Download Speciation Patterns Time

AP Biology
Ch 24.3-26.2
 Process of making a species
 Biological Species Concept:
 Populations are no longer capable of interbreeding
 Is speciation a slow process? Fast process? Both?
 Charles Darwin
 Phyletic Gradualism:
 Slower process gradually developing species
 Support:
 Various fossil lineages
 Variation in large populations
 Allopatric speciation
 Ex: Homo sapiens
 Stephen J. Gould
 Punctuated Equilibrium:
 Rapid process & is followed by long periods of stasis
 Support:
 Various fossil lineages
 Parapatric speciation
 Sympatric speciation
 Adaptive Radiation
 Ex: Tyrannosaurus Rex
 Adaptive Radiation:
 Presence of new ecological conditions leads to the
diversification of many species
 Divergent Evolution:
 Anagenesis
 One species evolves into another species
 Cladogenesis
 One species evolves into separate species
 Convergent Evolution:
 Distantly related species converge on similar structures
 Bats, Birds, Butterflies wings are analogous structures
 Parallel Evolution:
 Similar environments produce many similar species
 Coevolution?
 Probably incorrectly applied to interspecific competition
 Evolution is not goal oriented!
 There is no primary body plan for any species
 Natural Selection must work with current body plan
 Ex: 6 wings on birds would be awesome
 Adaptations are often compromises
 Ex: Seal flippers instead of legs
 18th century taxonomist
 Developed a scientific universal naming system
 Every species receives:
 Two word name
 1st word is capitalized (Genus)
 2nd word is lowercase (species descriptor)
 Latin or Greek
 Italicized
Turdus migratorius
 Grouping species based upon similarities
Dendrobates pumilio
Dendrobates auratus
Dendrobates leucomelas
Dendrobates azureus
Dendrobates tinctorius
 Presumed relationships:
 Fossils
 Homologous structures
 DNA sequences
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0giXTjclyQ
 Commonly used analogy to describe the relationships
between all species on Earth
 Branches represent different evolutionary histories
 a study that applies the scientific method to the
construction of evolutionary relationships.
 Resulting diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared traits
 Derived character:
 Common trait among closely related species
 Common ancestor:
 Ancestral species in which two extant species share
Analyze species
2. Analyze shared, derived characters
1.
3. Create a cladogram (primitive  derived)
 Species names at top
 Derived characters across the bottom