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I.
Introduction
A. About Radiology
1. How are radiological images produced?
a) The various types of radiological procedures may be grouped by the
means in which their images are produced:
(1) Transmission imaging
(2) Reflection imaging
(3) Emission imaging
2. Glossary of terminology
a) Angiography
b) Barium
c) Brachytherapy
d) Computed tomography (CT)
e) Fluoroscopy
f) Gamma camera
g) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
h) Mammogram
i) Nuclear medicine
j) Positron emission tomography (PET)
k) Radiopaque/radiolucent
l) Tomography
m) Ultrasound
n) X-ray
3. A brief history of radiology
4. Safety issues, contraindications
5. What to expect from an imaging exam
(1) Localization of problem
(2) Diagnostic value
B. A Clinical Approach to Image Interpretation
1. Examine the patient
2. Determine possible cause of the problem
3. Select appropriate type of imaging study
4. Examine the image, noting type of scan, orientation, and limitations.
I.e. "This is a coronal CT scan of the head done with IV contrast."
6. Note name and age on film to avoid mix-up
Identify and describe abnormal findings on image
Review common causes of abnormal findings, then prioritize differential
diagnoses
Combine radiology findings with other clinical data to establish diagnosis
II.
Types of Radiological Examinations
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
III.
Systems-specific Imaging Strategies
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
IV.
Angiography
Mammography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Nuclear medicine
Ultrasound
X-rays (Diagnostic)
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Genitourinary System
Gastrointestinal System
Respiratory System
Musculoskeletal System
Ear, Nose, and Throat
Breast
Abdomen
Clinical Correlates in Optometry: Case Examples
A. Carotid Occlusive Disease
1. Angiography
2. Non-invasive vascular studies
a) 3. Hollenhorst plaque
4. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
5. Differential diagnosis of amaurosis fugax
B. Sarcoidosis
1. Chest X-ray
2. CT of chest and abdomen
a) Anterior/Posterior uveitis workup
C. Thyroid Disease
1. Ultrasound techniques
2. Thyroid scan and Iodine uptake
3. EOM anatomy and actions
4. Thyroid ophthalmopathy
a) Euthyroid Graves’ Disease
D. Metastatic Disease
1. Ultrasound
a) CT scan
2. Mammography
3. Metastatic disease to the orbit/lacrimal gland
4. Metastatic disease to the choroid
E. Intracranial Hypertension
1. MRI of brain, orbits, sella
a) Papilledema
b) Pseudotumor Cerebri
c) Arteriovenous malformation
d) Compression
e) Other causes
F.
Cerebral Hemisphere Lesions
1. CT of brain, visual pathway
a) Space-occupying lesions
b) Stroke
c) Trauma
d) Maldevelopment
2. MRI of brain, visual pathway
a) Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
b) Compression
c) Other lesions
3. Demyelinating disease (Multiple Sclerosis)
(1) INO/BINO
(2) Optic neuropathy
(3) Typical MRI findings
(4) Atypical MRI findings