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Pyruvate Oxidation SBI 4U September 25th Major Players in Pyruvate Oxidation Pyruvate: leftover from glycolysis NAD: Nicotinamine Adenine Denucleotide co-enzyme that carries electrons from one reaction to another CoA coenzyme A. Aids with the oxidation of pyruvate Acetyl-coA central molecule in energy metabolism Major Players in Pyruvate Oxidation NADH: Chargeless, hydrogenated form of NAD. Important for stimulating ATP production Hydrogen Carbon Dioxide Pyruvate Oxidation 2 pyruvate + 2NAD + 2CoA 2acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + 2H + 2CO2 Pyruvate Oxidation in the Matrix Pyruvate Oxidation: In a Glance Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Occurs in 3 easy steps: 1) Pyruvate is oxidized (carboxyl [COOH] group removed as Carbon dioxide) Carbon dioxide is released as a result 2) Remaining 2 carbon group is oxidized by NAD+ and becomes an acetic acid (acetate) group. NAD+ gains 2 H atoms forming NADH 3) Coenzyme A attaches to acetate, forming acetylcoenzyme A 1st & 2nd Steps of Pyruvate Oxidation First, a carboxyl group is removed from each of the pyruvate molecules CO2 released Second, the remainder of the pyruvate molecules are oxidized by NAD+ (lose electrons). Therefore NAD+ gains electrons and 2 hydrogen atoms Remaining pyruvate molecules (have two carbon compounds) become an acetate group Last Step of Pyruvate Oxidation A sulfur-containing compound called Coenzyme A attaches to acetate, forming acetyl-coenzyme A All nutrients, whether protein, lipid or carbohydrate, are converted to acetyl-CoA and then channelled toward fat production or ATP production, depending on the organism’s immediate energy needs Pyruvate Oxidation, continued… If ATP levels are high, acetyl-co A will be directed into synthesis of fatty acids for long-term energy storage If ATP is needed, acetyl-co A is directed to the next part of cellular respiration: The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) At a Glance 8-step process each step catalyzed by a different enzyme Product of 8th reaction oxaloacetate is a reactant in the first reaction (cycle) Takes the pyruvate (3 carbons) and breaks it down, all 6 carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce 6 NADH and 2 FADH which are transported to the final step Krebs Cycle Each glucose molecule nets 2 pyruvic acids (from earlier). The Krebs cycle breaks down 1 pyruvic acid at a time Begins and ends with Oxaloacetic acid – a 4carbon molecule Acetyl coA – product of Pyruvate Oxidation is picked up by Oxaloacetic Acid in order to convert it to citrate Krebs Cycle, continued… This reaction converts the four-carbon compound (Acetyl CoA) into a 6-carbon compound (citrate) NAD+ is reduced to NADH ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Last 4 carbon atoms of the original glucose molecule leave as fully oxidized CO2 moleculles