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MCB2610 May Term 2014
Exam #3
Name_________________________
1. The most likely ancestor for today’s mitochondria according to the
endosymbiosis hypothesis is:
a. a species of the genus Bacillus d. an enterobacterium
b. a cyanobacterium
e. a rickettsial
c. a member of the clostridia
--------2. The Go’ of ATP hydrolysis is approximately _______ kcal/mol.
A) 7.3
B) –7.3
C) -17.3
D) 17.3
E) –27
--------3. Look at the table of reduction potentials at the end of the problem
set. What is the maximum amount of ATP that could be synthesized from ADP and
Pi when electrons are passed from hydrogen (FADH2) to NO3 under standard
conditions?
A) Less than 2 mole of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
B) More than 20 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
C) About 10 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
D) About 4 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
E) About 5 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
--------4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is lithotrophy?
breakdown of molecules using light energy
oxidation of organic electron donors to CO2 and H2O
photolysis of H2S or H2O coupled to CO2 fixation
oxidation of inorganic electron donors such as Fe2+ using O2 or
anaerobic electronic acceptors
e. none of the above
--------5. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza A viruses is responsible for
which of the following?
A. The high error rate associated with
viruses
B. The synthesis of new RNA genomes
C. The fast evolution of influenza viruses
D. Two of the above
E. Three of the above
-------
genome
replication
in
influenza
6. For the reaction 2A + B --> 2C, the equilibrium constant (Keq) is defined
as
A) 2[C] / (2[A][B])
B) [C]2 / [A]2[B]
C) [C] / [A][B]
D) [C]2 / [A]2[B]2
7. Iron oxidizing bacteria are usually found in which of the following
environments
A) The southern oceans
B) Alkaline iron-rich waters
C) Acidic iron-rich waters
D) Acidic iron-poor waters
E) There are no such things as iron oxidizing bacteria
--------8.Microbial life appeared on Earth as early as:
a. 10.4 billion years ago
d. 58 million years ago
b. 3.8 billion years ago
e. 29 million years ago
c. 1.2 billion years ago
--------9. Rustacyanin is:
A) a TCA cycle enzyme found in iron-oxidizing bacteria
B) an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe2+
C) a glycolytic enzyme found in iron-oxidizing bacteria
D) an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe3+
E) Two of the above are correct
------10. Which of the following best describes the genome of the influenza virus?
a. negative-strand segmented RNA
d. positive-strand single-piece
RNA
b. positive-strand segmented RNA
e. double-stranded RNA
c. negative-strand single-piece
RNA
--------11. Imagine that a new form of influenza A was found where all 8 of the
genome segments, that are normally found in influenza, were fused into one
long genome. Which of the following statements about the new type of
influenza would you expect to be true?
A. The virus would be more variable because the RNA polymerase would be
copying longer pieces of RNA
B. The virus could undergo antigenic shift
C. The virus could not undergo antigenic shift
D. The virus would be more likely to undergo antigenic drift
E. The virus would be less likely to undergo antigenic drift
--------12. The proton motive force drives the following process in bacteria:
a. ATP biosynthesis from ADP and
d. all of the above
Pi
b. flagellar rotation
e. none of the above
c. nutrient uptake
---------
13. Oparin, in the former Soviet Union, and Miller and Urey, in England,
performed some of the first experiments to prove:
a. organic macromolecules can arise from abiotic conditions
b. micelle formation generated the first membranes
c. RNA was the catalytic molecule of early Earth
d. TCA cycle generates amino acids
e. iron band formations were caused by photoferrotrophy
--------14. Viruses with single-stranded RNA as their genome, and for which the base
sequence of that RNA is the same as the viral mRNA are said to be __________
viruses.
A. minus-stranded
B. mRNA-like
C. plus-stranded
D. reverse-transcribed
--------15. The chemiosmotic theory states that the proton potential is composed of:
a. [ATP] and [ADP]+[Pi]
d. pH and psi
+
b. a pH gradient and Na gradient
e. none of the above
c. pH and pNa+
--------16. In class we discussed virus from the Herpes family. What do viruses in
that family have in common?
A. Infection with any family member always results in very serious symptoms
B. They all have dsDNA genomes
C. They all reside as latent particles in the host and can cause
disease symptoms long after the initial infection
D. Two of the above are correct
E. Three of the above are correct
----------17. Which of the diseases listed below is not a result of infection by a
member of the Herpes family?
A. Cold sores
B. Shingles
C. Chicken pox
D. Roseola (also known as sixth disease)
E. All of the above are caused by Herpes viruses
------18. In class we discussed
hepatitis is not true.
viral
hepatitis.
Which
statement
A. It is always caused by enveloped viruses with ssDNA genomes
B. It is an infection of the liver
C. It is can passed by blood or intimate contact
D. It can be deadly
E. It can be mild
-------
about
viral
19. HIV is a retrovirus, and many of the earliest anti-HIV drugs targeted
reverse transcriptase. What does reverse transcriptase do?
A. Make DNA, using RNA
B. Make ssRNA(+) using
C. Make ssRNA(-) using
D. Make RNA, using DNA
E. All of the above
---------
as template
ssRNA(-) as a template
ssRNA(+) as a template
as template
20. Which of the following statements about H1N1 influenza are true?
A) H1N1 is in circulation today
B) The hemagglutin protein is identical to the neuraminidase protein because
each is a subtype 1
C) The hemagglutin protein and the neuraminidase protein are encoded on RNA
genome segment “1” in H1N1
D) Two of the above are correct
E) A, B and C are correct
--------21. Consider the following bit of viral genome that is ssRNA(-):
5'-AUC CCG GUU AAA-3'. If you were going to figure out the sequence of the
viral protein that is encoded by this bit of genome, your first job would be
to figure out the proper codons. In this case, what are they?
A. 5'-AUC CCG UUG AAA-3'
B. 5'-AAA UUG GCC CUA-3'
C. 5'-UAG GGC CAA UUU-3'
D. 5'-UUU AAC CGG GAU-3'
E. None of the above, viruses with (-) genomes do not synthesize proteins.
--------22. Which of the following molecules act as a host-cell receptor for HIV?
A. CD4
B. CCR5
C. AIDS docking complex
D. CD4 and CCR5
E. AIDS docking complex and CCR5
--------23. Up to 50% of ammonium fertilizer applied to agricultural fields can go
places other that crop biomass.
Where does it usually go?
A) The other 50% is leached from soil because ammonium is positively charged
and does not readily bind to soil particles
B) The other 50% is fixed by the action of nitrogenase
C) The other 50% binds to soil particles and isn’t available for use by
plants
D) The other 50% is used for the production of microbial biomass in the soil
E) Much is oxidized and then leached from soil; the rest contributes to
microbial biomass in the soil
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24. Imagine that you infect a chicken egg with H1N2 and H4N2 influenza
viruses. After 30 days you collect the virus particles from the egg and test
them for type. You find that all of the new particles are either H1N2 or
H4N2. Choose the statement that best matches the observations.
A. Hybrid particles may have been detected if genes other than H and N were
checked
B. Input and output particles were similar, therefore there was no infection
C. One would expect new viral types (for example H2N8) if the particles had
been collected much later, because antigenic drift requires time scales
longer than 30 days
D. Only H1N2 and H4N2 came out, therefore no mixing of types occurred during
infection
------25. Once infected with Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV1) cold-sores tend to reappear in
the same place on a regular basis. Why?
A. Because cold sores tend to reappear when lips become dry and chapped
during winter.
B. Because the cells at that site have many viral receptors after the
initial infection
C. Because the virus makes the site inaccessible to the immune system, and
the site is then unprotected and open to re-infection
D. Because the virus takes up residence in nerve ganglions and follows
nerves back to the site of infection
--------26. David Baltimore proposed that the primary distinction among classes of
viruses was the __________ composition and the route used to express
messenger RNA.
a. genome
d. tegument
b. envelope
e. neck
c. capsid
--------27. Which antiviral agent is currently used to treat influenza infections
targeting viral neuraminidase?
a. Tamiflu
d. Acyclovir
b. Pleconaril
e. Vitravene
--------28. The causative agent of chickenpox is:
a. herpes simplex virus 1
d. Epstein-Barr virus
b. herpes simplex virus 2
e. HIV
c. varicella-zoster virus
--------29. Electron transport systems are embedded in what membrane system, among
others?
a. mitochondrial inner membrane
b. thylakoids
c. the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
---------
30. Banded iron formations indicate
A) the formation of red cyanobacteria.
B) the formation of free-oxygen in the atmosphere for the first time.
C) the presence of significant oxygen in the atmosphere.
D) anoxygenic photosynthesis.
E) the presence of ozone.
--------31.
What are prions and how do they cause disease?
32a. In the biology of influenza, what is responsible for the phenomenon of
"antigenic drift"?
32b. If antigenic drift were to suddenly disappear, would flu vaccinations
still be required every year? Why or why not?
32c. Without antigenic drift, would there still be sudden dangerous
outbreaks of influenza? Why or why not?
33. Describe the process of developing the yearly influenza vaccine. Describe
how strains are chosen, how many strains there are, and how the vaccine is
produced.
Note: The Faraday constant F = 23.1 kcal/(mole x volt)