C) the environment is degraded D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 320-321 60) Overpopulation can result in: A) higher literacy B) environmental damage C) price stability D) increased public services Answer: B Page Ref: 320 61) A reduction of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere leads to: A) greater rainfall B) greater crop yields C) climate changes D) fluorochlorocarbon production Answer: C Page Ref: 321 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 168 TEST BANK 62) Chemical pesticides: A) continue to control pests for many years B) leach out of the ground quickly C) are harmless to humans D) can be toxic to other forms of life Answer: D Page Ref: 320 63) The oil supplies of the United States are subject to: A) constant increase B) environmental depletion C) environmental pollution D) price stability Answer: B Page Ref: 322 64) Which nation state has reached zero population growth? A) Iran B) Zimbabwe C) the United States D) Turkey Answer: C Page Ref: 305 65) Natural resources are: A) infinite B) finite C) ready to support many more billions of people D) dispensable Answer: B Page Ref: 322 66) In Africa, many children are: A) symbols of disgrace B) social security for the future of the parents C) detested by non Catholics D) signs of a good harvest Answer: B Page Ref: 305-307 67) In Third World countries, the factors that discourage birth control include: A) traditional values B) government subsidies for large families C) low infant mortality D) women's rights Answer: A Page Ref: 308 68) The strongest urge that all living creatures feel is to: A) avoid stress B) be important C) feel respectable D) reproduce themselves Answer: D Page Ref: 292 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 169 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 69) The most dramatic change that followed each technological revolution was: A) a dramatic increase in population B) a visible decrease in population C) the systematic migration of populations to different areas D) a return to an agrarian way of life Answer: A Page Ref: 291 70) Population density may be defined as: A) the number of people to a land area B) the density of a compound group C) the number of births and deaths per year D) the ability of a square foot of land to feed a number of people Answer: A Page Ref: 292 71) The majority of the human population lives in: A) New York B) Africa C) Pacific Islands D) Eurasia Answer: D Page Ref: 308 72) The crude birthrate is: A) an important demographic concept B) the number of male births per 1000 people per country per year C) the rate at which infants survive past their first year D) the rate at which the elderly die in any given year Answer: A Page Ref: 293 73) Death rates are: A) defined as the number of deaths per 1000 people per country per year B) the rate at which infants survive past their first year C) deaths of infants before they are one year old D) the rate at which the elderly die in any given year Answer: A Page Ref: 293-295 74) Malthus suggested the following as means of birth control: A) late marriage B) abstinence C) celibacy D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 302-303 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 170 TEST BANK 75) Zero population growth: A) means that the number of births equals the number of deaths in a country in any given year B) signifies that the deaths exceed the births C) is the term used when there are no births in any given year in a specific country D) means that populations stop growing because of an epidemic, such as the Black Death, or AIDS Answer: A Page Ref: 305 76) The natural environment is: A) the way humans found the earth B) the totality of natural conditions and resources that occur in a specific area C) the total complex of manmade elements in an area D) mountains, oceans, rivers, and deserts Answer: B Page Ref: 319 77) The ecosystem is: A) the way inanimate objects are placed into the natural system B) a systematic application of the economy C) the way living things interact and interrelate with each other and their environment D) what Hobbes called the "state of nature" Answer: C Page Ref: 319 78) Which elements are affected by pollution? A) Water B) Air C) Land D) None of the above E) All of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 320-322 79) Before ecological problems can be resolved, what will probably need to happen? A) It will have to become politicized B) The smog will have to increase C) Acid rain will have to destroy our crops D) Cultural values will have to change Answer: D Page Ref: 323 80) Environmental depletion is the term used to mean that: A) natural resources are increasing in proportion to an increased demand for them B) natural resources are decreasing as demand for them increases C) natural resources can be substituted with artificial ones D) humans are capable to adapt to other resources when the old ones disappear Answer: B Page Ref: 322 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 171 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 81) Which two factors have engendered problems that threaten the environment? A) overpopulation and urban life B) agriculture and horticulture C) fishing and mining D) low population growth and low density Answer: A Page Ref: 319 82) Ecology is the discipline concerned with: A) the growth or decline of populations B) human processes such as migration C) how ideologies motivate human behavior D) the way living things relate and adjust to each other in a common habitat Answer: D Page Ref: 319-320 83) Metropolitan areas with a population of 1 million or more are called: A) CMSAs (Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas) B) SMSAs (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas) C) CBSAs (Core Bases Statistical Areas) D) MSAs (Micropolitan Statistical Areas) Answer: C Page Ref: 315 84) The largest number of statistical areas in the United States are: A) SMSAs B) CMSAs C) CBSAs D) MSAs Answer: B Page Ref: 315 85) The Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of: A) one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population B) one city of at least 50,000 population C) one city of at least 1 million population D) a region of the country Answer: A Page Ref: 315 11.3 Essay Questions 1) Can technology overcome the effects of overpopulation and environmental degradation? Develop positive and negative arguments on this issue. Answer: Page Ref: 2) Human nature being what it is, is it realistic to expect people to change deeply ingrained cultural habits? In short, will the Chinese and Indians be satisfied with one child, even though it is a female? Will Americans stop driving to the corner mail box in their huge utility vehicles? Based on past history, what might change such habits? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 172 TEST BANK 3) Few politicians display a grave concern for the environment. Why do most politicians scoff at environmental concerns, or try to avoid discussing them? Should it be the business of government to impose restrictions on people in order to protect the environment? Or should government keep "hands off" in the hope that the "invisible hand" of capitalism will resolve matters to everyone's satisfaction? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 173 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 12 Pivotal Institutions: Marriage and the Family 12.1 True/False Questions 1) Institutions are the habits or traditional ways of doing things that eventually crystallize into patterns of behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 326 2) In urban industrial societies, the family has become increasingly more extended. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 327 3) Historically, the most prevalent form of marriage has been group marriage. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 330 4) Endogamy means that individuals are encouraged to marry outside their subcultural group. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 331 5) The function of providing affection and companionship became more important in the nuclear family. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 227 6) The nuclear family is typical of an agricultural society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 327 7) When individuals become parents, the family they form is one of procreation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 327 8) The marriage of one man with one woman is called polygamy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 330 9) Marrying a person with traits altogether different than one's own is called homogamy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 333 10) The incest taboo represents an example of exogamy Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 330 11) The anthropologist George Murdock stated that the family is found only in some human societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 327 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 174 TEST BANK 12) Most single mothers are working women who made a deliberate choice to have a child even though they are unmarried. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 328 13) All of the former family functions have been taken over by new institutions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 328 14) Endogamy and homogamy are characteristic of traditional societies only. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 330-331 15) The early years of marriage are the easiest in terms of stability because the spouses are still very much in love. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 333 16) Having a baby tends to stabilize a marriage, just as folk wisdom suggests. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 335 17) Modernization and affluence has had the effect of decreasing birthrates, increasing voluntary childlessness, and dramatically increasing divorce rates. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 336 18) Remarriage is a rare occurrence because the institution of marriage has been so discredited. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 338-339 19) Women who have a stable financial situation cope quite well with the unmarried status. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 347 20) The no-fault divorce has proven to be one of the more progressive ideas of the 20th century, especially for women and children. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 338 21) The psychological adjustment to divorce may be harder for males who commit suicide more often, have a higher number of car accidents, and higher rates of alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and anxiety than women. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 338 22) The best adjustment to divorce is made by childless couples. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 341 23) According to the Wallerstein study, the worst adjustment in a divorce is made by children, especially those in the 9- and 10-year-old group. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 340-342 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 175 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 24) Teenagers manifest the damaging effects of divorce more overtly than younger children, by committing crimes and abusing alcohol and drugs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 342 25) The divorce rates have taken a slight dip at the turn of the 20th century. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 339 26) Cohabitation previous to marriage leads to more successful unions than marriages without previous cohabitation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 343-344 27) It has been definitely shown that maternal care is a prerequisite for the development of a psychologically sound individuals. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 347-349 28) Single parenthood has greatly decreased, especially among teenagers, because of the easy availability of birth control. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 344 29) Kinship systems existed only in traditional societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 328 30) Romantic love as a prerequisite for marriage evolved in Biblical times. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 331 31) Most couples fight most commonly about children and money. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 335 32) According to the resource theory, the distribution of power in a marriage depends on the resources each spouse brings to it. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 335 33) Americans' preoccupation with individualism and the self is incompatible with relationships that require commitment, such as marriage. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 337 34) The leading causes of divorce are infidelity, alcohol and drug abuse, and psychological abuse. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 338 35) In the last two decades, the rates of divorce have increased most rapidly among middle-aged Americans. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 338 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 176 TEST BANK 12.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The most important product of the social way of life is: A) marriage B) family C) culture D) society Answer: C Page Ref: 326 2) Social institutions: A) are ingrained patterns of behavior representing solutions to universal human needs B) are things like banks and schools C) make up cultural components D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 327 3) Which component of culture is central to human life? A) Interdependence B) The industrial C) The normative D) The habitual Answer: C Page Ref: 327 4) An example of a basic, pivotal institution is: A) show business B) gossip C) sports D) the family Answer: D Page Ref: 327 5) The anthropologist George Murdock believes that the family: A) is found only in some human societies B) has functions fundamental to human life C) is harmful and leads to schizophrenia D) was the last institution to develop Answer: B Page Ref: 327 6) The family - and particularly marriage - binds its members through: A) interfaith competition B) legal and economic bonds C) educational functions D) class conflict Answer: B Page Ref: 329 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 177 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 7) In rural India, a man and his wife often live with their unmarried and married children and grandchildren under one roof. This family type is called: A) nuclear B) conjugal C) extended D) homogamous Answer: C Page Ref: 327 8) The nuclear form of the family often appears in: A) traditional agrarian societies B) industrial societies C) locations where there is the need for large families D) rural areas Answer: B Page Ref: 327 9) A kinship system is based on: A) marriage B) common descent C) adoption D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 328 10) Marriage is: A) any union of males and females B) a union recognized as legal by a society C) always monogamous D) always endogamous Answer: B Page Ref: 329 11) In some cultures, a man can have several wives at one time. This custom is called: A) lunacy B) polyandry C) polygyny D) serial marriage Answer: C Page Ref: 330 12) In a few cultures, a woman can have several husbands at one time. This custom is called: A) monogamy B) bigamy C) polyandry D) polygyny Answer: C Page Ref: 330 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 178 TEST BANK 13) The most common form of marriage today is: A) polygamy B) polyandry C) polygyny D) none of the above E) they are all common Answer: D Page Ref: 330 14) Social scientists explain the incest taboo as: A) biologically programmed B) a religious universal C) way of reducing family conflict D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 330 15) In rural India, a person must marry within his or her caste. This custom is called: A) exogamy B) endogamy C) polygamy D) purdah Answer: B Page Ref: 331 16) The family today influences: A) production activities B) attitudes on politics C) hospitalization rates D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 328 17) Romance as a reason for marriage: A) is an ancient principle B) is a modern invention C) prevents divorce D) contributes to divorce Answer: B Page Ref: 331 18) Marrying someone with similar traits is called: A) homogamy B) heterogamy C) exogamy D) hypogamy Answer: A Page Ref: 333 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 179 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 19) The ethnic groups among whom arranged marriages are common include: A) Indians (natives of India) B) Hasidic Jews C) Muslims D) All of the above E) None of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 333 (box 1) 20) The low birthrate in the United States is related to: A) questionable nutrition B) increased drug use C) increase of women in work force D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 336 21) The high divorce rate in industrial societies is related to: A) the importance of religion B) the low status of women C) emphasis on group goals D) the stress on values of individualism and personal goals Answer: D Page Ref: 337 22) A number of celebrities in the entertainment world have been married five or six times. They may be said to have had: A) the standard number of marriages in our society B) a faulty distribution of power in their marriages C) respect for polygamy D) a negative experience of married life Answer: B Page Ref: 335 23) Divorced men, as compared to married men, are subject to: A) more suicides B) more instances of depression C) more car accidents D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 338 24) Children of divorce have: A) no problems B) a preference for parental conflict rather than their divorce C) the most difficulty at ages nine and ten D) fewer problems of adjustment than children from intact families Answer: C Page Ref: 341 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 180 TEST BANK 25) Female-headed families have: A) increased in number since 1970 B) generally a lower income than two-parent families C) greater emotional stress in dealing with children D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 344 26) The blended family: A) consists of natural parents and children B) is another name for a childless family C) is made up of natural parents, stepparents, natural children and stepchildren D) is quite stable for children Answer: C Page Ref: 344-346 27) While birthrates in the United States have been in a state of decline, a countertrend may be seen in: A) the fact that young women unanimously want children B) the "baby boomlet" caused by births to women in their thirties and forties C) the desire of most couples to have large families D) Census Bureau predictions about the increase in family size in the next century Answer: B Page Ref: 346 28) Which is a true statement? A) Industrialization has increased divorce rates wherever it has appeared. B) Marriage rates in the U.S. have greatly decreased from the turn of the century. C) The majority of divorces in the U.S. are granted to people who have been married 30 years or more. D) Social pressure to marry is currently very strong in the U.S. Answer: A Page Ref: 337 29) Births to unmarried women accounted for what percent of all births in the U.S. in 2004? A) 60% B) 11% C) 32% D) 25% Answer: C Page Ref: 345 (box 3) 30) The teenage birthrate: A) has soared in the past two years B) has declined in the past several years C) is highest among white teenagers D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 353 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 181 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 31) Teenagers who are sexually active are in danger of: A) becoming pregnant B) contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS C) having to quit school D) only A and B E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 353-355 32) Which is NOT a new alternative to the traditional family? A) Single-parent family. B) Extended family. C) Blended family. D) Reconstituted family. Answer: B Page Ref: 327 33) The nuclear family is characteristic of industrial societies because: A) most functions are better performed in secondary groups B) geographic and social mobility are common in industrial societies C) ascribed status is more important in industrial societies D) a large family means more hands to work Answer: B Page Ref: 327 34) The nuclear family form is also called: A) conjugal B) consanguine C) procreational D) extended Answer: A Page Ref: 327 35) The opposite of a nuclear family is the: A) conjugal family B) atomic family C) extended family D) group family Answer: C Page Ref: 327 36) Which is NOT a form of plural marriage? A) Polyandry B) Polygyny C) Polygamy D) Monogamy Answer: D Page Ref: 330 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 182 TEST BANK 37) The most fundamental function of the family is: A) ensuring the reproduction of the species B) providing sex education C) feeding its members D) keeping members sheltered Answer: A Page Ref: 328 38) Endogamy and exogamy are: A) two social science disciplines B) ways of studying institutions C) social limitations placed on marriages D) practiced only by select groups in society Answer: C Page Ref: 331 39) Mistreatment or abuse of children: A) occurs with greater frequency in extended families B) occurs less frequently in extended families C) is a function of social class D) happens only in industrial societies Answer: B Page Ref: 350 40) Most societies: A) discourage marriage B) encourage marriage C) accept all kinds of man-woman unions D) pay couples to have children Answer: B Page Ref: 329 41) The family into which you were born is called: A) my family B) the family of procreation C) the family of origin D) the family of orientation Answer: D Page Ref: 327 42) Group marriage: A) is widespread in several societies B) is practiced among Australian aborigines C) has been a consistent feature in Western societies D) has never been consistently or extensively practiced Answer: D Page Ref: 330 43) The regulation of sex: A) is attempted by societies by encouraging marriage B) has become unimportant in the U.S. C) has no relationship to the liberalization of sexual norms D) is unrelated to societal mores and taboos Answer: A Page Ref: 328 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 183 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 44) Reproduction outside the family: A) cannot occur B) has not been positively sanctioned in any society C) reflects the norms and values of American society D) is considered a sin by all religions of the world Answer: B Page Ref: 328 45) The first years of marriage: A) are the most difficult B) require the most adjustment C) offer the most satisfaction D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 333-335 46) The expectations people have regarding how husbands and wives ought to behave are called marital: A) norms B) illusions C) orders D) scripts E) models Answer: D Page Ref: 334 47) Young couples who have children very soon after marriage: A) are quite content with their lot B) spend very little time together C) experience constant elation D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 335 48) When children reach school age, their parents: A) experience a decline in marital satisfaction B) spend more time together and are more content C) shift their focus toward their own relationship D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 335 49) A perspective that focuses on power relations between spouses is called: A) microconflict theory B) transactional analysis C) resource theory D) dependency theory E) strategic interaction theory Answer: C Page Ref: 335 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 184 TEST BANK 50) The resources each spouse brings to a marriage include: A) income B) the ability to earn income C) occupational prestige D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 335 51) Women after divorce: A) need not do any of the menial housework B) have a more difficult psychological adjustment than men C) experience a 45 percent drop in income D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 339 52) In today's marriages in the United States: A) both men and women subscribe to egalitarian views B) only men subscribe to egalitarian views C) only women subscribe to egalitarian views D) neither men nor women subscribe to egalitarian views Answer: A Page Ref: 335 53) One of the causes of the increased rates of divorce, according to some social commentators, is that most Americans pursue self fulfillment at the expense of: A) the family B) the community C) inherited ideas, like responsibility and obligation D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 337 54) The annual divorce rate in the U.S.: A) has increased every year since 1910 B) has begun to stabilize as of 2006 C) is no longer the highest in the world D) has doubled since 1979 Answer: B Page Ref: 337 55) The median duration of American marriages that end in divorce is: A) 20.3 years B) 15.7 years C) 12.2 years D) 7 years E) 4.3 years Answer: D Page Ref: 338 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 185 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 56) Following a divorce, both partners remarry in what percentage of cases? A) 90% B) 80% C) 60% D) 50% Answer: B Page Ref: 338 57) Among the leading causes of divorce are: A) drug and alcohol abuse B) infidelity C) physical abuse D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 338 58) The percentage of men filing divorce petitions is: A) equal to that of women B) less than that of women C) considerably more than that of women D) slightly more than that of women E) slightly less than that of women Answer: B Page Ref: 338 59) Among the leading causes of divorce are: A) infidelity B) personality differences C) incompatibility D) only B and C Answer: D Page Ref: 338 60) Which women are most likely to report feeling unhappy after their divorce? A) elderly women B) childless middle-aged women C) young mothers D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 341 61) The "real revolution" of the last twenty years, according to one sociologist, refers to: A) the jailing of spouse abusers and marital rapists B) "serial" or "throwaway" marriages C) male bonding and tribalism D) women's lack of interest in marriage Answer: D Page Ref: 339 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 186 TEST BANK 62) Which of the following does NOT appear to be a factor in divorce: A) marriage after an engagement of over three years B) differences in occupational goals and careers C) pregnancy shortly after marriage D) dramatic differences in family backgrounds Answer: B Page Ref: 337-340 63) There is a growing realization that divorce: A) is a normal process from which people quickly recover B) means freedom and happiness C) may bring devastating economic and emotional consequences D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 340-342 64) No-fault divorce has: A) left alimony awards intact B) all but eliminated alimony and somewhat decreased the average child support award C) increased child support requirements D) increased both alimony and child support awards for the first few years after divorce Answer: B Page Ref: 340 65) The noncustodial parent: A) renounces all responsibility for his children B) is often a "deadbeat dad" C) is usually unfit to be a parent D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 340 66) In the 1960s, some young people: A) decided to return to the traditional forms of family B) saw the family as an oppressive institution C) preferred to live in communes D) chose to cohabit rather than marry Answer: B Page Ref: 355 67) Single Americans in their middle years: A) resemble their married-with-children neighbors B) live a totally distinct life style C) are reclusive and depressed D) are considered deviant Answer: A Page Ref: 345 68) Cohabiting couples: A) are predominantly homosexual B) represent an example of premarital life C) are an old phenomenon D) represent the great majority of couples Answer: B Page Ref: 343-344 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 187 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 69) It is true of single-parent households that: A) they have greatly increased in the past decades B) they are mostly headed by women C) they are most frequent among African-Americans D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 344 70) The blended, or reconstituted, family: A) is considered the wave of the future B) has its own set of problems C) is the best solution to a failing institution D) only A and B E) only C Answer: D Page Ref: 344-346 71) In 1930, the average family size in the United States was: A) 6 people B) 4.11 people C) 1.9 people D) 2.00 people Answer: B Page Ref: 346 72) Which method of child care is best for children? A) Spending at least 20 hours with a person other than the mother. B) Being cared for by the biological mother, even if she would rather work outside the house. C) We do not really know. D) Being in a day-care center with other children of the same age. Answer: C Page Ref: 347-349 73) In Western societies, marriage: A) was influenced by the Judeo-Christian religions B) was impacted by Greek and Roman secular philosophies C) was an invention of the Catholic church D) all of the above E) only A and B Answer: E Page Ref: 329 74) In Western societies, legal marriage was seen as a way to: A) regulate sexuality B) determine rights and obligations C) protect children D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 329 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 188 TEST BANK 75) Modern societies are grappling with the notion of: A) eliminating marriage altogether B) allowing same-sex couples to marry C) lowering the age at marriage D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 329 76) According to the Census Bureau: A) the number of Americans who never married has increased B) the number of American who never married has decreased C) Americans marry at the same rate as in the past D) Marriage is a dying institution Answer: A Page Ref: 345 77) Conditions associated with long-term marriages include: A) a woman's age at marriage B) a woman's family income C) whether the woman came from an intact family D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 335 78) Among the changes in the family institution, which is false? A) families have gotten larger B) the birthrate has greatly declined C) there has been an increase in voluntary childlessness D) marriage rates have declined Answer: A Page Ref: 335 79) Factors in the decline of the marriage rate include: A) a delay in the age of first marriage B) the increase of cohabitation C) the increase in the incidence of remaining single D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 336 80) It is true of divorce rates that: A) they increased dramatically with industrialization B) they are highest in the United States C) they have stabilized at 3.6 per 1000 marriages D) all of the above are true Answer: D Page Ref: 337 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 189 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 81) Cohabitation: A) is most popular among the 24-35 age group B) among working couples C) among college-educated, high-income groups D) all of the above E) only A and B Answer: E Page Ref: 343 82) The teen pregnancy rate: A) began to decline in 1997 B) has declined principally for non-Hispanic black teens C) is highest among Asian teens D) none of the above E) only A and B Answer: E Page Ref: 353 83) Child abuse: A) includes physical and emotional neglect B) refers to a wide range of maltreatment C) has a victimization rate of 12.3 per 1,000 children D) includes only fatalities E) only A, B, and C Answer: E Page Ref: 350 84) The highest victimization rates occur: A) in the teenage years B) in the 10-15 years age group C) in the 0 to 3 years age group D) equally in all age groups Answer: C Page Ref: 350 85) Studies have found that: A) victims of child abuse become troubled adults B) the more severe the abuse, the more extreme the later psychiatric symptoms C) not all abused children go on to abuse their own children D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 350 86) A strong predictive factor of becoming an abusive parent is: A) to have felt unloved and unwanted by one's own parents B) to have felt the injustice of abuse C) to have come to believe that abuse is the way things are D) none of the above E) only A Answer: E Page Ref: 350 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 190 TEST BANK 87) The perpetrators of fatal child abuse have these traits in common: A) they are young males B) they live at or below the poverty level C) they are seriously depressed D) they have a rigid type of personality E) only A, B, and C Answer: E Page Ref: 350 12.3 Essay Questions 1) Since divorce is so common in our postindustrial society, many couples sign a prenuptial agreement specifying how to proceed in the eventuality of divorce. If you had to draw up such an agreement, what would you include? Answer: Page Ref: 2) It is said that love as a prerequisite for marriage is a modern invention. If you are married, how much of a role did love play in your marriage? Were you conscious of other considerations–economic, occupational, of status–that entered into the equation? Did you marry according to the rules of homogamy? If you are unmarried, what are your thoughts on the subject? Would you marry only if you were "in love?" What other traits would you want in a marital partner? Are they like or unlike your own? Answer: Page Ref: 3) The family has been the subject of much controversy of late. In the 60s and 70s it was accused of being an oppressive institution; today, most people claim they want to go back to a time when family was important, to recoup "family values." Since we were all born into families, we have a first-hand opportunity to judge the institution. What do you personally feel is the value of the family? What are some of the disadvantages? Can you think of a viable alternative? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 191 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 13 Pivotal Institutions: Religion and Education 13.1 True/False Questions 1) Religion is an activity that relates to the beyond of human life. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 359 2) Scientists are considered to be the best authorities on religion. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 359 3) Modern religions may be categorized into monogamous and polygamous. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 359-360 4) Islam is the second-largest religion in terms of the number of followers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 361 5) The chief religion in China is Zoroastrianism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 360 6) Durkheim's theories of religion stress the function of social integration. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 363 7) Karl Marx considered religion to be an institution that prepared people for communism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 365 8) By supporting societal norms, religion functions to sanction the status quo. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 364 9) Americans have developed a kind of "civil religion" by attributing sacredness to political ideals, national heroes, and a common destiny. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 374 10) Those religious bodies in the United States that are highly secularized are losing members and attendance is waning. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 375-377 11) Social scientists agree that religion is functional in society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 364-365 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 192 TEST BANK 12) The United States is one of the least religious nations in the world. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 369 13) The characteristics of the sacred are that it is mysterious, powerful, and unusual. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 361 14) The need to transcend everyday experience is a reaction to the human condition, which is characterized by powerlessness, contingency, and scarcity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 364 15) Rites of passage are rituals engaged in by followers of pagan religions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 364 16) Religion in America has become increasingly spiritual. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 369 17) The transmission of culture from one generation to another is a latent function of education. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 382 18) The goal of a universal system of education is to educate the more talented or privileged for positions of leadership. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 381 19) The best predictor of academic success is the family. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 386-388 20) The most important determinant of scholastic success is the student's native intelligence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 386 21) Education is often used as a remedy for social problems in the United States. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 384 22) The stress on order, regularity, punctuality, silence, and staying in line works against lower-class students who do not practice these behaviors outside of school. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 385 23) According to the conflict theory, the educational institution tends to perpetuate the stratification system of the society. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 383 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 193 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 24) American schools are administered centrally, on a federal level, as are schools in all industrial societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 384 25) The first Coleman Report indicated that minority students improved their academic success when they attended schools in which they were in a majority. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 386-387 (Box 13.2) 26) The Framers of the Constitution had as one of their goals the total eradication of illiteracy, as they believed that democracy required a literate electorate. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 380-381 27) Education is said to affect attitudes. Therefore, college students are less tolerant of nonconformity than are high school graduates. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 383 28) Credentialism is the practice of requiring degrees for specialized occupations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 383 29) Statistics show that a much higher number of whites than African Americans hold high school degrees. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 384 30) As of 1977, women have been surpassing men in educational achievement. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 390 13.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The push for teaching people to read in the English-speaking world was based on a desire to read: A) history B) shop manuals C) the Bible D) maps Answer: C Page Ref: 380 2) Marx believed religion was used to: A) help people improve their lives B) support the exploitation of the masses C) deal with reality D) attain immortality Answer: B Page Ref: 365 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 194 TEST BANK 3) Durkheim believed that religion: A) exploited the masses B) was a reflection of human society C) had nothing to do with social life D) was a radical force in society Answer: B Page Ref: 361 4) Religion has the function of: A) supporting societal norms B) making life anxiety-ridden C) having the individual lose his/her identity D) decreasing a person's sense of security Answer: A Page Ref: 364 5) In countries such as Iran and Iraq, the Moslem religion is a(n): A) sect B) cult C) denomination D) ecclesia, or universal church Answer: D Page Ref: 368 6) Baptists, Anglicans, Methodists, and Lutherans in the United States are: A) sects B) cults C) denominations D) ecclesiae Answer: C Page Ref: 368 7) Religion in the United States: A) is a state religion B) has no connection to gambling C) lacks voluntary organizations D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 369 8) The denomination which is generally divided according to class lines in the United States is: A) Catholicism B) Protestantism C) Judaism D) Islam Answer: B Page Ref: 372-373 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 195 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 9) The reality that lies beyond human perception is called: A) transpersonal reality B) paranormal reality C) transient reality D) transcendent reality E) transposed reality Answer: D Page Ref: 359 10) The social class(es) least interested in church participation is (are) the: A) lower-middle class B) upper-lower class C) upper and lower classes D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 372 11) According to some commentators, today religion in the United States is used to: A) get closer to God B) support social and political values C) promote love among humans D) become more spiritual Answer: B Page Ref: 377-378 12) Secularization will: A) finally destroy religion in the United States B) promote secular humanism C) stimulate new sects and cults to overcome the secularization process D) be punished by God Answer: C Page Ref: 375-377 13) Religion performs all but one of the following functions: A) provides answers to basic questions for which there is no other authority B) supports societal norms and values by transforming them into divine laws C) helps people deal with guilt for their transgressions, offering a way back to a constructive life D) provides a single set of norms that are universally accepted and agreed upon Answer: D Page Ref: 363-365 14) Religious beliefs are often contained in: A) doctrines B) creeds C) articles of faith D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 366 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 196 TEST BANK 15) According to sociologists, Americans' religious behavior reflects: A) an attempt to revive old religious traditions B) an ongoing need for the supernatural C) the stress on individualism present in the society D) the separation of church and state Answer: B Page Ref: 376 16) Social scientists: A) provide criteria for choosing a valid religion B) neither accept nor reject claims of divine revelation C) have no interest in the content of religious doctrines D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 359 17) An example of polytheism is: A) Hinduism B) Christianity C) Buddhism D) Zoroastrianism Answer: A Page Ref: 360 18) Islam was established: A) about the time of Moses B) around the time of the apostle Paul C) well after the founding of either Judaism or Christianity D) 400 years before the birth of Jesus Christ Answer: C Page Ref: 359 19) Which religion includes a hierarchy of gods? A) Christianity B) Shintoism C) Zoroastrianism D) Hinduism Answer: D Page Ref: 360 20) Durkheim's approach to religion involved the opposed concepts of: A) good and evil B) children of light and children of darkness C) natural and supernatural D) sacred and profane E) ice people and sun people Answer: D Page Ref: 361-362 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 197 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 21) In animism: A) animals are worshipped as gods B) spirits are worshipped as disembodied humans C) spirits are thought to acquire various forms D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 361 22) Durkheim viewed religion as a form of social: A) recreation B) innovation C) ingratiation D) integration Answer: D Page Ref: 361 23) Durkheim's analysis suggests that so-called primitive people: A) invented the concept of gods B) thought they were gods C) projected their human ideals and personified them as gods D) saw themselves as clans of animals Answer: C Page Ref: 363 24) In Melanesia, "mana" is: A) the power of good over evil B) the power of evil over good C) a power that is neither good nor evil D) the food miraculously given to the escaped slaves in the wilderness Answer: C Page Ref: 367 25) According to functionalism, the fundamental human needs are: A) income, safety, and deference B) life, liberty, and the pursuit of property C) survival and expressiveness D) control over nature and the denial of death Answer: C Page Ref: 363-365 26) Religions: A) reinforce society's notion of good and evil B) link the human and divine orders C) provide a special feeling of belonging and power D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 359 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 198 TEST BANK 27) Rituals that have been established around certain critical times are called: A) natural rites B) ritualization exchanges C) cultural transitions D) rites of passage E) conventional rites Answer: D Page Ref: 364 28) The theologian Ludwig Feuerbach portrayed God as: A) an inappropriate object of worship B) a figment of the human imagination C) a sort of ideal D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 365 29) Liberation theory is: A) another name for atheism B) a fusion of Christianity and Marxism C) a doctrine of personal transcendence D) a branch of Roman Catholicism Answer: B Page Ref: 365 30) Marx regarded religion as: A) a deliberate hoax on the part of dominant classes B) alienating on both personal and social levels C) an opiate D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 365 31) The Protestant denomination emphasized in Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was: A) Baptism B) Anglicanism C) Calvinism D) Lutheranism E) None of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 366 32) Weber's "Protestant Ethic" is: A) a rejection of the ideological function of religion B) a refutation of economic determinism C) a vindication of the morality of capitalism D) an explanation of Third-World underdevelopment Answer: C Page Ref: 366 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 199 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 33) The transition from a charismatic religious leader's direct example to routine procedures and observances is called: A) differentiation B) denomination C) institutionalization D) bureaucratization Answer: C Page Ref: 366 34) All religions, once established, consist of: A) beliefs, rituals, and organization B) doctrine, sacraments, and priests C) dogma, ecclesia, and faith D) church, clergy, and believers Answer: A Page Ref: 366-368 35) Theology is: A) the sympathetic interpretation of myths B) the rational system of ideas that explains a belief system C) a justification of the function of religion D) the rules of ritual observance Answer: B Page Ref: 367 36) The most common form of religious behavior is: A) tithing B) mana C) prayer D) taboo Answer: C Page Ref: 367 37) Cults differ from sects in that: A) they are small, voluntary, and exclusive B) they reject the status quo C) they have no ties to existing religious groups D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 369 38) The term "ecclesia" means: A) a book of the Bible B) a member of the clergy C) a universal religion D) a state religion Answer: D Page Ref: 368 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 200 TEST BANK 39) What is the percentage of Americans who say they believe in God? A) 50% B) 75% C) 85 to 90% D) 99% Answer: C Page Ref: 370 40) What percentage of Americans are unaffiliated? A) 50% B) 75% C) 45% D) 10.8% Answer: D Page Ref: 371 (Fig.13.2) 41) Religiosity refers to: A) depth of religious feelings B) whether one believes in God or gods C) whether one participates in religious rituals D) a belief in heaven and hell Answer: A Page Ref: 370-372 42) More than many Europeans, Americans believe in: A) life after death B) miracles C) a personally concerned God D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 370 43) The second largest American religious group is composed of: A) Catholics B) Buddhists C) Jews D) Gnostics E) New Age believers Answer: A Page Ref: 371 (Fig.13.2) 44) A key tenet of Christian fundamentalism is: A) political conservatism B) the view of earthly existence as purgatory C) the reduction of the New Testament to a few fundamentals D) the literal interpretation of the Bible Answer: D Page Ref: 377-378 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 201 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 45) Which branch of Judaism ordains women as rabbis? A) Orthodox B) Conservative C) Reform D) Sephardic Answer: C Page Ref: 378 46) The attempt to unite the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches foundered on the issue of: A) married clergy B) transubstantiation C) papal infallibility D) women as priests Answer: D Page Ref: 378 47) From the point of view of Catholicism, Protestantism began as a(n): A) cult B) charismatic movement C) fundamentalist movement sect D) ecclesia Answer: A Page Ref: 369 48) Religion in the United States has been distinct because: A) we have never had a state religion B) religious prejudice and discrimination have never existed here C) there has been no separation between church and state D) we have prevented religious dissenters from immigrating Answer: A Page Ref: 369 49) In preindustrial societies, education was intended for: A) the masses B) a small elite C) productive persons D) the obviously intelligent Answer: B Page Ref: 379 50) American public education is aimed at: A) the intellectual elite B) the average student C) a minority of students D) special students Answer: B Page Ref: 381 51) American parents generally want schools to: A) prepare children for jobs B) stimulate artistic endeavors C) promote controversy D) teach children to think Answer: A Page Ref: 384 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 202 TEST BANK 52) Which are manifest functions of schools? A) To teach skills B) To teach the values prevalent in the society C) To reinforce the norms of the society D) None of the above E) All of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 381 53) Latent functions of schools include: A) maintaining the class system B) encouraging social mobility C) promoting nationalism D) allowing the formation of a subculture and keeping children in school for a period of time Answer: D Page Ref: 381-382 54) Critics of our school system state that: A) education makes no attempt to exercise social control B) education places too little emphasis on hard work and obedience C) education is used to foster the acceptance of our political system without question D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 381 55) Credentialism opens jobs: A) to all people B) to members of skilled professions C) to members of academia D) but has no bearing on the job market Answer: B Page Ref: 383 56) American schools: A) are sensitive to subcultural variation B) are uniformly funded C) are as successful as those in other countries D) must cater to the average student's abilities Answer: D Page Ref: 381 57) In education: A) the family is unimportant B) the family is crucial to student success C) the social class of the family is unimportant D) smart students easily overcome the disinterest of the family Answer: B Page Ref: 386-388 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 203 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 58) The Coleman Report indicated that educational success for blacks was based mainly on: A) physical facilities B) the number of books in the school library C) integration in the schools with white, middle-class students D) being in a segregated all-black setting Answer: C Page Ref: 386 (Box 13.2) 59) Coleman's later report indicated that the best schools in the United States were: A) public schools B) integrated public schools C) private schools D) segregated public schools Answer: C Page Ref: 386 (Box 13.2) 60) American schools suffer from: A) high dropout rates of minority students B) the functional illiteracy of many students C) devaluation of college degrees D) underpaid and ill-prepared teachers Answer: A Page Ref: 389 61) What kind of individual was valued in pre-industrial societies? A) a highly educated intellectual B) manual workers C) nonproductive citizens D) the poor and alienated Answer: B Page Ref: 379 62) What kind of individual is valued in industrial and postindustrial societies? A) the uneducated member of an underclass B) the nonproductive elderly C) the technically sophisticated and well-educated individual D) the manual worker Answer: C Page Ref: 379 63) Compulsory mass education in the United States was NOT intended to: A) "Americanize" the immigrants and make them fit in as citizens B) teach immigrants the skills to fit into the work force and handle increasingly complex technology C) provide the means for each person to become self-supporting D) establish an elite to be trained to govern Answer: D Page Ref: 380-381 64) Which of the following is an unintended function of education? A) Reinforcement of society's stratification system B) Understanding mathematical concepts C) Reinforcement of grammatical forms in language D) Formation of youth leadership groups Answer: A Page Ref: 383 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 204 TEST BANK 65) Which of the following is true? A) Students with low levels of self-esteem and low levels of confidence tend to do poorly in school B) Students are seldom able to evaluate their own abilities C) Lower-class students do as well academically as those from higher social classes D) Testing consistently low does not affect a student's self-confidence Answer: A Page Ref: 386 66) The most important determinant of scholastic success is: A) how well the student's parents did in school B) the peer group influence C) the opinion of the neighbors D) a family's values regarding education Answer: D Page Ref: 386 67) Middle- and upper-class parents foster the viewpoint that: A) occupational success is desirable B) success does not matter as much as happiness C) their children should have a classical education D) students should find peers with similar goals Answer: A Page Ref: 386 68) A nineteenth-century model of rote education which imitated the assembly line was called the: A) Schumpeterian system B) Birmingham system C) Topeka system D) Lancaster system Answer: D Page Ref: 381 69) The practice of requiring degrees as a minimum hiring requirement is called: A) elitism B) academicism C) credentialism D) syndication Answer: C Page Ref: 383 70) The commitment of American society to universal education derives from: A) the ideas of the framers of the Constitution that an educated electorate is necessary for the survival of democracy B) economic necessity, because more education translates into better jobs C) religious principles that each individual has an obligation to learn as much as possible D) nineteenth-century ideas which are no longer relevant in the 21st century Answer: A Page Ref: 379 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 205 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 71) Critics maintain that the following issues are present in higher education: A) high tuitions B) a lowering of standards C) muzzling of academic freedom D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 390 72) A 44-nation survey regarding religions found that: A) Americans are the least religious of these nations B) 59 percent of Americans said that religion played an important role in their lives C) the English and the French are much more religious than Americans D) Canadians are as religious as Americans Answer: B Page Ref: 370 73) The United States is an exception in that: A) wealth correlates with religion B) wealth does not correlate with religion C) in most wealthy nations religion is very important D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 372 74) Religiosity, defined as belief in God and an afterlife is: A) higher in the east and west of the United States B) higher in the south and Midwest of the United States C) equally intense in all regions of the United States D) not a characteristic of Americans Answer: B Page Ref: 370 75) The majority of Americans identify themselves as: A) Protestants B) Catholics C) Jews D) belonging to a variety of cults Answer: A Page Ref: 370 76) The highest church membership is found in: A) the Midwest B) the Eastern seaboard C) the West D) the South Answer: D Page Ref: 370 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 206 TEST BANK 77) What percentage of Americans attend church every week? A) 55% B) 68% C) 24.2% D) 33% Answer: C Page Ref: 371 78) A recent survey by the Graduate Center of the City University of New York has concluded that: A) the number of Christians in the United States has grown B) the number of Muslims and Jews in the United States is decreasing C) there has been an increase in the number of people who do not identify themselves as belonging to any religion D) more people subscribe to an institutional rather than a personal form of religion Answer: C Page Ref: 370-371 79) An example of religion affecting political affiliation is illustrated by the fact that: A) Muslims are prevalently Democrats B) Protestant Evangelicals have gravitated in large numbers to the Republican Party C) Religious groups are evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans D) Republicans are more committed to upholding moral values Answer: B Page Ref: 377 80) Prejudice and discrimination: A) have never existed toward diverse religious groups B) have been a part of the relationships among diverse religious groups C) are tenets of some religions D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 365 81) The Bureau of the Census has reported that in the past decade: A) more men than women have earned Bachelor's degrees and above B) more women than men have earned Bachelor's degrees and above C) there has been a decrease in persons of both genders in obtaining higher education degrees D) almost 80 percent of Americans are now earning Bachelor's degrees Answer: B Page Ref: 390 13.3 Essay Questions 1) In a famous novel, a character says something to the effect that "without God, anything is possible." What does he mean by this statement? Do you think it is sacrilegious? What social function does this statement support? In your answer, consider the normative system of society and the maintenance of the status quo. Answer: Page Ref: 2) A well-known sociologist has made the point that religion "mystifies" what are essentially human inventions. Explain his meaning. Of the two above definitions of God and religion, to which do you personally subscribe? Are there any particular events in your life that would explain your feelings toward religion? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 207 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 3) We live in a society - and in a world - that has seen an "information explosion," and yet there seem to be ever fewer people who have a good grasp of even the most elementary knowledge. How did this come about? Why are American students so much father behind students from most other industrial nations in information and skills? What can we do to change this situation? What is going to happen to us as a nation if we do not? Answer: Page Ref: 4) Describe the perfect school, as you would want to experience it. Be serious and consider the function of education in society. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 208 TEST BANK Chapter 14 Government: The Institutions and the Ideologies that Underlie It 14.1 True/False Questions 1) Abstract concepts of organized habits and standardized ways of getting things done is a definition of the state. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 397 2) The pivotal institutions of government and the economy are closely related to and dependent on ideology and social movements. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 397 3) The pattern of statuses and roles that a society develops to fulfill the need for order and defense is a definition of government. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 397 4) Power relationships are always somewhat reciprocal. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 399 5) The legitimate possession of power is called strength. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 399 6) A culture group residing within the territory of the political state is called a nation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 404 7) Certain universal human needs have resulted in the establishment in all societies of pivotal institutions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 396 8) The source of ultimate power in most modern societies is the state. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 401 9) Government may be defined as the pattern of statuses and roles that a society develops to fulfill the need for order within and the need for defense against threats from without Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 397 10) What is good for the individual is always good for the society; thus, some societies do away with institutions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 397 11) A group way of life requires a degree of order. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 396 12) The most important function of government is to implement political control. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 397 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 209 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) Some functions of government are manifest, while others are latent. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 398 14) The existence of party machines is a manifest function of government. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 399 15) Power can be asserted by rewarding, coercing, or influencing individuals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 399 16) A crisis of legitimacy occurs when people question the legitimacy of their government. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 399 17) Traditional authority is no longer accepted in modern societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 399 18) Charismatic authority depends on the personality of a particular leader. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 400-401 19) State and government are interchangeable terms. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 401 20) The state has had many forms historically. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 401 21) Membership in the state is compulsory for all those who live within its territorial limits. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 401 22) Thomas Hobbes maintained that before the emergence of the state people lived as "noble savages." Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 403 23) The nation is a culture group living within the territory of the political state. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 404 24) The English were the first to have embraced the concept of nationhood. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 404 25) Today, nationalism is similar to ethnic cooking: a quaint reminder of a past cultural tradition. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 404-405 26) People cannot hold conflicting ideologies: they either believe one thing, or another. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 406 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 210 TEST BANK 27) Ideologies vary in scope from completely comprehensive to partial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 406 28) Autocracy is the ideology espousing the belief that ultimate power should reside in the hands of the people as a whole. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 407 29) The most basic assumption of democracy is the importance and value of the individual. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 433 30) Regimes in which power is held by an absolute leader or by a small elite, but where it is limited to the political sphere alone, are called totalitarian. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 407 31) Fascism and Nazism are two vastly different ideologies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 408-409 32) Karl Marx predicted that the bourgeoisie would be overthrown and power would be held by the proletariat. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 409-412 33) Fascists reject the concept of human equality, which is the ideal of democracy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 409 34) An important principle of democracy is that the only legitimate basis for rule is the consent of the governed. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 413 35) Political ideologies deal with the questions: who gets what, and why, in society? Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 406-407 14.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Legal-rational authority is characteristic of: A) homogeneous societies B) traditional, agrarian societies C) urban industrial, developed societies D) totalitarian societies Answer: C Page Ref: 400 2) The difference between government and state is that: A) government is a symbol and state is the process B) government is a process that includes the people who exercise political power C) the state is an abstract symbol of the political institution D) government is a process and the state is an abstract symbol Answer: D Page Ref: 401 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 211 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 3) Government is: A) the ultimate source of social control B) institutionalized social control C) a way of insuring absolute freedom for citizens D) BOTH ultimate and institutionalized social control Answer: D Page Ref: 397 4) Power may be asserted by: A) reciprocating B) promising a reward in return for compliance C) coercion D) coercion, reciprocation, or reward Answer: D Page Ref: 399 5) Power is legitimate if: A) it is enforced on members of society B) a majority of societal members accept its use as right and proper C) it has been transmitted in a traditional way D) it is rational Answer: B Page Ref: 399 6) Which is FALSE of power? A) It is necessary for exerting social control in society B) It plays a significant role in all kinds of social interactions C) All power relationships are one sided D) People have greater or lesser amounts of power according to their statuses in society Answer: C Page Ref: 399 7) Moral control: A) does not exist in large, urban industrial societies B) is insufficient to maintain social order in complex societies C) can only be exerted through the institution of religion D) is best when exerted by forces outside the individual Answer: B Page Ref: 397 8) The forces and processes revolving around government, its policies and actions are called: A) politics B) general social processes C) dynamics D) statics Answer: A Page Ref: 397 9) The manifest functions of government include: A) the formation of party machines B) the protection of the interests of the power elite C) the enlargement of the administrative elite D) the provision of institutionalized social control Answer: D Page Ref: 398 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 212 TEST BANK 10) Even in a democracy, the state can: A) seize property B) imprison persons C) deprive people of their lives D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 401 11) Antarctica is occupied by several nations together because no one nation has: A) sovereignty over it B) the desire to rule it C) interest in its resources D) the power to take it over Answer: A Page Ref: 402 12) The most important function of government is to: A) provide social welfare B) implement political control C) exercise total control D) regulate human life in society Answer: B Page Ref: 397 13) The basic components of the state include ALL BUT WHICH of the following? A) Territory B) Population C) Armed services D) Sovereignty Answer: C Page Ref: 402 14) The view that the state has emerged to protect the rights of a privileged few has been expressed by philosophers of which school of thought? A) Functionalism B) Ideologism C) Conflict D) Hegelianism Answer: C Page Ref: 403 15) Charismatic leaders: A) appear only in traditional societies B) may appear in societies with either a traditional or a legal-rational base of authority C) establish a stable social organization D) are only characteristic of theocracies Answer: B Page Ref: 400-401 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 213 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 16) The legitimate possession of power is a definition of: A) force B) the police C) the state D) authority Answer: D Page Ref: 399 17) The oldest form of power rests on: A) rational-legal authority B) charismatic authority C) traditional authority D) the authority of force Answer: C Page Ref: 399-400 18) In essence, people need government because: A) they live in groups and need a degree of order B) of their competitive nature C) they have not reached a sufficient amount of civilization to exist without it D) brute force is not sufficient to keep them in line Answer: A Page Ref: 397 19) Political control: A) is internalized cultural learning B) is acquired through socialization C) is social control exerted by forces outside the individual D) takes the place of moral control in simple societies Answer: C Page Ref: 397 20) Political power: A) appears only in capitalistic societies B) is power exercised by the state through its government C) characterizes all dictatorships D) belongs to a ruler in democratic regimes Answer: B Page Ref: 398 21) The state has the following relationship to force: A) it shares it with the citizens B) it lacks it completely in a democracy C) it has a monopoly on it D) it gives it up to the people Answer: C Page Ref: 401 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 214 TEST BANK 22) Government is characterized by a(n): A) pattern of statuses and roles B) system of norms and values C) system to deal with order and defense D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 396-398 23) Political control refers to: A) any social control B) social control exercised by peers C) social control exercised by the government D) being forced to vote Answer: C Page Ref: 398 24) The Pope's leadership of the Catholic Church is based on which kind of authority? A) Legal-rational B) Democratic C) Traditional D) Charismatic Answer: C Page Ref: 399-400 25) Italy has had many changes in political leadership since World War II. However, economic and legal specialists keep the nation going. We would call their authority: A) legal-rational B) charismatic C) traditional D) irrational Answer: A Page Ref: 400 26) Hitler led the German people by emotional speeches. He derived his authority from: A) God B) the law C) the Bible D) personal charisma Answer: D Page Ref: 400-401 27) Functionalists approach the state as a tool to: A) maintain order B) protect the privileged few C) protect private property D) maintain the state of nature Answer: A Page Ref: 403 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 215 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 28) Conflict theorists see the state's functions as: A) protecting the interest of the ruling elite only B) helping the poor and homeless C) bringing peace to its citizens D) directing the economy Answer: A Page Ref: 403 29) Marx believed that the state would vanish when: A) the elite would work toward the good of the masses B) the lion would lie down with the lamb C) social classes ceased to exist D) all societies became capitalist Answer: C Page Ref: 403 30) "My country, right or wrong" is an example of: A) nationalism B) legal-rational thinking C) an internationalist world view D) a reasoned approach to detente Answer: A Page Ref: 404-405 31) A person affected by nationalism: A) identifies with a state's culture B) shares a state's interests and goals C) displays feelings of ethnocentrism D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 404-405 32) In order for power to be legitimate, a government must have: A) the ability to coerce agreement B) legitimate authority C) a charismatic leader D) a strong army Answer: B Page Ref: 399 33) Legal-rational authority tends to be characteristic of: A) homogeneous, single-culture societies B) heterogeneous, multicultural societies C) simple agrarian societies D) Central American societies Answer: B Page Ref: 400 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 216 TEST BANK 34) Politics may be defined as: A) the statuses and roles that enforce the law B) the legitimate use of force within a territory C) the process by which individuals and groups acquire power D) all of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 397 35) Social control is: A) cultural learning which resides within the individual B) control exercised by legal agencies charged with punishing violators C) the process whereby a group induces a person to behave in a certain way through the enforcement of taboos, mores, and folkways D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 397 36) The state differs from all the other institutions in that: A) it is an abstract concept B) its political control is complete C) membership is compulsory for all residents of its territory except for aliens and visitors D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 401-403 37) Ideology: A) explains why things are as they are B) underlie all social movements C) underlie all governments D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 405 38) In the U.S., the military is: A) subordinate to the government B) a provision of government C) synonymous with government D) the basis of legitimate government Answer: A Page Ref: 398 39) Latent functions of government include: A) public education B) health care C) the rise of administrative elites D) war Answer: C Page Ref: 398 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 217 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 40) The emergence of the state as a result of a "social contract" is the hypothesis found in the work of: A) Talcott Parsons B) Thomas Hobbes C) Karl Marx D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau Answer: B Page Ref: 403 41) Nation states emerged in Europe in the historical period of: A) the Middle Ages B) the Renaissance C) the Hundred Years War D) the Protestant Reformation Answer: B Page Ref: 403 42) The first European people to form a nation were the: A) Scots B) Picts C) Slavs D) Gauls E) English Answer: E Page Ref: 404 43) Recent events vividly demonstrate that nationalism is: A) dead B) the source of wars and atrocities C) at most a quaint reminder of past political cultures D) the bastion of freedom and world peace Answer: B Page Ref: 404-405 44) The view that nationalism would wither away was held by: A) classical liberals B) Marxists C) stoic philosophers like Marcus Aurelius D) all of the above E) only A and B Answer: B Page Ref: 404 45) Another term for nationalism might be: A) racism B) imperialism C) colonialism D) national ethnocentrism Answer: D Page Ref: 404-405 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 218 TEST BANK 46) The author of a famous treatise on the origin of the state characterized existence in the "state of nature" as: A) similar to an earthly paradise B) among "noble savages" C) "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" D) a pre-Christian utopia Answer: C Page Ref: 403 47) According to French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the state emerged: A) to restore peace B) after the establishment of private property C) because people began to fight among themselves D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 403 48) When a new nation is formed: A) older tribal loyalties must be abandoned B) a "we" feeling must emerge among people C) people must acknowledge a common history and a sense of a common future D) foreigners must be kept out E) only A, B, and C Answer: E Page Ref: 403-404 49) In the United States, a sense of national identity: A) never developed B) was first based on a common ethnicity and language C) was later reinforced by the notion of "specialness" D) none of the above E) only B and C Answer: E Page Ref: 404 50) A number of social commentators fear that having become a nation of hyphenated Americans: A) we may begin to question our national identity B) the United States will be divided into a number of smaller nations C) we must keep out all new immigrants D) we will not defend the nation from invasion Answer: A Page Ref: 404 51) An ideology is: A) a set of ideas, values, and attitudes B) a testable theory C) always based on religion D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 405 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 219 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 52) Ideologies: A) direct people to act in a certain way B) never distort the truth C) always abhor fanaticism D) refer to the study of ideas Answer: A Page Ref: 406 53) Ideologies may be described as: A) simplified world views B) complex explanations of the world C) rejecting action D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 405-406 54) Political ideology deals with: A) matters of ruler selection and principles of rule B) parties C) economics D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 406-407 55) The myth complex functions to: A) make people feel free B) secure the will of the people C) give legitimate authority to the government in power D) fool the people some of the time Answer: C Page Ref: 407 56) Most ideologies consist of: A) a body of doctrines, beliefs, and symbols B) ideas that have been in existence for centuries C) a set of complex algebraic expressions D) ideas derived exclusively from ancient Greece Answer: A Page Ref: 407 57) Ideologies tend to arise during periods of: A) prosperity B) crisis C) natural disasters D) conversations among intellectuals Answer: B Page Ref: 407 58) Ideologies may be: A) partial B) comprehensive C) abstract D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 406 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 220 TEST BANK 59) Traditional autocracy has been replaced by: A) democracy B) egalitarianism C) authoritarian or totalitarian ideologies D) tyranny Answer: C Page Ref: 407-408 60) Totalitarian regimes: A) control the individual socially and politically B) control only political life C) leave individual's human and civil rights intact D) deal only with economic and foreign policy matters Answer: A Page Ref: 408 61) A totalitarian regime A) contains a secret police B) controls the mass media C) exhibits a centralized control of the economy D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 408-409 62) Fascism first emerged: A) in Germany, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler B) in Italy, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini C) in Argentina, under Juan Peron D) in South Africa, under apartheid Answer: B Page Ref: 408 63) Fascism: A) distrusts reason B) refuses violence C) stresses a belief in human equality D) appeals to intellectuals Answer: A Page Ref: 408-409 64) The concept of human inequality: A) is tolerated by religious ideologies B) is incorporated in the ideology of democracy C) underlies fascism D) has been borrowed from the natural sciences Answer: C Page Ref: 409 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 221 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 65) Communism emerged as an ideology in reaction to conditions following: A) the French Revolution B) starvation in Ireland C) the Industrial Revolution D) the Protestant Reformation Answer: C Page Ref: 409 66) The history of the world, according to Marx, could be interpreted through: A) idealism B) dialectic materialism C) an absence of materialism D) a cyclical theory Answer: B Page Ref: 409 67) Regarding capitalist industrial societies, Marx asserted that: A) the means of production are controlled by the masses B) religion and philosophy are the foundations of society C) property is unimportant in the modern state D) they contained the seeds of their own destruction Answer: D Page Ref: 409-411 68) Communism has a history of attracting Third World nations because of the fact that: A) the ideology is static B) the ideology changes to suit conditions C) it has not led to dictatorships D) it promises to give more power to the masses Answer: D Page Ref: 412 69) The dialectic is based on: A) two extreme positions giving rise to a middle position B) polarization, forcing societies to split up C) conflicts between rich and poor countries D) imperialism being destroyed by capitalism Answer: A Page Ref: 410-411 70) In theory, communism calls for: A) abolition of private property B) military expansionism C) the creation of a new ruling class D) intense nationalism Answer: A Page Ref: 409 71) Democracy is based on: A) the value of the individual B) rule by the elite C) leadership of a charismatic leader D) ideal hopes for a future society Answer: A Page Ref: 413 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 222 TEST BANK 72) The democratic state is based on the social contract theories of Locke and Rousseau. These theories maintain that: A) people must obey the rulers at all times B) the rulers govern at the direction of God C) the people allow themselves to be governed for their own good D) a society cannot exist without authoritarian rulers Answer: C Page Ref: 413 73) The fundamental assumption of democratic socialism is that: A) participation in political decision making should be extended to religious leaders B) the Socialist party must be in command of the economy C) participation in political decision making should be extended to economic decision making D) it is not necessary for everyone in a society to work Answer: C Page Ref: 415 74) Democratic socialism is an ideology that: A) preaches hatred of the state B) demands total nationalization of the economy C) stresses class struggle D) seeks to provide essential services to all Answer: D Page Ref: 415 75) Democratic capitalism means that: A) all property belongs to the government B) the economy is regulated through legislation and taxation C) losers are totally destroyed D) the individual is free to do anything as long as he/she has money Answer: B Page Ref: 414 76) The cause of freedom is served, according to democratic capitalists, when: A) everyone has economic security B) everyone has the right to hold private property C) welfare is eliminated D) everyone has the chance to become a millionaire Answer: B Page Ref: 414 77) Why is the private ownership of property deemed beneficial? A) It is the American way B) Greed makes the world go around C) Keeping up with the Joneses leads to success D) None of the above E) All of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 414 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 223 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 78) The difference in the three most prevalent economic systems lies in how: A) the people respect the government B) much the government interferes in the economy C) profits are made D) easy it is to become rich Answer: B Page Ref: 415 79) Contrary to Karl Marx's expectations, communist revolutions occurred in: A) agricultural nations, like Cuba B) less economically developed nations, like Russia C) Asian nations lacking well-developed industrial sectors, like China D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 410-412 (Boxes 14.1&14.2) 80) The unraveling of soviet communism can be traced to: A) a failure in raised expectations B) the oppressive role of the Communist Party C) the failure of the Soviet economy to provide for consumer goods D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 410 81) Capitalism is based on the ideas of Adam Smith regarding: A) the free market B) oligopoly C) democracy D) industrialization Answer: A Page Ref: 414 82) Adam Smith believed that the government should maintain: A) rigid control over the economy B) a policy of hands off the economy C) the basic markets and not look for new ones D) artificial competition Answer: B Page Ref: 414 83) Smith wrote that private ownership of the means of production would: A) create abuse B) stimulate government control C) stimulate economic growth as each individual tried to maximize profits D) stifle economic growth as the markets would be flooded with merchandise Answer: C Page Ref: 414 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 224 TEST BANK 84) "Laissez-faire": A) is the rallying cry of the Gay Liberation Movement B) was Karl Marx's exhortation to the workers of the world C) is the French expression Adam Smith used to mean that government should keep its hands off the economy D) is the economic theory introduced to the U.S. by Keynes Answer: C Page Ref: 414 85) The "invisible hand" refers to: A) a feature of Adam Smiths's Wealth of Nations B) the belief in God exhibited by the Puritans C) the fact that prayer results in help D) a belief in ghosts prevalent in the early Middle Ages Answer: A Page Ref: 414 86) Government: A) is a pivotal institution B) is the acting arm of the state C) includes the political process D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 396 14.3 Essay Questions 1) Not only governments, but most groups recognize the authority of some entity that regulates the activities of the members. Of the important groups to which you belong, which base their authority on legal-rational processes, which on tradition, and which on a charismatic leader? Is charisma of no importance in a society in which legalrational authority predominates? Is tradition of no importance in such a society? Answer: Page Ref: 2) Ideologies are pervasive in all societies, but sometimes we fail to realize that we are affected by them. Do you accept the tenets of the democratic ideology? Do you agree that it is the best ideology for all the people of the world? Do you possibly hold a contradictory ideology, such as the belief in the superiority of one group of people over another? How do you reconcile this contradiction? Answer: Page Ref: 3) Of the three ideologies discussed in the chapter, which appeals to you most? Why do you suppose communism and even socialism failed? Why does fascism still hold a wide appeal to some groups of people? What would the ideal political ideology include, in your opinion? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 225 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 15 The Government of the United States of America 15.1 True/False Questions 1) The U.S. government did not begin to function as a cohesive unit until the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 421 2) The Constitutional Convention of 1787 provided for the creation of the two major political parties. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 422 3) Federalism is a system of dividing nations into regions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 425-427 4) The rule of law holds that those in authority exercise power based on specifically drawn up laws and not on their will. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 424 5) The Constitution leaves the manner of electing representatives up to the individual states. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 424 6) Legislation is debated in Congress according to seniority rule. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 434 7) The role of Congress, particularly in the fields of foreign relations and the military, has been subordinate. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 433-437 8) Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court to create inferior courts. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 440 9) Limited government is basic to constitutionalism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 443 10) Checks and balances refers to the power of the Department of the Treasury to issue checks and balance the budget. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 428-430 11) Residual or reserved powers are shared by the central government and the state governments. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 426 12) Political parties were conceived and delineated at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 422 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 226 TEST BANK 13) The signers of the Constitution were primarily concerned about preserving the interests of their social class, which was the landed, wealthy elite. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 423 (Box 15.1) 14) The Magna Carta was the Roman document on which the founders modeled the Bill of rights. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 423 15) A unitary form of government is one in which political power is centralized in a national government. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 425 16) Federal grants originally consisted of public land and today have almost totally ceased to exist. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 427 17) In the United States, there is a complete renewal of government every four years when a new administration is voted in. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 428-430 18) The American presidency is modeled on the examples of the Greek and Roman republics in which leadership derived from committee-like groups. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 430 19) The Joint Chiefs of Staff have the power to declare war without the approval of either the president or Congress. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 433 20) The House Rules Committee determines the specific time allotted for the debate of important legislation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 435-439 21) According to the seniority rule, the chairmanship of each committee goes unquestioningly to the member of the majority party who has served longest on the committee. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 435 22) Beginning in 1962, reapportionment of members of the House effectively initiated the civil rights movement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 434 23) Courts and judges hear and rule only on actual cases brought before them, and they do so in adversary proceedings. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 441 24) One of the four major principles of the American government is federalism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 425-428 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 227 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 15.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The system of distributing political power between a central national government and the governments of the geographical regions of the nation is called: A) confederacy B) federalism C) centralism D) unitarianism Answer: B Page Ref: 425 2) The chief reason that Congress is so ineffective is: A) that the Constitution delegates it so little power B) a result of the gradual emergence of the Supreme Court as a legislative body C) the development of the power of state governments D) the traditional organization of the legislative branch Answer: D Page Ref: 433-435 3) Which is NOT a restraint imposed on the United States government? A) Presidential supremacy B) Federalism C) Separation of powers D) Checks and balances Answer: A Page Ref: 431 4) Which is NOT a presidential role? A) Chief Justice B) commander in chief of Armed Forces C) chief diplomat D) party leader Answer: A Page Ref: 430-433 5) Congressional representation is based on: A) single member constituency system B) proportional representation C) parliamentary system D) BOTH single-member constituency and proportional representation Answer: D Page Ref: 434 6) Judicial review by the Supreme Court is based on: A) explicit statements in the Constitution B) the Marbury v. Madison decision C) an act of Congress D) the First Amendment to the Constitution Answer: B Page Ref: 440 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 228 TEST BANK 7) The favorable evaluation of presidents is based on: A) the caretaker role B) strict adherence to the written Constitution C) dynamic political leadership D) the teflon principle Answer: C Page Ref: 431 8) The writers of the Constitution intended the president to have: A) strong personal power B) weak personal power C) no power at all D) power only in declaring war Answer: B Page Ref: 431 9) Congressional members: A) are aware of their constituents' views B) represent all constituents equally C) generally have a nationwide perspective D) represent local elites Answer: D Page Ref: 434 10) The Supreme Court probably reflects: A) philosophies of the elite B) beliefs of the masses C) complete neutrality D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 441 11) The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to: A) give more power to the government B) restrict the power of the government C) weaken the government D) make revolution impossible Answer: B Page Ref: 443 12) Constitutions are: A) always written B) intended to limit governmental power C) meant to establish the rule of men D) blueprints for monarchies Answer: B Page Ref: 423 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 229 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) A government that is subject to limitations and that operates in accordance with general rules rather than arbitrarily is: A) autocratic B) democratic C) republican D) constitutional Answer: D Page Ref: 423 14) The principle of the separation of powers: A) was imitated by the framers of the Constitution from Roman forms of government B) provides for an absolute separation of three branches of government C) is prescribed by the Constitution D) was a notion the framers had to abandon Answer: C Page Ref: 428-430 15) The United States Constitution provides for the: A) doctrine of elitist pluralism B) doctrine of executive privilege C) principle of federalism D) concept of polis Answer: C Page Ref: 425 16) When did the United States government begin to function as a cohesive unit? A) At the signing of the Declaration of Independence B) After the Constitutional Convention of 1788 C) At the Inauguration of George Washington in 1789 D) Both B and C Answer: D Page Ref: 421 17) What were the goals of the Constitutional Convention? A) To preserve the status quo B) To form a government that would serve the interests of all groups in the society C) To insure the power of the small farmers D) To diminish the power of a strong central government Answer: B Page Ref: 422 18) Most autocratic regimes have constitutions based on the principle of the: A) rule of law B) rule of men C) rule of public authority D) rule of the majority Answer: B Page Ref: 424 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 230 TEST BANK 19) The United States Constitution is based upon the principle of the: A) rule of law B) rule of men C) rule of central government D) rule of the Congress Answer: A Page Ref: 424 20) The advantages of a federal system are that: A) the government is brought closer to the people B) it is possible for many to become personally involved in the numerous agencies of local governments C) there are no advantages in a large heterogeneous country D) people are BOTH closer to the government and more personally involved Answer: D Page Ref: 425-428 21) The federal government makes its greatest impact on state and local governments with: A) the court system B) funds C) inspections D) emergency services Answer: B Page Ref: 427 22) How are presidential programs funded? A) By foreign nations B) By government investments C) By Congress D) By withdrawals from the Treasury Department Answer: C Page Ref: 430 23) What models did the framers of the Constitution use for the office of the presidency? A) The European monarchs B) Middle Eastern dynasties C) American Indian chiefdoms D) None Answer: D Page Ref: 430 24) In the American political system: A) everyone participates in the political process B) real equality for everyone is a fact C) there is no ruling elite D) members of Congress and their constituents generally do not know much about what the other thinks Answer: D Page Ref: 434 25) Constitutions are: A) signed documents B) instruments for limiting governmental power C) possible only in industrial societies D) characteristic of democracies only Answer: B Page Ref: 423 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 231 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 26) The United States government includes the following traits: A) federalism B) a subordinate judiciary C) unlimited power D) appointed representatives Answer: A Page Ref: 425 27) The powers held by the states include those that are: A) reserved B) delegated C) confederate D) legislative Answer: A Page Ref: 425-426 28) The federal government has increased its responsibilities at the local level because: A) the states' inefficiency B) the tenth amendment C) urban influence on the states D) excess state revenues Answer: A Page Ref: 426-427 29) It is the function of Congress to: A) vote funds for conducting foreign affairs B) conduct foreign affairs C) unanimously approve treaties D) decide the constitutionality of specific laws Answer: A Page Ref: 434 30) The principle of separation of powers may be responsible for: A) the stability of the government B) quick action on pending legislation C) a lack of confusion D) the decisiveness of Congress Answer: A Page Ref: 428 31) It may be said that the three branches of government: A) are absolutely separated from one another B) undergo checks and balances among one another C) are integrated into a cohesive unit D) make for speedy decision making Answer: B Page Ref: 428 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 232 TEST BANK 32) The president's most important role is as: A) administrator B) foreign policy maker C) legislator D) ceremonial representative of the U.S. Answer: B Page Ref: 433 33) One of the most powerful committees in the House of Representatives is the: A) Foreign Affairs Committee B) Farm Affairs Committee C) Rules Committee D) Forest Preservation Committee Answer: C Page Ref: 435 34) Congress is the dominant branch when it comes to: A) foreign affairs B) military affairs C) initiating laws D) allocating funds Answer: C Page Ref: 434 35) Both the federal and the state courts are organized on the basis of: A) the equality of all courts B) a hierarchy C) lack of review D) inability to appeal Answer: B Page Ref: 441 36) A case cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court. But the Court may exercise its power of review by a writ of: A) habeas corpus B) mandamus domine C) certiorari D) flagrante delicto Answer: C Page Ref: 441 37) Theoretically, the Supreme Court acts as a stabilizing force on our political system by: A) interpreting the Constitution through judicial review B) curbing the excesses of the other branches of government C) maintaining independence from special interest groups D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 443 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 233 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 38) In reality, the Supreme Court may reflect: A) an elitist bias B) values of the mass society C) total impartiality D) distance from political influence Answer: A Page Ref: 443 39) The term "constitutional" is reserved to describe: A) a government that acts arbitrarily B) a government that operates in accordance with general rules and limitations C) an agreement, or treaty, in written form D) a government that is not subject to restraints on political power Answer: B Page Ref: 423 40) Some state powers are inferred from the powers specifically delegated by the Constitution to the central government. These are called: A) inferred powers B) residual powers C) implied powers D) reserved powers Answer: D Page Ref: 426 41) The federal system has worked particularly well in: A) large sized countries with regional differences B) small, homogeneous countries C) small urban industrial countries D) large homogeneous single religion countries Answer: A Page Ref: 426 42) The federal system is contrasted with a(n): A) unitary system B) confederate system C) catholic system D) none of the above E) BOTH unitary and confederate systems Answer: E Page Ref: 425 43) Federalism may be defined as a system of: A) concurrent powers B) central power C) wholesale power D) regional power Answer: A Page Ref: 425 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 234 TEST BANK 44) The principle of separation of power had been discussed by the following political thinkers prior to their incorporation into the Constitution: A) Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin B) Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes C) John Locke and Charles Montesquieu D) Alexis de Tocqueville and Jean Jacques Rousseau Answer: C Page Ref: 428 45) The President fills all but which of the following roles? A) Chief of state B) Speaker of the House C) Chief administrator D) Commander in chief of the Armed Forces Answer: B Page Ref: 430-433 46) Which of the following is true? A) The president, Supreme Court Justices, and all members of Congress are elected by popular vote B) Senate members are elected but the members of the House are appointed by the president C) Each branch of government is brought to office by a different constituency D) Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the Senate and voted in by the House Answer: C Page Ref: 430 47) When politicians refer to the intention of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, they are making recourse to: A) traditional authority B) legal rational authority C) charismatic authority D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 399 (Ch.14) 48) The United States government began to function in: A) 1763 B) 1776 C) 1781 D) 1788 Answer: D Page Ref: 421 49) Government based on the rule of either the landed gentry, the educated and privileged, or the hereditary nobility is called: A) aristocracy B) oligarchy C) republicanism D) democracy E) plutocracy Answer: A Page Ref: 423 (Box 15.1) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 235 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 50) The British Constitution: A) was a source document for the American and French Constitutions B) was rewritten after the war with the colonies C) was only a documentary source for the Canadian and other Commonwealth nations' constitutions D) does not exist in written form Answer: D Page Ref: 423 51) The opposite of the rule of law is: A) anarchy B) the rule of men C) the rule of custom D) the rule of reason Answer: B Page Ref: 424 52) In a confederacy: A) powers not claimed by individual states are reserved by the national government B) there is no national government whatsoever C) power is centralized in a national government D) all political power ultimately belongs to the states Answer: D Page Ref: 425 53) An example of a federal cooperative project would be: A) the DEA B) the IRS C) the interstate highway system D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 426 54) Which of the following programs are particularly dependent upon state resources? A) Corporate growth B) The Social Security system C) Public education D) Public housing Answer: C Page Ref: 426 55) Federal legislation has sometimes been prompted by: A) outright opposition by state governments to federal law B) a general lack of financial resources and professional expertise at the state level C) inefficiency and sluggishness of state administrations D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 426 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 236 TEST BANK 56) The major function of the legislative branch is: A) to enact legislation B) ensure that legislation is carried out C) get around the administration D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 434 57) Enacting legislation: A) is a slow and painful process B) involves negotiation and compromise C) sometimes pits the executive branch against the interests of the members of states and districts D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 434 58) The second function of the legislative branch is to: A) govern every state in the Union B) ensure a system of representation C) ensure that neither of the chambers has the upper hand D) pass laws consistent with moral values Answer: B Page Ref: 434 59) The third function of the legislative branch is: A) oversight B) ensuring that jobs are provided equally C) provide an opposition party to the administration in office D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 434 60) Supervising and investigating the manner in which the legislative bureaucracy carries out and implements the laws Congress passes is a function called: A) control of Congress B) Ways and Means C) oversight D) supervision Answer: C Page Ref: 434 15.3 Essay Questions 1) When an agency or an agent of government perpetrates violent acts, these acts are called the legitimate exercise of power based on authority. Can you think of events when legitimate power was abused in the United States? In foreign countries? What can people do to prevent their government from abusing the power vested in it? Is it easier to limit governmental power in a democracy or in an autocracy? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 237 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 2) If you, like the founders, had the opportunity of choosing a government for a brand new country, how would you go about it? Where would you look for models? How would it be ultimately structured? Historically, which forms of government have been less successful than ours? Answer: Page Ref: 3) Research the parliamentary form of government and compare and contrast it to the American system. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 238 TEST BANK Chapter 16 Democracy in Action: We the People… 16.1 True/False Questions 1) The framers of the Constitution provided for the formation of political parties. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 458 2) In the pluralist view, political decisions are usually compromises. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 451 3) Elitists subscribe to the notion that force holds society together. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 450 4) The chief characteristic of American political parties is that they are based on the ideology of capitalism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 458 5) It has been established that the mass media play an unimportant role in opinion formation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 471 6) Apathy and alienation are two of the reasons offered as explanations for the failure to vote. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 467-468 7) Americans express great faith in the democratic processes and in every one's right to self government. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 465 8) American parties are distinctive in that there are so many of them, reflecting every shade of the political spectrum. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 459 9) The most important function of political parties is to determine and define the ideals of the people, clarifying them in the form of issues. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 458 10) Elitists are usually identified with the conflict school of thought. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 450 11) Pluralists maintain that power is diffused among numerous interest groups. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 451 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 239 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 12) The basic purpose of interest groups is to seize and exercise political power by legal means. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 453-454 13) The principal activity of interest groups is selecting candidates for public office. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 452-453 14) Most PACs have a conservative orientation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 455-456 15) The majoritarian model of democracy interprets the statement "government by the people" to mean that decisions are to be made by the majority of the people. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 449 16) Karl Marx and C. Wright Mills are associated with the pluralist position regarding the location of power. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 450 17) The voters have a choice because there is competition among elites. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 450 18) Interest groups act as checks on other interest groups as well as on governmental actions and public officials. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 454 19) Interest groups, unlike Congress, provide representation on other than geographical bases. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 454 20) To seize and exercise political power by legal means is the fundamental purpose of interest groups. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 458 21) The "winner-take-all" principle means that the party that wins the majority of votes in a given district or state carries the entire district or state. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 461 22) The American party system is experiencing a renaissance, with many new parties coming into existence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 463 23) The non-voters in the United States belong mostly to the higher social classes. They do not vote because they are already in privileged positions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 468 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 240 TEST BANK 24) The danger of relying on the mass media for information is that in communicating information, interpretation becomes necessary, and bias easily creeps in. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 471-472 25) Information in the guise of "sound bites" presents the danger of distorting the truth, rather than informing the public. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 472 26) Most media in the United States are public, funded and run by the government. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 471 16.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The political process: A) allows those representing minority views to try to become the majority B) favors those representing majority views C) allows those in positions of power to ignore the people's wishes D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 448 2) Which of the following is identified with the elitist view? A) C. Wright Mills B) Karl Marx C) Paul Samuelson D) Pat Robertson E) BOTH Mills and Marx Answer: E Page Ref: 450 3) According to Marx, which group constituted a ruling elite? A) The proletariat B) The bourgeoisie C) The workers for the owners of the means of production D) The military Answer: B Page Ref: 450 4) Political scientists Dye and Zeigler maintain that: A) the elite may be influenced by the masses, but it is more likely that it influences the masses B) the elite constitutes a monolithic ruling class C) elite groups have maximum control over decisions that affect the majority of people D) the elite works against the public good Answer: A Page Ref: 450 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 241 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 5) In C. Wright Mill's view, what group constitutes an elite? A) Church leaders and educators B) The corporate rich only C) Highranking military officers only D) Highechelon politicians only E) The military-industrial-governmental complex Answer: E Page Ref: 450 6) The American democratic system is based on: A) the dignity of the individual B) representation of the majority C) protection of minority rights D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 448-449 7) The school of thought that considers power to be brokered by various interest groups is called: A) pluralism B) power elitism C) absolute power D) authoritarianism Answer: A Page Ref: 451 8) C. Wright Mills maintains that the nation is really ruled by: A) the masses B) a power elite C) representatives of the people D) the participants in the political process Answer: B Page Ref: 450 9) The power elite are drawn from among the: A) military and business leaders B) middle-class urban residents C) union leaders D) intellectuals Answer: A Page Ref: 450 10) The elitist school of thought asserts that: A) the elite is not always against the masses B) the elite always works against the public interest C) the elite displays a monolithic power structure D) the masses should rebel against the elite Answer: A Page Ref: 450 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 242 TEST BANK 11) A pluralist in the U.S. would maintain that: A) power is spread through multiple centers B) policy reflects the wishes of a few elites C) significant decisions are made by the upper classes D) power is in the hands of a small homogeneous class of leaders Answer: A Page Ref: 451 12) Advocates of the elitist approach believe that the ruling elite maintains its power by: A) physical force B) manipulation of the masses C) explaining the truth to the people D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 450 13) The synthesis of the elitist and pluralist approaches, realist democracy, assumes that: A) voters do have a choice in elite competition B) the elites have a consensus on basic democracy C) new groups can become the new elite D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 452 14) The main purpose of a political party in a democracy is to: A) eliminate the opposition B) gain power C) eliminate power D) control the media Answer: B Page Ref: 458 15) Political parties in the U.S. function to: A) define the interests of the people in the form of a platform B) provide personnel to run the government C) engage in political socialization D) be the loyal opposition E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 458-461 16) The unique twoparty system in the United States is based on: A) the need to have religious representation in government B) proportional representation C) extremist ideologies D) broad agreement on basic principles Answer: D Page Ref: 459 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 243 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 17) Proposed political party reforms in the U.S. include: A) greater ideological division B) increasing numbers of Independents C) greater freedom of action for candidates D) adopting a winner-takes-all principle Answer: A Page Ref: 463 18) The nation with the longest political campaign period is: A) Italy B) the United States C) England D) all nations take the same time to campaign Answer: B Page Ref: 464 19) The political organization that may have too much influence on elected officials because of its generous contributions is the: A) Republican Club B) Democratic Club C) Political Action Committee D) Rules Committee Answer: C Page Ref: 455-457 20) Interest groups have the following traits. They: A) present official candidates to the electorate B) have the goal of complete control of the government C) put their names on ballots D) are only accountable to themselves Answer: D Page Ref: 452-455 21) The positive functions of interest groups include: A) informing public officials of the opinions of constituents B) debating public issues C) checking on other interest groups D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 454 22) The negative functions of interest groups include: A) they are representative of a minority of people B) they are democratic C) they are accountable to the public D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 455 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 244 TEST BANK 23) Surveys of American voters reveal: A) a general support of the government B) full support of democratic principles C) the majority of people and political leaders are equally committed to democratic values D) a general cynicism about government Answer: D Page Ref: 465 24) Americans voting in local elections represent the following percentage: A) 60% B) 10% C) 90% D) 50% Answer: B Page Ref: 466 25) Which American is most likely to vote? A) A poor, young black B) An educated middle-aged white C) Someone voting for the local school board D) Someone who does not identify with either party Answer: B Page Ref: 466-467 26) A predisposition toward certain points of view is called: A) attitude B) action C) opinion D) conviction Answer: A Page Ref: 471 27) In regard to public and political opinion: A) they are the same B) public opinion is limited to a few issues C) political opinion deals with all matters D) political opinion is all opinions expressed on political issues Answer: D Page Ref: 470 28) The relationship of the mass media and politicians can be described as: A) political control of the media B) media subversion of government C) nonexistent D) symbiotic and adversarial Answer: D Page Ref: 471-472 29) Many Americans are politically apathetic and alienated because: A) they are experiencing universal adult suffrage B) they feel that conventional political participation is meaningless C) politicians work only for their own interest D) they are deeply divided by ideology Answer: B Page Ref: 468 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 245 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 30) Popular participation in the political process: A) has always been a fact of life in the U.S. B) has increased with the education of the electorate C) is more difficult in complex mass societies D) is forbidden by the Constitution Answer: C Page Ref: 448 31) Interest groups may be defined as: A) groups of people interested in specific legislation B) groups of people who want to enter politics C) wealthy and civicminded people with excessive leisure time D) coalitions of individuals with similar attitudes and interests who attempt to influence public policy Answer: D Page Ref: 453 32) According to the "broker rule" school of thought: A) power is in the hands of a small group of individuals B) Wall street brokers and other bankers hold the effective reins of government C) power is diffused among numerous interest groups who compete and compromise on the decisionmaking process D) the fewer interest groups exist, the greater the stability of the political system Answer: C Page Ref: 451 33) The chief function of interest groups is to: A) provide group representation above and beyond that provided by our elected officials in Congress B) provide geographic representation C) bring into the open obscure problems to be solved D) choose candidates for political office Answer: A Page Ref: 452 34) Public policy, according to elitists, tends to reflect: A) the demands of the masses B) the values of the elites C) the ideals of the society D) the compromises necessary to temper ideals with reality Answer: B Page Ref: 450 35) Which of the following groups has traditionally had the worst voting record in the United States? A) Urban and suburban residents B) The young and underprivileged C) College educated professionals D) White collar workers Answer: B Page Ref: 467-468 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 246 TEST BANK 36) The factors influencing the political behavior of American voters include: A) mass media B) socialization C) social class D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 465-466 37) The classic, textbook model of democracy is referred to as the: A) Lockean model B) referendum model C) majoritarian model D) Madisonian model Answer: C Page Ref: 449 38) The process of circulating petitions in order to place specific issues before the legislators is called: A) impressment B) appeasement C) innuendo D) initiative E) interdiction Answer: D Page Ref: 449 39) What function do politicians serve, according to pluralists? A) Front men B) Statesmen C) Shills, or decoys D) Power and interest brokers Answer: D Page Ref: 451 40) C. Wright Mills wrote that the "power elite" controls: A) all political and social issues B) the major issues like war and peace C) the election of all national officials D) access to Supreme Court appointments Answer: B Page Ref: 450 41) A modified version of elitist theory holds that: A) elite members identify with middle-class values B) the masses can, on occasion, influence the elite C) elites vary in their degree of openness D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 450 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 247 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 42) Elites: A) do not always triumph B) cannot always be identified C) are not public decision-making bodies D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 451 43) Pluralists believe that American parties and interest groups: A) play outside the rules of the game B) agree with the ideology of free enterprise C) operate purely in terms of self-interest D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 451 44) Elitist theorists: A) endorse the use of brute force when necessary B) observe that force is seldom used in a brazen manner by American elites C) believe that the elites themselves are brainwashed D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 450 45) Public policy is: A) what the government does B) what the government fails to do C) a plan of action D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 452 46) Interest groups abound because: A) Americans are ready "joiners" B) Americans are not a homogeneous people so there are many conflicting interests C) they substitute for the weaker political parties D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 453 47) Which of the following is NOT an interest group? A) The National Rifle Association B) The American Association of Retired People C) Lobbyists of America D) The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Answer: C Page Ref: 453 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 248 TEST BANK 48) According to Robert Salisbury, the crucial factor in turning awareness of an issue into an organized movement is: A) money B) mass media C) leadership D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 454 49) Effective social movement leadership requires: A) taking tactical advantage of trends and opportunities B) marketing skills C) procedures for succession D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 454 50) Shortcomings of interest groups include: A) injecting partisan ideologies into political parties B) creating splinter parties C) the dissemination of biased information D) stifling minority voices Answer: C Page Ref: 457 51) The numbers of PACs: A) doubled since 1974 B) tripled since 1974 C) quadrupled since 1974 D) increased nearly sevenfold since 1974 Answer: D Page Ref: 456 52) The leaders of interest groups tend to be: A) in accord with the agenda of the rank and file B) more liberal than the rank and file C) more conservative than the rank and file D) unaware of the concerns of the rank and file Answer: B Page Ref: 457 53) Political parties link: A) PACs to Congress B) heterogeneous groups to coalitions C) extremists to government D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 458 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 249 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 54) The Democratic Party dates back to: A) 1789 B) 1792 C) 1823 D) 1854 E) 1902 Answer: B Page Ref: 458 55) The framers of the Constitution: A) were all Federalists B) were all Whigs C) made no provision for political parties D) expressly forbade political parties E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 458 56) Which is NOT a function of political parties in the U.S.? A) Structuring voter choices B) Political socialization C) Providing government personnel D) Suppressing dissent Answer: D Page Ref: 459 57) We justify the two-party system by asserting that: A) there are no clear-cut ideological differences among Americans B) Americans prefer simple choices C) most Americans agree on essential matters of domestic policy D) it does not matter which party wins because both parties must rule together E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 459 58) Some of the features of American political parties include the facts that they: A) are strong, centralized organizations B) receive support from clearly defined groups C) are sharply differentiated by program D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 458-462 59) Third parties arise when: A) a charismatic leader is available B) a large portion of the electorate is dissatisfied with the other candidates C) the nation experiences severe economic recession or depression D) new political ideologies emerge Answer: B Page Ref: 461-462 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 250 TEST BANK 60) A characteristic that differentiates American political parties from many other contemporary parties is that they: A) are interchangeable B) are not based on particular doctrines C) have a strong ideological component D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 461 61) The Democrats lost the presidential elections in 1984 and 1988 because of: A) split ticket voting B) huge political gaffes C) loss of direct contact with the electorate D) running the wrong candidates Answer: D Page Ref: 459 62) The proportion of registered Democrats: A) exceeds that of Republicans B) is less than that of Republicans or Independents C) is exceeded by Republicans D) equals that of Republicans Answer: A Page Ref: 463-464 63) The relative decline in the proportion of Democrats may be due to: A) the assimilation of some ethnic communities B) an increase in independent voters C) a decline in single-party voting within families D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 463-464 64) The American political system works against party reform because of: A) federalism B) political localism C) separate elections of the president and Congress D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 463 65) Campaign finance legislation passed in 1974 and 1976: A) prohibits PACs from contributing more than $2000 to a candidates B) established a ceiling of $10,000 in total political contributions from an individual in a given year C) limits contributions and expenditures in federal campaigns D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 465 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 251 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 66) "Soft" money is: A) money promised for campaigns B) money used to purchase air time C) money given after the election D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 464 67) "Hard" money is: A) money actually tendered to campaigns B) cash, rather than checks or notes C) money given during the campaign D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 464 68) What percentage of the American electorate voted in local elections? A) 5% B) 10% C) 15% D) 20% Answer: B Page Ref: 466 69) What percentage of the American electorate voted in the 2004 presidential election? A) 54% B) 60% C) 65.9% D) 45% E) 30% Answer: C Page Ref: 469 (Table 16.4) 70) What percentage of the French electorate voted in the first round presidential elections in 2007? A) 10% B) 83.77% C) 50% D) 35% Answer: B Page Ref: 466 (Table 16.3) 71) A symbiotic relationship exists between: A) the press and politicians B) the president and Congress C) the two political parties D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 471-472 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 252 TEST BANK 72) What are some of the criticisms leveled at the way democracy works in the United States? A) The U.S. is a country undergoing mob rule B) There is too much popular participation in the decisions of government C) There is quite a gap between the real and the ideal when it comes to how democracy works in the U.S. D) The nation is ruled by a single ideology so that government does not represent the will of the majority Answer: C Page Ref: 449 73) The transitional period between the dominance of one party or another is called: A) realignment B) dealignment C) alignment D) derailment Answer: A Page Ref: 462 74) The current transitional period, in which there is uncertainty as to what will happen to political parties, is termed: A) dealignment B) realignment C) alignment D) retrenchment Answer: A Page Ref: 462 75) Whenever a third party becomes significant, its platform: A) is rejected by the two main parties B) is integrated into the platforms of the two main parties C) is declared unconstitutional D) becomes a social movement Answer: B Page Ref: 461-462 76) The decline of the political parties has been hastened by: A) the disbanding of ethnic communities B) the geographical dispersal of Americans C) the loss of cohesiveness of the American family D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 463 77) Members of Congress are more responsive to: A) wealthy contributors to their campaigns B) interest groups within their districts C) individual voters D) party directives Answer: B Page Ref: 455 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 253 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 78) According to campaign legislation, an individual is allowed to contribute: A) $1000 per candidate per year B) $25,000 to all candidates in any one year C) $100,000 per candidate of each party D) both A and B E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 464 79) Corporations and labor unions: A) cannot contribute to congressional candidates B) may establish their own PACs C) may use union or corporate funds to administer PACs D) can give soft money to a national party for state and local campaigns E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 465 80) The Campaign Reform Bill signed by President Bush in 2002 involved: A) soft money B) hard money C) making it illegal to contribute any money to candidates D) allowing only private individuals to donate money to political candidates Answer: A Page Ref: 464 81) The "red-blue" divide refers to: A) the colors of the flag B) communism and fascism C) states that voted a Republican or a Democratic ticket in the election of 2004 D) the geography of the United States Answer: C Page Ref: 463-464 82) The American electorate: A) is mainly centrist B) appears to differ in values and culture C) is more polarized since 9/11 D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 464 83) Political activists: A) are moving outside the Democratic party to achieve some of their political goals B) are becoming very scarce in both parties C) are hoping to create a third party D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 464 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 254 TEST BANK 84) Political activists in the Democratic Party: A) want to imitate the Republicans B) are trying to take back the country's agenda from conservative ideologues C) see themselves as progressives D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 464 16.3 Essay Questions 1) Political socialization occurs first within the family. That is, you acquire the first attitudes toward government and politics at the kitchen table. Recall some of the political issues you heard discussed in your home. Did your parents vote? If so, did they vote Democratic or Republican? How do you now vote? Do you share your family's political attitudes? Are you more liberal, or more conservative, than members of your immediate family? To what do you attribute the differences? The similarities? Answer: Page Ref: 2) Do you think your peers had more influence on your political attitudes than your family? What effects did the media have on your political opinion? Answer: Page Ref: 3) Some social commentators maintain that interest groups that demand ever more entitlements for their members have the ultimate effect of centering ever more power in the government. How can big government be avoided and the interests of minorities still attained? Which presents the greater danger, a powerful government, or powerless groups in society? Answer: Page Ref: 4) Review the last presidential election. Which candidates did you like? Why? Did you change your mind during the electoral campaign? If so, why? How closely did you follow the campaign and through which media? Were you aware of the attempt of "selling" you the candidate? Did you buy him, and are you glad you did? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 255 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 17 The Economy: Concepts and History 17.1 True/False Questions 1) The basic economic problem facing societies is how to divide resources. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 477 2) Since scarcity has been eliminated, there is no need for decisions regarding what, how, and for whom to produce resources. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 477 3) Custom, command, and market are systems of economic decision making. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 477 4) Natural material things, called land, consist of objects, machinery, and factories. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 478 5) The factors of production include land, labor, and capital. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 478 6) Resources are versatile and finite. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 478 7) The economy consists of five sectors. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 487-488 8) In the last stage of industrialization, most workers are employed in the tertiary sector. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 488 9) Professions are unskilled occupations requiring specialized, theoretical training. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 488-489 10) The corporation is an enterprise organized for smallscale production. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 484-485 11) One of the problems of the corporation is the concentration of corporate power, called oligopoly. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 485 12) Trade unions are growing in influence as the ranks of bluecollar workers increase. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 495-497 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 256 TEST BANK 13) For the past 200 years, economic decision making in the United States has been entirely dependent on custom or tradition. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 477 14) Entrepreneurship, together with labor, land, and capital, are called factors of production. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 478 15) Technology, time, and efficiency are the real factors of production in industrial societies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 478 16) The opportunity cost is what each economy sacrifices when it chooses to produce one thing rather than another in order to attain a particular goal. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 479 17) Economic output has no limits: production possibilities are limitless. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 479 18) Specialization of labor is a recent economic innovation, coming to the fore only in the twentieth century. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 479-480 19) Money is a more efficient medium of exchange than trade or barter. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 480 20) An economy is a social system because values, patterns of behavior, and expectations emerge around a system of production. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 476 21) The economy is a cultural system because people hold specific statuses and play the roles corresponding to the statuses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 476 22) The transition from a mainly agricultural to a chiefly industrial mode of production was marked by conflict because of the changes in class structure and in values and beliefs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 481 23) Karl Marx wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 481 24) The religious ideas embodied in Protestantism led to the adoption of mass production methods. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 481 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 257 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 25) The company, owned and managed by a single owner or a partnership, was the predominant form of business organization up to the middle of the 19th century. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 483 26) The disadvantages of sole proprietorships are evident in the high number of bankruptcies that occur in new businesses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 483 27) In a monopoly, corporations merge for the purpose of cornering a market. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 484 28) In the condition called "interlocking directorates," executive officers in one corporation are members of the board of directors of other corporations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 485 29) In multinationalism, one corporation acquires controlling shares in other corporations, often in totally different industries. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 486 30) The extent of professionalization increases with the shift into the tertiary sector of the economy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 489 17.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which resources are scarce in every society? A) Fertile land B) Wheat and corn C) Food, shelter, and protective coverings D) Sufficient males to mate with all the females Answer: C Page Ref: 476 2) The primary function of the economy as a social institution is to: A) convict felons in Common Pleas Court B) provide a blueprint showing people how to survive C) show people how to obtain goods and services without having to pay for them D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 477 3) Each society must make the following decisions of an economic nature regarding the: A) time, place, and quantity of production B) assessment, collection, and counting of taxes C) measurement of land, water, and minerals D) production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Answer: D Page Ref: 476-477 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 258 TEST BANK 4) Resources are defined as: A) anything that is manmade B) anything that is produced in factories C) anything that is derived from natural ingredients D) everything that is needed for the production of goods and services including human energy Answer: D Page Ref: 477-479 5) Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship are called: A) raw materials B) impetus to upward mobility C) factors of production D) external devices Answer: C Page Ref: 478 6) A society's economic system is largely determined by its concept of: A) truth B) property C) happiness D) justice Answer: B Page Ref: 480 7) In most societies, ownership of property takes one of three forms: A) restricted, guarded, and private B) esthetic, visible, tangible C) communal, private, public D) ambiguous, hermetic, contraceptive Answer: C Page Ref: 480 8) What does one call property owned by the state in the name of the people? A) public B) private C) commonlaw D) communal Answer: A Page Ref: 480 9) The foremost advantage of a corporation is its: A) ability to accumulate vast amounts of capital in a short time B) capacity for protracted periods of employment C) ability to profit from the labor of its employees D) necessity to exhibit the latest technology Answer: A Page Ref: 483-485 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 259 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 10) Professionalization means: A) excessive upward mobility B) interlocking directorates C) racial polarization D) a combination of theoretical knowledge and training Answer: D Page Ref: 488-489 11) The main problem facing societies with a surplus is: A) how to get rid of it B) what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it C) there is no problem: it is divided equally D) how to keep it away from enemies Answer: B Page Ref: 477 12) In industrial societies, consumption: A) must always be limited B) maintains and fuels demand C) is not a factor D) is viewed unfavorably Answer: B Page Ref: 477 13) Which economic orientations govern Western industrial societies? A) Tradition B) Command C) Free Market D) BOTH market and command Answer: D Page Ref: 477 14) Material objects found in nature are called: A) land B) capital C) labor D) time Answer: A Page Ref: 478 15) Efficiency, in economic terminology, means: A) using existing technology B) obtaining the highest output in the least amount of time C) ignoring the time factor D) making do with as few workers as possible Answer: B Page Ref: 478 16) The production possibilities frontier refers to: A) the amount of each commodity that can be produced given available resources B) unlimited production of one commodity C) limitless output of commodities D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 479 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 260 TEST BANK 17) Specialized division of labor in industrial societies can make workers feel that they: A) have lack of control B) have no sense of accomplishment C) are an anonymous group D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 479-480 18) In the market system of today: A) one must barter cows for autos in a marketplace B) one must seek someone who wants the product one wants to sell C) money is used in exchange for goods D) all exchanges take place through the use of plastic credit cards Answer: C Page Ref: 480 19) The presidents of American banks and the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board are a part of: A) the economic social system B) the economic cultural system C) neither the economic nor the cultural social systems D) BOTH the economic and the cultural social systems Answer: D Page Ref: 476 20) A member of a Navajo tribe can graze his sheep on clan land, but he cannot sell it. Navajo land is what kind of property? A) Public B) Private C) Communal D) Indian Answer: C Page Ref: 480 21) The market system consists of planning by: A) inducement B) direction C) command D) tradition Answer: A Page Ref: 477 22) Consumer sovereignty means that: A) production depends on supply and demand B) consumers create demand C) producers supply what is demanded D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 477 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 261 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 23) In contemporary market systems, competition: A) is quite strong B) is diluted by private and state monopolies C) does not exist D) has been replaced by planning Answer: B Page Ref: 485-486 24) Socialism and communism both call for: A) government controlling parts of the economy for the common good B) revolutionary change C) abolition of private property D) totalitarian government and dictatorship of the proletariat Answer: A Page Ref: 480 25) The Protestant Ethic supported capitalism through the religious doctrine that praised: A) hard work and thrift B) predestination C) turning the other cheek D) buying indulgences Answer: A Page Ref: 481 26) The Industrial Revolution shifted the emphasis in ownership from land to: A) gold and silver B) the means of production: machines, tools, materials C) serfs D) precious spices Answer: B Page Ref: 481 27) With the shift from family capitalism to industrial capitalism, the important unit became the: A) corporation B) government C) commune D) union Answer: A Page Ref: 483-485 28) When a few powerful corporations dominate an industry, the condition is called: A) a free market for all B) oligopoly C) government control D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 485 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 262 TEST BANK 29) One of the side effects of advertising is that it: A) supplies the real needs of people B) creates artificial demands C) helps the wealthy get richer D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 486 30) When the American Cigar Co. buys a pizza chain, the process is called: A) monopoly B) diversification C) planned obsolescence D) takeover attempt Answer: B Page Ref: 486 31) Royal Dutch Shell Oil Co. has branches in Holland, Britain, the United States, and France. This kind of corporation is called: A) closed B) multinational C) restricted D) monopolistic Answer: B Page Ref: 486 32) Today, most workers in the United States are employed in the: A) primary sector B) secondary sector C) tertiary sector D) quaternary sector Answer: C Page Ref: 488 33) Unions face WHICH of the following problems? A) Antitrust laws B) Increasing white-collar membership C) Expansion of the manufacturing sector D) Loss of membership Answer: D Page Ref: 495-497 34) The following factors are important in production: A) water, space, air B) earth, wind, fire C) animal, vegetable, object D) technology, time, efficiency Answer: D Page Ref: 478 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 263 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 35) Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship: A) must be combined in the production of goods and services B) must be used separately to produce goods and services C) have no function in the production of goods and services D) create a balance between humans and their environment Answer: A Page Ref: 478 36) What kind of a system is the economic institution? A) Cultural and social B) Religious and educational C) Semantic and semitic D) Typically American Answer: A Page Ref: 476 37) Resources are defined as: A) everything needed for the production of goods and services including human energy B) everything found in the ground C) everything that is made by people D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 477-478 38) Professionalization means: A) everyone is called by a title B) the same as unemployment C) there is a decrease in polarization D) having theoretical knowledge in addition to training Answer: D Page Ref: 488 39) A corporation: A) is a public institution B) has the advantage of being able to accumulate vast amounts of capital in a short period of time C) can afford to pay for the latest research and technology D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 483-485 40) Capitalism's roots can be found in: A) feudal agriculture B) Christianity C) machine-based production D) dialectic materialism Answer: C Page Ref: 481 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 264 TEST BANK 41) When a business has multiple absentee owners with limited liability it is a: A) partnership B) proprietorship C) trust D) corporation Answer: D Page Ref: 484 42) A professional trained in a narrow abstract field is a: A) vice president B) specialist C) bureaucrat D) foreman Answer: B Page Ref: 488 43) Which status is in transition and difficult to classify in corporate relationships? A) Foreman B) Union official C) Stock holder D) CEO Answer: A Page Ref: 491 44) The main function of organized labor is to: A) manage large corporations B) strike C) bargain collectively D) regulate safety Answer: C Page Ref: 495 45) Extraction of raw materials occurs in which sector of the economy? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Quartenary Answer: A Page Ref: 488 46) An accountant is part of which sector? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Quartenary Answer: C Page Ref: 488 47) To use up the final products of production is to: A) distribute B) consume C) allocate D) appropriate Answer: B Page Ref: 477 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 265 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 48) Products of the economy used in production, as opposed to gifts of nature, are: A) land B) labor C) capital D) entrepreneurship Answer: C Page Ref: 478 49) The practice of U.S. corporations moving their production facilities abroad is called: A) multinationalism B) insourcing C) diversification D) oligopoly Answer: A Page Ref: 486 50) The difference between an average worker's salary and that of the average CEO has: A) gradually narrowed B) remained stable C) slightly increased D) greatly increased Answer: D Page Ref: 490 51) An example of resource versatility is: A) land used for both mining and recreation B) swimming, fishing, and boating in the same lake C) stringing beads in the morning, fishing in the afternoon, and teaching bead stringing at night D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 478 52) In economic terms, every action entails: A) fixed costs B) risk C) opportunity costs D) prime costs Answer: C Page Ref: 479 53) Another way of talking about opportunity costs might be as: A) economic consequences B) social consequences C) value of sacrificed resources D) parallel world E) marginal production Answer: C Page Ref: 479 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 266 TEST BANK 54) Economists chart the limits of resources and technology on output through: A) production-possibility schedules B) product-moment correlations C) Venn diagrams D) welfare functions E) Phillips curves Answer: A Page Ref: 479 55) Money is: A) a means of exchange B) a method of barter C) anything of intrinsic value D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 480 56) Property is defined in terms of rights of: A) ownership B) consumption C) distribution D) production Answer: A Page Ref: 480 57) Industrialization was accompanied by: A) creation of a middle class B) dehumanization and commodification of labor C) continued accumulation and reinvestment of capital D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 481-482 58) The most numerous form of business ownership in the United States is the: A) partnership B) subchapter S corporation C) sole survivorship D) sole proprietorship E) "C" type corporation Answer: D Page Ref: 483 59) What percentage of American business revenues do corporations represent? A) 60% B) 70% C) 80% D) 90% Answer: D Page Ref: 485 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 267 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 60) Who really owns the corporation? The: A) government B) stockholders C) banks D) founders Answer: B Page Ref: 485 61) The purpose of separating management from ownership is to: A) secure the highest possible salaries for managers B) ensure that the long-term interests of the corporation outweigh short-term gains C) shield "absentee owners" from any and all responsibility D) shield the board of directors from any and all responsibility Answer: B Page Ref: 484 62) The result of executive officers sitting on several corporate boards is: A) oligopolies B) trusts C) interlocking directorates D) restraint of trade Answer: C Page Ref: 485 63) Corporations wield power through: A) PACs B) interlocking directorates C) investment portfolios D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 484 64) The intended consequence of advertising is to: A) increase consumption B) create brand awareness and direct consumption C) create demand D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 485-486 65) Which of the following is NOT within the secondary economic sector? A) Home construction B) Oil drilling C) Salmon canning D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 488 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 268 TEST BANK 66) The shift toward tertiary sector jobs has: A) reduced the need for unskilled or semi-skilled workers B) eliminated hardcore unemployment C) established a general trend toward the professionalization of everyone D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 488 67) Which occupational categories received the greatest increase in compensation in the 1990s? A) Domestic workers B) Accountants and financial consultants C) Senior and chief executives D) corporate attorneys Answer: C Page Ref: 491 68) CEO stands for: A) clear everybody out B) capital employment outlay C) chief executive officer D) Caribbean Entrepreneurs Office E) Commerce Exchange Office Answer: C Page Ref: 491 69) The average CEO's salary in 2005 was: A) 50 times that of the average worker B) 100 times that of the average worker C) 250 times that of the average worker D) 262 times that of the average worker Answer: D Page Ref: 490 70) The American Federation of Labor was mostly composed of: A) industrial workers B) clerical workers C) craft workers D) service workers Answer: C Page Ref: 494-495 71) Craft unions differed from industrial unions in that they: A) welcomed minorities B) were socialist C) were horizontally organized D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 494 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 269 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 72) The federal government opposed national union organizations until the presidency of: A) William Howard Taft B) Calvin Coolidge C) Herbert Hoover D) Franklin D. Roosevelt Answer: D Page Ref: 494 73) "Lean production": A) combines the best features of craft and mass production B) has as its goal perfection C) pushes responsibility down the organizational ladder D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 492 (Box 17.2) 74) Japan's lean production method is modeled on a system worked out at: A) Nissan Motors B) Mazda Motors C) Toyota Motors D) Mitsubishi Motors Answer: C Page Ref: 492 (Box 17.2) 75) What percent of total work hours must be used to fix errors that occur on the assembly line in mass-production plants? A) 50% B) 25% C) 35% D) 40% Answer: B Page Ref: 492 (Box 17.2) 76) By what method were the first cars ever manufactured produced? A) Craft method B) Assembly-line method C) Lean-production method D) Production-line method Answer: A Page Ref: 492 (Box 17.2) 77) What kind of labor does the craft method require? A) Untrained and unskilled B) High-cost, highly skilled C) Lean skilled and motivated D) Untrained and unmotivated Answer: B Page Ref: 492 (Box 17.2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 270 TEST BANK 78) What were guilds? A) A type of money used in the Middle Ages B) Organizations dating back to the 10th century C) Kinds of labor unions D) Only B and C Answer: D Page Ref: 491 79) The cottage or putting-out system refers to: A) the housing given factory workers B) the fact that in early industrialization work was done in the home C) a type of architecture popular in Britain D) the way young people were put out to go work in factories Answer: B Page Ref: 491 80) Globalism: A) is a movement aimed at pulling African nations into a world economy B) refers to the fact that capitalism has become the economic system of choice around the world C) attracts young idealistic people who want to introduce a world government D) is a movement of religious zealots who want to introduce a common religion around the world Answer: B Page Ref: 498 (Box 17.3) 81) Between 1990 and 2003, CEO earnings increased by: A) 313 percent B) 49 percent C) 65 percent D) 100 percent Answer: A Page Ref: 490 82) In 2003, the gap between the average worker's pay and that of a CEO was: A) 100 to 1 B) 200 to 1 C) 300 to 1 D) 400 to 1 Answer: C Page Ref: 490 83) Beginning in 2000, the economy slowed, with the results that: A) the average shareholder lost 12 percent of his or her portfolio B) the average CEO received a 22 percent raise in salary and bonuses C) both the average worker and the average CEO lost around 40 percent of their pay D) none of the above E) only A and B Answer: E Page Ref: 490 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 271 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 17.3 Essay Questions 1) Americans are accustomed to being told that they are No. 1 in the world, certainly as far as economic power is concerned. But an ugly truth has been emerging of late: we have allowed other nations to overtake us in productivity, and we have lost enormous market share to others. How did this happen? Research the subject, using the work of some economists mentioned in the text, and report what has been done to solve this problem. Will the solution ensure a continuing economic boom? Answer: Page Ref: 2) Explain your understanding of "lean production" and discuss how that system may be used to prop up our decaying industrial system. Answer: Page Ref: 3) The text notes that the transitional period between an agrarian and an industrial economic system exhibited a great deal of conflict and social disorganization. Similarly, the changeover from an industrial to a postindustrial, informational economic order promises to be equally difficult. What changes in values does this new transition require? What new statuses and roles will people have to acquire? How can individuals best prepare for the new system? What indications of the turmoil are already visible? Answer: Page Ref: 4) The fact that the United States has been so successful economically, allowing its citizens a lifestyle and living conditions on a much higher level than elsewhere has produced envy and resentment in certain quarters. What can the United States do to prevent such resentment from boiling over into acts of violence? And how can we answer those Americans who claim that our first duty is to ourselves, that is, that we should provide for our indigent citizens before we worry about other countries' economic weaknesses. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 272 TEST BANK Chapter 18 The Principle of Economic Behavior: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 18.1 True/False Questions 1) In a market economy, production decisions are made by consumers through a price system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 505 2) The participants in an economic system are withdrawals and injections. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 505-506 3) Economists assume that households act as a unit, as if they were single individuals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 505 4) All consumers are recipients to an equal extent of the goods and services produced by the economic system. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 507 5) People engage in economic exchanges because no one individual can produce all that is needed or wanted. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 509 6) When demand is elastic, it means that consumers are buying more of a product because its price has been cut. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 510 7) The doctrine of "laissez-faire" underlies all command economies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 511-512 8) In a market economy, those with inherited fortunes or special talents are at an advantage with respect to those who have neither. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 512 9) The government's purchasing power depends on people's donations to the political party of their choice. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 512 10) The American economy is shifting its work emphasis from production to service and information. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 529 11) The study of individual behavior in the economy is called macroeconomics. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 504 12) It is correct to say that the price system acts as a mechanism of social control. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 505 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 273 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 13) The central authorities, as participants in the economy, are defined as the unit that decides how to use labor, land, and capital. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 506 14) All public agencies, government bodies, and organization under the control of the various levels of government are called factor markets. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 506 15) The "invisible hand" that makes the economy work is what Karl Marx called human greed. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 507 16) The "circular flow" is how Adam Smith described the functioning of the market economy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 507-508 17) Demand may be expressed as an individual consumer's willingness and ability to buy a specific product at a given price. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 509-510 18) Full employment is the first and predominant goal of the society and its economic system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 513 19) The GNP and the GDP are measures of inflation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 518-519 20) An economic growth rate of 4 percent is considered desirable. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 518 21) The quality of the labor force has nothing to do with economic growth. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 519 22) In contemporary economies, there is no need for the government to intervene. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 519 23) The competition between the public and the private sectors results in huge deficits, eventually increasing interest rates. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 519 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 274 TEST BANK 24) When interest rates are high, businesses like to borrow for investment. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 522 25) In order to increase the GDP, it is necessary to raise productivity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 518 18.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) How are decisions about production made in a market economy? A) By a command system B) According to tradition C) Through a price system D) By executive fiat Answer: C Page Ref: 505 2) Which of the following groups determine market transactions? A) Households, firms, and central authorities B) Producers, distributors, consumers C) The executive, legislative, and judicial departments D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 505-506 3) What forces prices down? A) Large consumer purchasing power B) Elastic demand C) Inelastic demand D) Inferior products Answer: B Page Ref: 510 4) The mechanism of the market system provides for: A) the content and flow of goods and services to take place without any fixed plan B) buyers and sellers not needing to know how the market works in order to act in it C) the economy to function so that all participants derive some satisfaction D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 511 5) What is meant by the public sector? A) The goals of the society B) Economic activities in which the government engages for the public good C) Economic activities in which self interest makes for personal affluence D) Economic activities open to the public Answer: B Page Ref: 511 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 275 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 6) The economic participant who decides how to use the factors of production, and for what purpose, is called a: A) firm B) household C) market D) product Answer: A Page Ref: 506 7) The price system is based on: A) a government plan B) tradition C) consumer demand D) the command of a ruler Answer: C Page Ref: 505 8) The participants in a market include: A) households B) firms C) governments D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 505-506 9) The circular nature of the economic process occurs from: A) firm to firm B) household to firm to consumer and back again C) government to consumer D) firm to consumer Answer: B Page Ref: 507-508 10) Taxes may be considered: A) additions to the circular flow B) withdrawals from the economic flow C) injections into the economic flow D) as not affecting the economic flow Answer: B Page Ref: 508-509 11) Some of the restrictions at work in a market include: A) prices of goods and services B) income for labor C) prices of resources for firms D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 512 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 276 TEST BANK 12) The exchange system is based on: A) supply and demand B) government reaction C) lack of labor D) goods and services Answer: A Page Ref: 509 13) Aggregate demand is defined as: A) one person's demand for goods and services B) the lack of demand for goods and services C) the total demand in a society or on a world level for goods and services D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 519 14) When cars are offered at low prices but people still do not buy them, the situation is one in which: A) demand is elastic B) demand is inelastic C) there is aggregate demand D) exchange takes place Answer: B Page Ref: 510 15) Some of the advantages of a market economy include: A) all participants get some satisfaction B) scarce resources are put into goods that are in demand C) economic output is distributed to those who can pay the price D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 511 16) Public, governmental agencies are: A) firms B) households C) markets D) central authorities Answer: D Page Ref: 506 17) Demand and supply are: A) market forces B) key economic indicators C) thesis and antithesis D) causes of inflation Answer: A Page Ref: 509 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 277 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 18) When supply and demand are essentially equal, the economy is said to be in: A) a recession B) equilibrium C) equivalence D) abeyance Answer: B Page Ref: 510 19) A problem with laissez-faire economic policy is that there is: A) no flexibility B) no provision for public goods C) no profit motive D) responsiveness to demand Answer: B Page Ref: 511-512 20) Which is NOT a socioeconomic goal? A) Full employment B) High and equitably distributed income C) Reasonable price stability D) Low prime interest rate Answer: D Page Ref: 512-513 21) Adam Smith would approve of governmental support of: A) full employment B) protection of environment C) care for sick and needy D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 512 22) Liberals and conservatives would agree to some extent that economic goals should include: A) full employment B) price stability C) adequate economic growth D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 512-513 23) Inflation results when: A) demand exceeds supply B) supply exceeds demand C) there is control of purchasing power D) consumers have no purchasing power Answer: A Page Ref: 517 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 278 TEST BANK 24) Adequate growth of the economy refers to the goals of: A) maintaining current standards of living in spite of increasing population B) increasing GNP per capita C) approximately 4% growth rate per year D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 518-519 25) The participants in a market economy cannot pursue their goals freely because they are affected by: A) the ratio of gold to paper money B) economic laws C) prices and incomes D) the religious institution Answer: C Page Ref: 507 26) Exceptions to the circular flow are: A) incidentals B) withdrawals C) injections D) B and C only Answer: D Page Ref: 508-509 27) Adam Smith's "invisible hand" is: A) government B) divine providence C) greed and the pursuit of profit D) the entrepreneur Answer: C Page Ref: 507 28) The behavior of an individual firm is part of: A) macroeconomics B) mesoeconomics C) microeconomics D) institutional economics Answer: C Page Ref: 504 29) In microeconomics, the household is defined as: A) the nuclear family B) the extended family C) everyone who lives under one roof D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 505-506 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 279 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 30) Income received by firms from sources other than households is called: A) incrementals B) windfalls C) injections D) incidentals Answer: C Page Ref: 508 31) Income received by households that is not returned to firms is called: A) dissavings B) withdrawals C) incrementals D) injections E) inheritance Answer: B Page Ref: 509 32) Income received by firms that is not returned to households or other firms is called: A) savings B) withdrawals C) unbalanced exchange D) exchange flow Answer: B Page Ref: 509 33) Need and demand: A) are unrelated concepts B) amount to the same thing C) are closely related to price D) are closely related to supply Answer: A Page Ref: 511 34) Which of the following is NOT a predominant goal of American society? A) a desirable mix of windfall profits B) a leisure-based society C) spectacular growth D) all of the above are predominant goals E) none of the above are dominant goals Answer: E Page Ref: 512-513 35) The Department of Health and Human Services has summarized the "correct" mix of goods and services through: A) "market basket of goods" B) the consumer price index C) 165 social indicators D) the externalities index Answer: C Page Ref: 515 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 280 TEST BANK 36) The marginal productivity of labor: A) concerns wage rates and labor supply B) is a political as well as economic issue C) is complicated by overlapping labor markets D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 515 37) Without stabilized prices: A) product market demand is problematic B) resource market demand is problematic C) the distribution of income becomes more inequitable D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 515-517 38) The condition of an increase in prices NOT triggered by an increase in demand is called: A) hyperinflation B) the Pigou effect C) inflation D) restraint of trade Answer: C Page Ref: 517 39) Total planned OR desired spending in the economy as a whole within a given period is called: A) pent-up demand B) aggregate demand C) elastic demand D) excess demand E) the multiplier Answer: B Page Ref: 509 40) NAFTA binds which three countries into a single commercial entity? A) Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica B) United States, Canada, Puerto Rico C) United States, Canada, Mexico D) United States, Cuba, Mexico Answer: C Page Ref: Class discussions, news reports, or Google 41) Maintaining full employment, stabilizing the economy, and pursuing economic growth are issues analyzed in the context of: A) supereconomics B) microeconomics C) macroeconomics D) hypereconomics Answer: C Page Ref: 505 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 281 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 42) The more consumers are willing to pay for a product: A) the more of the product will be produced B) the less producers will manufacture, to raise the price still more C) the more they go into debt, forcing them to stop buying D) the more expensive the product becomes Answer: A Page Ref: 505 43) Firms sell their products in: A) factor markets B) resource markets C) product markets D) abstract markets Answer: C Page Ref: 506 44) The price system: A) is equitable B) rations products among consumers C) allows wealthy consumers to obtain more products D) none of the above E) only B and C Answer: E Page Ref: 505 45) Participants in the market system: A) are totally free to pursue their goals B) are affected by prices and incomes C) try to maximize their worth D) try to maximize their labor Answer: B Page Ref: 507 46) Demand and supply curves: A) simplify the analysis of market actions B) are used by commodities brokers only C) are useful only to economics professors D) are useful mainly to advertisers Answer: A Page Ref: 509-510 47) When the supply and demand curves intersect, the final, lasting price is achieved. This is called: A) clearance price B) equilibrium price C) pressure price D) a buyer's market Answer: B Page Ref: 510 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 282 TEST BANK 48) "Laissez-faire" is a policy that appeals to: A) political liberals B) political independents C) political conservatives D) political freethinkers Answer: C Page Ref: 511-512 49) Total "laissez-faire" is impossible because: A) the market does not provide for satisfying public needs B) the market is not equitable, favoring those with more resources C) the market makes no provision for protecting smaller participants D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 511-512 50) The public sector: A) is bloated with a large bureaucracy B) employs one of every four workers C) is less efficient and effective than the private sector D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 512 51) The Great Depression: A) resulted from the greed of the robber barons B) resulted from insufficient demand C) was the worst case of massive unemployment D) all of the above E) only B and C Answer: E Page Ref: 513 52) Congestion, pollution, urban decay and similar side effects of the market system are termed: A) negatives B) externalities C) internalities D) tangentials Answer: B Page Ref: 515 53) In economic terms, incomes are distributed according to: A) a person's marginal productivity B) whom one knows C) which skills one has D) innate talent Answer: A Page Ref: 515 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 283 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 54) Income distribution according to productive contribution is: A) efficient but inequitable B) inefficient but equitable C) efficient and equitable D) a tenet of communism Answer: A Page Ref: 515 55) A way of calculating the total output of the economy regardless of where resources are located is: A) the GDP B) the NNP C) the SPQR D) the GNP Answer: D Page Ref: 518 56) A way of calculating the total output of the economy and all incomes earned within the United States, regardless of whether the resources are American or foreign is: A) the GDP B) the GNP C) the NNP D) the SPQR Answer: A Page Ref: 518 57) In order to raise the GNP and the GDP per capita, one must: A) earn more money B) increase productivity C) increase absenteeism D) decrease productivity Answer: B Page Ref: 518 58) In economic growth, it is important to consider: A) the quantity of capital and labor B) the quality of capital and labor C) the quality of the labor force D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 518 59) The inordinate growth of government is a side effect of: A) the increasing poverty of individual states B) government intervention in the economy C) the political apathy of Americans D) the willingness of individuals to give up traditional freedoms Answer: B Page Ref: 519 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 284 TEST BANK 60) One of the functions of public policy is to: A) mediate among conflicting economic goals B) plan to ensure the correct mix of supply and demand C) ensure that everyone is a sinner in the economy D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 519 61) Which is/are the policy option(s) to counteract business cycles? A) Shift the demand curve B) Shift the supply curve C) Do nothing D) All of the above E) None of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 525-526 62) The Keynesian revolution acknowledged: A) that the masses were being exploited B) that the market was inherently unstable C) the need for the intervention of the owners of the means of production D) that industrial workers were becoming the new bourgeoisie Answer: B Page Ref: 526 63) The argument that in some situations the government had to "prime the pump" was advanced by: A) Karl Marx B) Adam Smith C) John Maynard Keynes D) Milton Friedman Answer: C Page Ref: 526 64) A demand-side theory that focuses on the role of money to finance aggregate demand is termed: A) monetarism B) Reaganism C) the gold standard D) cash and carry Answer: A Page Ref: 526 65) Supply-side theories claim that: A) business cycles are caused by insufficient supply B) a decline in aggregate supply is responsible for economic downturns C) an increase in aggregate supply causes output and employment to decline D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 526 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 285 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 66) During and after a depression, the government can use fiscal policy through its powers of: A) spending and taxation B) wage regulation C) income ceilings D) bank regulation Answer: A Page Ref: 525 67) Both fiscal and monetary policies focus on: A) the supply side of the market B) the demand side of the market C) both sides of the market D) the global market Answer: B Page Ref: 526 68) Although the American per capita income is one of the highest in the world: A) all of our economic goals are not achieved B) periodic business downturns, such as slowdowns or recession, occur C) high unemployment rates among some segments of the population are periodically apparent D) inflation is often a problem E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 527 69) Economic policies do not work as well as they should because of obstacles posed by: A) timing B) interpretation C) implementation D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 527 70) Symbolic analysts are: A) people employed in new enterprises B) employees capable of manipulating data, words, and visual images C) psychologists with advanced degrees D) only A and B Answer: D Page Ref: 529 71) Engineers, lawyers, investment bankers, top CEOs, entertainers, and so on, are described as: A) nouveau riches B) generation x-ers C) baby boomers D) symbolic analysts Answer: D Page Ref: 529 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 286 TEST BANK 72) Which is true? A) Productivity has increased in the decade of the 1990. B) Blue-collar workers have suffered layoffs. C) Downsizing has created a new style of employment. D) None of the above are true. E) All of the above are true. Answer: E Page Ref: 529 73) What is the Phillips curve? A) a reference to a government economist favoring high taxes B) a special kind of screw driver that reflects the functioning of the economy C) a graphic representation of conflict between full employment and inflation D) a deflationary curve Answer: C Page Ref: 524 74) The jobs of the future will include: A) steel workers B) routine services C) personal services D) symbolic analysts E) all but A Answer: E Page Ref: 529 75) Manipulation of taxation and spending levels is: A) fiscal policy B) monetary policy C) incomes policy D) revenue policy Answer: A Page Ref: 519-521 76) The government can curb excessive aggregate demand (inflation) by: A) decreasing taxes on consumers B) increasing spending C) decreasing taxes on firms D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 519 77) When the government must pay for fighter planes based on commitments made five years previously, the spending is called: A) discretionary B) uncontrollable C) balanced D) unavoidable Answer: B Page Ref: 521 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 287 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 78) The Federal Reserve Bank regulates the money supply by: A) establishing minimum reserve requirements of member banks B) the discount rate it charges member banks C) buying and selling government securities D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 522-523 79) If the GNP increases by 8% and prices increase by 3%, the actual growth rate is: A) 11% B) 5% C) 8% D) 3% Answer: B Page Ref: 518-519 80) In the Bush administration: A) the government was running a huge deficit B) taxes were cut C) new taxes were imposed D) only A and B Answer: D Page Ref: 520 81) Future generations will have to pay interest on the current debt because: A) it takes a long time to pay off debts B) budget deficits are funded with borrowed money C) the U.S. government never borrows money from foreign governments D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 521 18.3 Essay Questions 1) One by one, the centrally-planned economies of the communist countries have collapsed, and the remaining communist nations are either tilting strongly toward the market system - China - or are on the verge of collapse Cuba. Yet, the market system, even though it seems to have emerged as the winner, is based on morally dubious values - greed, desire for profit, competition. It leaves in its wake many victims. How can the market system be reformed to make it more humane? Or should the economy be concerned with morality in the first place? What can we do with those who fall by the wayside, for whom the market system does not work? Answer: Page Ref: 2) With the economy in a transition from industrial to postindustrial and from national to global, some social commentators have suggested that no new jobs are likely to be created. This would leave a large proportion of people who lack the training necessary to become symbolic analysts - as well as the opportunity to obtain such training - forever unemployed. What social problems would such a phenomenon create? How can these problems be solved? Can we rethink the institution of the economy in totally different terms, so that jobs and income from jobs will no longer be paramount to our lives? Which institution would have to take the lead in this rethinking process? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 288 TEST BANK 3) Centrally-planned economies seem like a good idea. Why don't they work? What elements in human nature work against planning? Answer: Page Ref: 4) Do we really need the government to stick its nose in the economy? A number of conservative politicians do not think so. And yet, would we voluntarily do those things that need to be done in order to maintain a desirable quality of life? Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 289 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E Chapter 19 Nation Among Nations: Perspective on International Relations 19.1 True/False Questions 1) Interaction among the nations of the world takes place in a framework of friendship and cooperation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 536 2) Foreign policy consists of the goals nations attempt to reach through the use of power. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 555 3) American foreign policy is dictated by our ideology, so that we cannot ever act solely in our selfinterest. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 558 4) In regard to the communist nations, American foreign policy has changed from interventionism to internationalism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 558 5) The United Nations, foreign aid, the military establishment, and propaganda are among the instruments of diplomacy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 559-564 6) Henry Kissinger was the initiator of gunboat diplomacy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 564 7) Realists in political science assert that the central goal of foreign policy is power to obtain more power. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 566-567 8) The Monroe Doctrine states that the United States will help free people maintain their institutions and national integrity against totalitarianism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 557-558 9) The "capacity of a nation to use its resources in such a way as to affect the behavior of other nations," is a definition of power. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 566-567 10) The coming period in world history will be characterized by a twopower balance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 569 11) In the perspective of realism, "high politics" is a term that includes issues of war and security, while economic, social, and cultural interactions are referred to as "low politics." Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 548 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 290 TEST BANK 12) Beginning in the 1950s, international relations were increasingly marked by the emergence of idealistic theoretical perspectives. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 549 13) Pluralism, globalism, and neorealism are the current dominant theoretical approaches in international relations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 548-550 14) The actors in international relations include diplomacy, coercion, persuasion, and power. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 550 15) During the Middle Ages in Europe, the overarching universal authority was that of the Roman Catholic Church. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 551 (Box 19.1) 16) The so-called North-South Axis refers to the relation of the state to the equator. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 547 17) Actors in the international relations system include IGOs and NGOs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 552 18) The most important goal of every state is simply its physical survival. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 554 19) The goals of nations are absolute and clearly defined. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 555 20) The first goal of American foreign policy is to protect the economic security of the nation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 554 21) European nations interfered with the United States repeatedly during the first hundred years of its existence. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 557 22) Containment was the policy of the United States during the first twenty years of this century. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 557 23) The policy of containment following World War II was a response to the Soviet Union, which instituted communist governments in all the nations that surrounded it. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 557 24) During the Cold War, the United States pursued a foreign policy in which its military was strengthened to the point of achieving assured destruction capability. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 562 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 291 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 25) The United Nations was founded following World War I at the instigation of President Woodrow Wilson. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 559-561 26) In the United Nations, the East-West conflicts which were typical of the Cold War era have been giving way to the North-South struggles between the developed and the developing nations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 559 27) The USIA is an agency dedicated almost entirely to propaganda. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 563-564 28) Diplomacy is a creation of Dr. Henry Kissinger who succeeded in establishing relations with China during the Nixon administration. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 564 29) Psychological attributes of a nation have no relation to the kind of power it wields. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 567 30) Following World War II, the Soviet Union emerged as an economic and military superpower and rival of the United States. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 568 19.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) "The capacity of a nation to use its resources to affect the behavior of other nations" is a definition of: A) foreign policy B) diplomacy C) power in the context of international relations D) international law Answer: C Page Ref: 566 2) Foreign policy decisions may be categorized into those that are: A) general B) administrative C) crisis D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 556 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 292 TEST BANK 3) Among the goals of United States foreign policy are the protection of: A) our nation's physical and economic security B) the Warsaw Pact Nations C) Allies defined by the Treaty of Paris D) self-determination for former colonies Answer: A Page Ref: 557-558 4) The oldest goal of American foreign policy, articulated by the Monroe Doctrine, was to: A) develop friendly ties with the Soviet Union B) keep peace in the Middle East C) keep foreign powers out of North and South America D) be the first atomic power Answer: C Page Ref: 557 5) The U.S. is involved in the international community by means of: A) providing foreign aid B) encouraging arms control C) cooperating in U.N. peacekeeping efforts D) isolationism E) only A, B, and C Answer: E Page Ref: 559 6) An ideology, or doctrine, spread through persuasion is: A) propaganda B) journalism C) foreign policy D) diplomacy Answer: A Page Ref: 563 7) Diplomacy today gives diplomats: A) great discretion in making policy decisions B) limited roles as messengers C) charge of summit conferences D) starring roles as celebrities Answer: B Page Ref: 564 8) The United Nations today: A) supports American foreign policy B) is proWestern C) is neutral or antiWestern D) openly supports communist regimes Answer: C Page Ref: 559 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 293 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 9) Which perspective looks at the world-wide context and emphasizes economic factors? A) Realism B) Neo-realism C) Globalism D) Pluralism Answer: C Page Ref: 549 10) Which is FALSE regarding nations' perceptions of reality? They are: A) responsible for many conflicts that arise in the world B) difficult to change in spite of data and logic C) based on truth and moral values D) based on differing ideologies Answer: C Page Ref: 549 11) Which statement is wrong regarding diplomacy? It: A) is a recent addition to international relations B) has a long history, predating the creation of the nation state C) and diplomats have been quite radically altered in recent years D) has little to do with the failure to solve basic problems among nations Answer: A Page Ref: 564 12) The type of foreign policy decisions made by the governmental bureaucracy fall into the category of: A) crisis decisions B) administrative foreign policy C) legislative decisions D) constructive foreign policy Answer: B Page Ref: 557 13) The purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was: A) to warn the Japanese to steer clear of the Caribbean in exchange for U.S. non-intervention in Afghanistan B) to warn European powers to keep away from the Western Hemisphere in return for U.S. nonintervention in Europe C) to conquer the Soviet regime and attach Siberia to the United States D) to let the world know who the superpower is Answer: B Page Ref: 557 14) U.S. Soviet competition was the focal conflict for a period of time following World War II which resulted in the doctrine of: A) detente B) containment C) Cold War Internationalism D) the iron curtain Answer: B Page Ref: 557 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 294 TEST BANK 15) Detente was a foreign policy that came to the fore in the administration of President: A) Washington B) Lincoln C) Carter D) Nixon Answer: D Page Ref: 569 16) The U.S. has come to rely quite heavily on the following instruments of foreign policy: A) trade agreements entered into in the 19th century B) drug trafficking control treaties of this decade C) defense treaties and security arrangements formulated in the late 1940s and 1950s D) air traffic controllers' treaty regulating air travel Answer: C Page Ref: 564-565 17) In the present, national power is based on: A) size and resources B) location and population C) political ideology and wealth D) specific combinations of attributes Answer: D Page Ref: 567 18) Which perspective assumes that actors other than states are also important and questions whether states are unitary actors? A) Realism B) Globalism C) Pluralism D) Idealism Answer: C Page Ref: 549 19) Political scientist Morgenthau and the realist school believe that foreign policy is based on: A) morality B) rights of humanity C) exercise of power D) what is best for the people of a nation Answer: C Page Ref: 548 20) Switzerland is an example of a nation that: A) wishes to absorb other nations B) plans to enlarge its power over other nations C) displays no self-interest D) looks out for its own interests only Answer: D Page Ref: 554 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 295 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 21) A general aim of the foreign policy of the U.S. for about 50 years after World War II had been: A) to contain the expansion of the Soviet Union B) to secure Costa Rica C) improve relations with Switzerland D) to reunite West and East Germany Answer: A Page Ref: 568 22) The decision to send arms to Iran made by the National Security Council during the Reagan presidency was an example of the following type of foreign policy: A) general B) administrative C) crisis D) none, it was an internal matter Answer: A Page Ref: 556 23) When President Kennedy told the Soviet leader to withdraw Russian missiles in Cuba, it was an illustration of one of the following types of foreign policy: A) administrative B) crisis C) general D) threatening Answer: B Page Ref: 557 24) The oldest goal of American foreign policy is the: A) Monroe Doctrine B) Truman Doctrine C) Reagan Doctrine D) Gunboat doctrine Answer: A Page Ref: 557 25) The goal of American foreign policy that has been attained most successfully is: A) trade policies with Japan B) the prevention of invasion of the U.S. C) the absence of communist infiltration in Latin America D) the fact that the U.S. has won every war it fought Answer: B Page Ref: 557 26) Some of the ideals expressed by American foreign policy include: A) revolutions by the oppressed of the world are good B) colonialism is wrong C) only democracies are the proper type of government for all the nations of the world D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 558 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 296 TEST BANK 27) When considering the role of morality in foreign policy, analysts observe that: A) there are no restrictions in reaching agreements with other nations B) the different nations of the world have the same values when it comes to treaties C) each nation has different standards as to what is proper behavior and values D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 566 28) The Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO are characteristic of which period? A) isolationism B) interventionism C) containment D) internationalism Answer: C Page Ref: 557 29) The Vietnam experience: A) strengthened America's role as a superpower B) made the American people eager to send troops to Nicaragua C) made the American people want to keep troops in Lebanon D) was followed by relative isolationism Answer: D Page Ref: 554 30) American foreign aid after World War II: A) helped the domestic economies of industrial nations B) boosted international trade C) prevented revolutionary movements from starting in a number of nations D) none of the above E) all of the above Answer: E Page Ref: 561 31) The foreign alliances the U.S. has entered into have resulted in: A) very dependable allies B) help in the Middle East C) assurance that allies will back up U.S. D) the need to build up the U.S. military apparatus Answer: D Page Ref: 564-565 32) American military policy has been built on: A) assured destruction capability B) very large number of troops C) trust in U.S. allies D) a spirit of peace in the world Answer: A Page Ref: 565 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 297 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 33) Which of the following nations can be trusted NOT to explode atomic bombs on the surface of the earth? A) China B) France C) Russia D) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 563 34) Entities such as the U.N. and the European Economic Community (Common Market) are classed as: A) IGOs B) LDCs C) ICUs D) EECs Answer: A Page Ref: 552 35) One conclusion that may be drawn regarding American foreign policy is that: A) morality will be the foundation of foreign policy B) Americans do not always act according to their ideology C) the world operates on generous feelings toward others D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 557 36) The instruments of foreign policy may be defined as: A) tools with which nations try to manipulate other nations B) exchanges entered into in the spirit of trust C) expressions of human solidarity around the world D) ways of competing for the title of superpower Answer: A Page Ref: 559 37) It is most accurate to say that: A) the global social system closely resembles a societal social system B) the global social system differs considerably from a societal social system C) a global social system does not exist D) there exists consensus on values on a global level Answer: B Page Ref: 536 38) The pivotal institution of government: A) exists in every nation B) is lacking in Third-World nations C) is represented by the U.N. on a global level D) exists only theoretically, or in a rudimentary form, on the international level Answer: D Page Ref: 536 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 298 TEST BANK 39) Historically, nations are impacted by: A) change in the distribution of power B) technological progress C) climactic changes, from the ice age to global heating D) BOTH fluctuations in the distribution of power and technological progress Answer: D Page Ref: 566-567 40) In the perspective of realism, "high politics" refers to: A) cultural interaction B) issues of war and security C) social and economic issues D) diplomatic relations Answer: B Page Ref: 548 41) Before the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), political organization around the world had been: A) unilateral and generic B) universal and local C) empirical and patriotic D) uniform and multiform Answer: B Page Ref: 551 (Box 19.1) 42) The Treaty of Westphalia established: A) secure borders between Germany and France B) the principle that state religions were forbidden C) King Henry the VIII as the Holy Roman Emperor D) that the power of the state superseded the power of the Catholic church Answer: D Page Ref: 551 (Box 19.1) 43) Which is NOT a common objective of states? A) Physical survival B) Territorial integrity C) Political independence D) Cultural diversity Answer: D Page Ref: 553-555 44) Foreign aid is an instrument of: A) foreign policy B) manipulation C) propaganda D) the democratic value system Answer: A Page Ref: 561 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 299 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 45) The balance-of-power system in which four or more major powers competed and formed shifting alliances to avoid any one becoming stronger than any other was called the: A) multipolar system B) bipolar system C) assured destruction system D) unipolar system Answer: A Page Ref: 567-568 46) The end of the Cold War: A) raised new concerns about nuclear proliferation B) has shifted American policy toward cooperative internationalism C) created new possibilities for the world balance of power D) all of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 569 47) Which is NOT a theoretical perspective on international relations: A) globalism B) pluralism C) scientific democracy D) neorealism Answer: C Page Ref: 548-549 48) The United Nations: A) is primarily an instrument of the U.S. B) openly supports communist and socialist regimes C) is extremely effective in policing the world D) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 559-561 49) Foreign aid: A) has been used as an instrument of foreign policy by the U.S. B) should be abolished until poverty is eliminated in our own society C) is what ultimately overthrew communism D) none of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 561 50) International relations include: A) public, but not private diplomacy B) legal, but not illegal or "black market" trade C) declared, but not undeclared wars D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 536 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 300 TEST BANK 51) The global social system differs from a societal social system in that: A) nations contain a variety of ethnic and racial groups B) no global government exists C) nations do not have common goals D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 536 52) The widest sphere of human interaction on an international scale is: A) international law B) international economics C) international security affairs D) international relations Answer: D Page Ref: 536 53) The realist school of international relations defines war and security as: A) brinkmanship B) statecraft C) high politics D) low politics E) international adventurism Answer: C Page Ref: 548 54) Which perspective assumes that the state speaks with one voice and has one policy? A) realism B) pluralism C) globalism D) all of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 548 55) By "dependent relations," globalists mean: A) the legitimacy of nation-states depends upon propaganda and internal surveillance B) industrial nations depend upon raw materials located in non-industrial nations C) Third-World countries are maintained in a state of dependency by First-and Second-World nations D) the effectiveness of the United Nations depends upon a cohesive Security Council Answer: C Page Ref: 549 56) For neo-realists, the international order is one of: A) total anarchy B) quasi-anarchy C) full cooperation D) centralized power Answer: D Page Ref: 550 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 301 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 57) Actors in international relations include: A) nation states and their diplomats B) populations of nation states C) multinational corporations D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 550-551 58) Since state and nation are not the same thing, the preferred term for individual political entities is: A) territories B) dominions C) principalities D) nation-states, or national states E) sovereignties, or semi-sovereignties Answer: D Page Ref: 550 59) The Palestinians are a: A) state without a nation B) nation without a state C) nation split among several states D) state split among several nations Answer: B Page Ref: 551 60) Today's Catholic Church is classified as a: A) national state B) nationless state C) intergovernmental organization D) nongovernmental organization Answer: D Page Ref: 552 61) Terrorist groups differ from liberation organizations in that: A) only terrorists take credit for bombing museums B) they do not organize the masses on a large scale C) they tend to hide in rural areas D) their leaders are well known Answer: B Page Ref: 553 62) An example of a state that has had to worry about and defend its very physical existence is: A) Egypt B) Israel C) Palestine D) Lebanon Answer: B Page Ref: 551 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 302 TEST BANK 63) The United States fought two world wars primarily to preserve: A) its territorial integrity B) its economic interests C) the political independence of European nations D) its national prestige Answer: C Page Ref: 565 64) American foreign policy: A) has abandoned long-term goals with the eclipse of communism B) is more or less custom made for each nation C) is one of pure expediency D) is unilaterally expressed and acted upon Answer: B Page Ref: 557 65) When a state experiences a foreign policy crisis: A) the United Nations is contacted B) the Chief of State makes all final decisions C) both general and administrative personnel are involved D) Henry Kissinger is contacted Answer: C Page Ref: 556-557 66) To export and superimpose American democratic ideology on others: A) is the American way B) violates the very principles of the ideology C) is the only alternative to isolationism D) forms the basis of internationalism Answer: B Page Ref: 558 67) The failure of the League of Nations: A) occurred after President Wilson's stroke B) was due to the Republican Senate's opposition C) illustrated that national interest is more important than collective security or moral opposition to aggression D) was due to Marxism-Leninism Answer: C Page Ref: 567 68) The most advanced form of regional cooperation is exhibited by: A) Africa B) The Middle East C) Europe D) The Pacific Rim Answer: C Page Ref: 537 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 303 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 69) The breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991: A) initiated a period of peace in the world B) caused the 15 republics that made it up to become independent countries C) brought in an era of economic prosperity for the Russian people D) occurred through another anti-communist revolution Answer: B Page Ref: 539 70) Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan are: A) Baltic nations B) Slavic nations C) Asian nations D) African nations Answer: C Page Ref: 539 71) The desert and semi-arid regions of the Middle East are resource-poor except for: A) dates B) oil C) uranium D) coal Answer: B Page Ref: 540 72) The three most important nations in Asia are: A) Singapore, South Korea, and Malaysia B) Hong Kong, Macao, Bali C) Japan, India, China D) Taiwan, Indonesia, Tibet Answer: C Page Ref: 541 73) The largest of the world regions, containing 44 countries, is: A) Europe B) Asia C) North America D) Sub-Saharan Africa Answer: D Page Ref: 563 74) The unifying themes of Latin American countries include all but: A) the Catholic religion B) the Spanish language and culture C) the Latin language D) political instability Answer: C Page Ref: 543 75) Which is NOT a Third World nation? A) Burkina Faso B) China C) Zimbabwe D) Ethiopia Answer: B Page Ref: 547 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 304 TEST BANK 76) The middle- and low-income nations are located mostly in: A) the southern regions of the world B) the North-South Axis C) the northern regions of the world D) the North and South Pole Answer: A Page Ref: 547 77) Approximately how many people inhabit the earth? A) 50 billion B) 6 billion C) 12 billion D) 1.2 billion Answer: B Page Ref: 457 78) What percentage of the earth's people live in low-income areas? A) 10% B) 35% C) 56% D) 5% Answer: C Page Ref: 547 79) What percentage of the earth's people live in high-income areas? A) 50% B) 15% C) 45% D) 3% Answer: B Page Ref: 547 19.3 Essay Questions 1) Now that the "iron curtain" has fallen away, and the "evil empire" is trying to pull itself together into a friendly democratic nation, whom do we have to fear? Who is our enemy? Obviously, since 9/11, we realize that the world has not embarked, for the first time, on a cooperative, collaborating venture. Why is our new enemy much more dangerous than the USSR was? How can we fight this enemy? More importantly, how and why did this entity become our enemy? Answer: Page Ref: 2) The United States follows the ideology of democracy which states that a government can only govern with the consent of the governed. From information that has been obtained from objective sources, it appears that the communist regime of Fidel Castro, while not approved by the entire citizenry, has indeed helped the conditions of life of the vast majority of Cubans who supported their leader enthusiastically for many years. Then why are we engaged in an embargo designed to effectively topple the regime? What are the real interests of the United States here that supersede the democratic ideology?. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 305 CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCE, 12E 3) Sovereignty is a very important principle in international relations, and one that the United States subscribes to. At the same time, freedom and civil liberties for individuals are also very important principles for Americans. When these two principles clash, as they did in the Kosovo war, which principle should prevail? Was the United States right to intervene when the President of Yugoslavia was "ethnically cleansing" his own citizens, or did he have a right to do, since Kosovo was a province within his sovereign nation? Argue one or the other point basing it on more than just your opinion. Answer: Page Ref: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 306